Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda
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0:10 - 0:13I'm an archeologist,
but I didn't start out that way. -
0:13 - 0:16In fact, as a kid, I thought
I was going to be an engineer, -
0:16 - 0:18and I liked to take things apart
-
0:18 - 0:21and sometimes
put them back together again. -
0:21 - 0:24But, when I was growing up,
I started to see parts of the world -
0:24 - 0:27that I couldn't quite explain
from an engineering perspective, -
0:27 - 0:30which tends to focus on how things work
rather than why they are. -
0:30 - 0:33I saw things that were Indian mounds,
-
0:33 - 0:36mounds made by prehistoric people,
-
0:36 - 0:38that you find out
in the woodlands of Wisconsin. -
0:38 - 0:41And some of these mounds
are pretty spectacular. -
0:42 - 0:44For example, this mound here
is an effigy mound, -
0:44 - 0:46shaped like a gigantic bird.
-
0:46 - 0:49It was made by a prehistoric people,
by their community. -
0:49 - 0:52They got together to make
this bird-shaped feature, -
0:52 - 0:54and there were
some burial components to it. -
0:54 - 0:56And it made me wonder,
"Why would people do this? -
0:56 - 0:59Why in this place, at this time,
-
0:59 - 1:02did they get together
to build these mounds?" -
1:02 - 1:06People didn't build mounds all the time
and they didn't build them everywhere. -
1:06 - 1:09In fact, the effigy mounds,
99 % of them are in the Wisconsin. -
1:09 - 1:12Why would you build
an effigy mound in Wisconsin? -
1:12 - 1:13It's cold.
-
1:14 - 1:16You know, why not do
something else, like get food?" -
1:16 - 1:19So, it really made me wonder,
"Why would people do this?" -
1:19 - 1:23And I started to see the world
and learn more about it. -
1:23 - 1:26There are a lot of places and times
when people got together as a community -
1:26 - 1:29to build really spectacular things
around the world. -
1:29 - 1:31We see this in North America,
we see this in Europe, -
1:31 - 1:33we see this in South Asia.
-
1:33 - 1:35All around the world we see
these spectacular monuments. -
1:35 - 1:38And it made me wonder,
"Why do people build monuments? -
1:38 - 1:41Why did they get together at certain times
and places, as a community, -
1:41 - 1:42to construct these things?
-
1:42 - 1:44What's going on here?"
-
1:44 - 1:47Because, in some ways,
they're kind of weird, kind of crazy. -
1:47 - 1:51Isn't it better to, you know, focus
your energy on survival, food, -
1:52 - 1:53in reproduction?
-
1:53 - 1:54But people do this.
-
1:54 - 1:57So, really, it seems to be
an important question -
1:57 - 1:58because some of the things they do
-
1:58 - 2:02are some of those spectacular cases
of prehistoric activity that we know of, -
2:02 - 2:04really, achievements of humans.
-
2:04 - 2:07And I thought also
that if we can figure this out, -
2:07 - 2:10if we understand the past,
-
2:10 - 2:13we can also understand what were
the conditions that are necessary -
2:13 - 2:16that would encourage people
to get together to do this. -
2:16 - 2:17If we understand those conditions,
-
2:17 - 2:19we can ensure in our population,
-
2:19 - 2:20in our society,
-
2:20 - 2:21that we have those ingredients
-
2:21 - 2:25and that maybe we can get together to do
things that people in the future will go: -
2:25 - 2:27"Wow! That's really an impressive feat."
-
2:27 - 2:30So, I thought this was actually
a way of looking at the past -
2:30 - 2:32and a way of looking at the future.
-
2:32 - 2:35This set of questions
led me to leave engineering, -
2:35 - 2:37and, you know,
-
2:37 - 2:40I quickly switched majors,
-
2:40 - 2:43which didn't make my dad, who was
a professor of Engineering, very happy. -
2:43 - 2:44But...
-
2:45 - 2:48It led me to a very different path
and I became an archeologist. -
2:48 - 2:50And as an archeologist,
-
2:50 - 2:52as a professor at Cal State Long Beach,
-
2:52 - 2:55I was given the opportunity
to study aspects of the world -
2:55 - 2:56that were interesting to me.
-
2:56 - 2:59I chose one place that seemed
the most ridiculous of all: -
2:59 - 3:00Easter Island.
-
3:00 - 3:01It's a tiny little island,
-
3:01 - 3:04that is also known as Rapa Nui
in the local language, -
3:04 - 3:06that is in the middle of the Pacific.
-
3:06 - 3:09It's 3.500 km from the mainland of Chile,
-
3:09 - 3:122.000 km from any other Polynesian island.
-
3:12 - 3:15It's really a small island
in the middle of nowhere, and it's tiny: -
3:15 - 3:17it's only 24 x 12 km in size,
-
3:17 - 3:20a really tiny little island
in the middle of the Pacific. -
3:20 - 3:22But yet, on this teeny-tiny island
-
3:22 - 3:25we find some of the most spectacular cases
-
3:25 - 3:28of prehistoric monument construction
anywhere in the world. -
3:28 - 3:31In the most improbable place,
we have just amazing archeology. -
3:31 - 3:33And this archeology is pretty famous:
-
3:33 - 3:37the statues that were made there
are known as "Moai," -
3:37 - 3:39and these statues range
from, you know, a couple of meters -
3:39 - 3:42to nearly 10 meters in height,
-
3:42 - 3:45they weigh up to 70 tons of stone
-
3:45 - 3:48and they were put on top
of massive platforms known as "Ahu." -
3:48 - 3:50It's some of the most
spectacular archeology, -
3:50 - 3:52They're just amazing
in this tiny, tiny place. -
3:52 - 3:55What's going on here?
Why would people do this? -
3:55 - 3:58Well, a lot of people know
about Easter Island -
3:58 - 3:59because of the monuments,
-
3:59 - 4:01and the story that
has grown up around them. -
4:01 - 4:03And that's been made
very famous and popular -
4:03 - 4:06by Jared Diamond in his book "Collapse."
-
4:06 - 4:09In this book he argues that
these statues are actually responsible -
4:09 - 4:11for the demise of the population,
-
4:11 - 4:16rather than an achievement of theirs
that helped them succeed. -
4:16 - 4:20This "Collapse" story goes like this,
in five easy steps: -
4:20 - 4:22Initially, there was
a palm forest on the island, -
4:22 - 4:25and we know that,
we can look to the botanical remains -
4:25 - 4:27and we can see the evidence
of a massive palm forest -
4:27 - 4:28that once existed there.
-
4:28 - 4:31We think people get there
about the 13th century, -
4:31 - 4:32and they start to do what people do,
-
4:32 - 4:35which is: clear some land,
have more people... -
4:36 - 4:38What human communities do is grow.
-
4:38 - 4:39While they're doing that,
-
4:39 - 4:43they, at some point, start to make "Moai."
-
4:43 - 4:48And Moai construction in this island
isn't something that you do "one of," -
4:48 - 4:50which would be amazing.
-
4:50 - 4:52But they start do make
more and more of them -
4:52 - 4:53and they get larger and larger
-
4:53 - 4:55and there's a thousand
of statues on the island, -
4:55 - 4:58to give you a sense of
what incredible investment of energy -
4:58 - 5:00they're focusing on this.
-
5:00 - 5:03In some ways, you can imagine
it could be a "Moai" mania, -
5:03 - 5:05people want more and more "Moai,"
-
5:05 - 5:07and they would do it
regardless of the consequences. -
5:07 - 5:10And it is really that sort of disregard
for the environment, -
5:10 - 5:12that is thought to be resulting
-
5:12 - 5:14in the destruction of the resources
there on the island, -
5:14 - 5:16particularly the palm forest.
-
5:16 - 5:20The ecological destruction ultimately
leads to people having shortage of food, -
5:20 - 5:21and that leads to warfare
-
5:21 - 5:23and ultimately tales of cannibalism.
-
5:23 - 5:26And this is really
the core story of "Collapse" -
5:26 - 5:29and the result is, of course,
societal collapse. -
5:29 - 5:32And we can see that,
or Europeans saw this: -
5:32 - 5:35when we look on the landscape,
we find fallen down statues, no trees, -
5:35 - 5:38sort of the remnants
of what potentially was a great society, -
5:38 - 5:40but the Moai did it to them.
-
5:40 - 5:44And it's the key sort of relationship
between this Moai construction -
5:44 - 5:47and this failure
that drives this collapse story. -
5:47 - 5:51Moai mania causes a "downward spiral
of cultural regression", -
5:51 - 5:54in the words of some authors.
-
5:54 - 5:57Well, that's the mindset I had
when I first went to Easter Island, -
5:57 - 6:00when I was given the opportunity
to study there in 2000. -
6:01 - 6:02I travelled to this island
-
6:02 - 6:04and I wanted to do
fieldwork to figure out -
6:04 - 6:06why would people do this.
-
6:06 - 6:10People certainly didn't get there deciding
they were going to destroy their island. -
6:10 - 6:12They got there,
and being successful people, -
6:13 - 6:16moved there to find new lands,
and to have families, -
6:16 - 6:18and build communities.
-
6:18 - 6:21So, I went to the island
and started studying the statues, -
6:21 - 6:23to understand a little bit
how they were moved, -
6:23 - 6:26what kind of size communities must
have been involved with making these. -
6:26 - 6:31But I also did excavations
of the earliest occupation of the island, -
6:31 - 6:35with the goal of seeing what were people
eating and how were they living -
6:35 - 6:36when people first got there.
-
6:36 - 6:38Obviously, they didn't have
the "Moai" mania about it, -
6:38 - 6:41so I wanted to see
how that changed, ultimately, -
6:41 - 6:43into this path of destruction.
-
6:43 - 6:46I also looked across the landscape,
I did survey work, -
6:46 - 6:47and looked at where Moai are
-
6:47 - 6:49and where they're distributed
in the landscape, -
6:49 - 6:51how communities live,
-
6:51 - 6:53where people are living,
where the houses are, etc., -
6:53 - 6:58to understand the overall society
in the community of prehistory. -
6:58 - 7:01And what I found after doing
10 years of work there -
7:01 - 7:03was something that really surprised me.
-
7:03 - 7:06I had no idea this
was going to be the case, -
7:06 - 7:08and it still is controversial to today,
-
7:08 - 7:10but, fundamentally, the case is:
-
7:10 - 7:13there really is no evidence whatsoever
-
7:13 - 7:16to support a prehistoric
demographic collapse on Rapa Nui. -
7:16 - 7:17It's kind of shocking.
-
7:17 - 7:19You'd be thinking: "Of course there is;
-
7:19 - 7:22that's the whole story and premise of it,
everyone knows that." -
7:22 - 7:24But, in fact,
when we look on the ground, -
7:24 - 7:27we don't see any evidence that says
that there was a big war -
7:27 - 7:28and that the island destroyed itself.
-
7:28 - 7:30We see something quite different.
-
7:30 - 7:35We can look at things that people say
are aspects of warfare. -
7:35 - 7:38We can look at the "mata'a"
which are obsidian tools -
7:38 - 7:41that we find by the thousands
across the island. -
7:41 - 7:43And these are often said to be
weapons of mass destruction -
7:43 - 7:45that were involved with the warfare
-
7:45 - 7:47where people used these
to kill each other. -
7:47 - 7:49When we look at these in detail,
-
7:49 - 7:52we find not what we would expect
to see in lethal weapons, -
7:52 - 7:55which are pointy things
that we would use to stab people, -
7:55 - 7:57or things that are effective
at killing people. -
7:57 - 8:00Instead, we find really irregular devices
-
8:00 - 8:03that wouldn't do much
in the way of stabbing anything. -
8:03 - 8:04And we find use-wear on it,
-
8:04 - 8:07patterns of how those things
interacted with the ground. -
8:07 - 8:09It's consistent with cultivation.
-
8:09 - 8:11So, rather than being weapons
of mass destruction, -
8:11 - 8:15what we're really seeing is the remnants
of people cultivating plants -
8:15 - 8:16and using the landscape;
-
8:16 - 8:20so, the opposite
of what the stories often told. -
8:20 - 8:21One of the things that is going on here
-
8:21 - 8:25is that I think some of this
prehistoric collapse idea -
8:25 - 8:28comes from a confusion about
what happened after Europeans get there. -
8:29 - 8:32What we know and we have
good documentation of -
8:32 - 8:34is that in the 18th century,
-
8:34 - 8:37European contact resulted
in catastrophic demographic collapse. -
8:37 - 8:39And it is really well documented.
-
8:39 - 8:42We have lots of historic records
that point to the fact -
8:42 - 8:45that Rapa Nui people interacted
with the Europeans that arrived, -
8:45 - 8:49and that disease was passed
from the Europeans on to the Rapa Nui -
8:49 - 8:52and the Rapa Nui people died
in large numbers, -
8:53 - 8:55a really catastrophic history.
-
8:55 - 8:57That happened in many places,
-
8:57 - 8:59in many islands,
in many parts of the world, -
8:59 - 9:04due to the differences and histories
of Europeans and Polynesian people. -
9:04 - 9:08We can look at story records
to see really directly the impact of this. -
9:08 - 9:09In 1722,
-
9:09 - 9:12Jacob Roggerveen, who was a Dutch captain,
-
9:12 - 9:14was the first European
to arrive on the island. -
9:14 - 9:15When he gets there,
-
9:15 - 9:18he estimates somewhere about
3.000 people on the island -
9:18 - 9:20and he describes them
as healthy and robust. -
9:20 - 9:23They're doing very well,
and they're 3.000, or so. -
9:23 - 9:26After that, we start to see
smaller and smaller numbers. -
9:26 - 9:29The Spanish Captain Gonzalez
sees about 2.000, -
9:29 - 9:31Cook sees even fewer,
-
9:31 - 9:36and the numbers over the next century,
or so, get smaller and smaller and smaller -
9:36 - 9:38until 1877,
-
9:38 - 9:41when there are just 111
Rapa Nui people alive on the island. -
9:41 - 9:44The population goes from 3,000 healthy
-
9:44 - 9:48to 111 that are riddled with disease
and really struggling for survival, -
9:48 - 9:51and really all the people living
on the island today -
9:51 - 9:54are all descendent
from these 111 people. -
9:54 - 9:56We have good records of that,
so we know that happened. -
9:56 - 10:00And we can also see the effect
that these diseases had on the landscape -
10:00 - 10:02and that often is confused
-
10:02 - 10:04as being somehow connected
to this prehistoric collapse. -
10:04 - 10:06A lot of times, people would say:
-
10:06 - 10:08"Of course there was
a prehistoric collapse! -
10:08 - 10:11We can look on the landscape
and the statues are all fallen down -
10:12 - 10:15because people were fighting each other
and knocking each other's statues down, -
10:15 - 10:18and that's in oral traditions,
and we know that. -
10:18 - 10:19Of course there was a collapse."
-
10:19 - 10:22Well, when we look carefully
at the story record, -
10:22 - 10:23we see a very different story.
-
10:23 - 10:26Jacob Roggerveen,
when he was there, in 1722, -
10:26 - 10:29he doesn't describe
a single toppled statue. -
10:29 - 10:31Instead, he describes statues
all standing up. -
10:31 - 10:33In fact, there are drawings that he made
-
10:33 - 10:35-- and early European Explorers --
-
10:35 - 10:36of standing statues,
-
10:36 - 10:39and they describe how tall they are,
and they measure them. -
10:39 - 10:41So, initially, we don't see
any toppled statues. -
10:41 - 10:45Gonzalez, also, 50 years later,
doesn't see any toppled statues at all; -
10:45 - 10:48he describes all the statues as standing.
-
10:48 - 10:51Cook, though, on the other hand,
starts to see toppled down statues. -
10:51 - 10:54He starts to describe the fact
that some statues are standing -
10:54 - 10:56and the other ones
are laying on the ground, broken. -
10:57 - 11:00He sees skeletons and other things
that looked like destruction, -
11:00 - 11:03so, a lot of our ideas about this collapse
comes from his observations. -
11:03 - 11:06But, over time, we see
fewer and fewer standing statues, -
11:06 - 11:09and more and more statues
that have fallen down -
11:09 - 11:11and are on the landscape.
-
11:11 - 11:13In fact, by 1868,
-
11:13 - 11:16the British noticed that there was not
a single standing statue. -
11:16 - 11:21Any statue that you see today
was stood back up after 1950. -
11:21 - 11:25So, after 1868,
there wasn't a single statue. -
11:25 - 11:29So all of the evidence that people
talk about as being fallen statues, -
11:29 - 11:32as therefore evidence
of warfare and collapse, -
11:32 - 11:37is simply the result
of population loss due to disease, -
11:37 - 11:38and changes in the economics,
-
11:38 - 11:41that people are no longer
investing in statues. -
11:41 - 11:43So,it's an European event,
it's a historic event, -
11:43 - 11:45not something prehistoric.
-
11:45 - 11:47We also see, when we look
at the survey work, -
11:47 - 11:49that there probably was never
a very large population. -
11:49 - 11:53A lot of the assumptions about collapse
is that Roggerveen saw 3.000 people, -
11:53 - 11:56and Europeans say: "There must
have been a lot more people. -
11:56 - 11:57There's nearly a 1.000.
-
11:57 - 12:00It must have been
maybe 10.000 20.000 people." -
12:00 - 12:04So, when Roggerveen sees 3.000,
really the population had already declined -
12:04 - 12:07and what we are seeing is the remnants
of a much greater population." -
12:07 - 12:10Well, great, OK, but when we look
at the archeological record, -
12:10 - 12:12we really don't see that evidence.
-
12:12 - 12:15Take the south coast
of the island, for example. -
12:15 - 12:16We're doing some survey work.
-
12:16 - 12:19When we focus on the south coast,
-
12:19 - 12:22what we don't see
is evidence of large villages -
12:22 - 12:24where people are densely living,
-
12:24 - 12:26with the landscape around it
being intensely used -
12:26 - 12:29for cultivation to support
that large population. -
12:29 - 12:30Instead, what we see
-
12:30 - 12:35is a low-density distribution of material,
and features and household debris. -
12:35 - 12:38That represents a population or society
living across the landscape -
12:38 - 12:40in a low-density way;
-
12:40 - 12:43relatively small numbers of houses,
distributed across the island. -
12:43 - 12:46These people are using the landscape
in an extensive way, -
12:46 - 12:48rather than very intensively.
-
12:48 - 12:50So the archeological record
just doesn't simply point -
12:50 - 12:53to the kinds of evidence
that would support a large population. -
12:53 - 12:56It used to be something
very, very different. -
12:56 - 12:59We also now know
that the environment of Rapa Nui -
12:59 - 13:01was never particularly great.
-
13:01 - 13:06The soils themselves are actually
very depleted, are very low in nutrients, -
13:06 - 13:08naturally because they're
very weathered soils. -
13:08 - 13:13So the result was that the resources
that people needed to survive on -
13:13 - 13:15were never that particularly fantastic,
-
13:15 - 13:18people had to live in an ingenious way.
-
13:18 - 13:21What they did, which is pretty amazing,
-
13:21 - 13:25was enrich the soil by using
lithic mulch gardening. -
13:25 - 13:29Lithic mulch gardening consists
of taking pieces of fresh bedrock, -
13:29 - 13:30breaking them up into pieces
-
13:30 - 13:33and laying them on the surface
of the ground, and in the ground, -
13:33 - 13:37in order to expose the soil
to new nutrients, to new minerals. -
13:37 - 13:40And that allowed the soils
to have enough productivity, -
13:40 - 13:43just enough productivity
to reliably grow sweet potato, -
13:43 - 13:45which is the primary crop
of Easter Island. -
13:45 - 13:49So, instead of a rich environment
that gets destroyed, -
13:49 - 13:52we see people taking
a once treed environment -
13:52 - 13:54and turning it into a garden landscape
-
13:54 - 13:58that allowed them to grow resources
that enabled them to survive. -
13:58 - 13:59And we look across the island,
-
13:59 - 14:03and we look at rock mulch,
or this lithic mulch, across the island, -
14:03 - 14:04and we see it scattered extensively
-
14:04 - 14:07similarly to what we saw
with the community evidence, -
14:07 - 14:09scattered extensively across the island,
-
14:09 - 14:11in a sort of low-density capacity,
-
14:11 - 14:13and it provided food in a reliable way
-
14:13 - 14:16that enabled people to live there.
-
14:16 - 14:18We also know evidence now,
-
14:18 - 14:21that the statues didn't require
armies of people. -
14:21 - 14:25Certainly, some of the older ideas
about statue movement -
14:25 - 14:28which led to the idea
that there must have been a collapse, -
14:28 - 14:31is the idea of armies of people
and armies of other people -
14:31 - 14:33to support those armies of people
moving the statues, -
14:33 - 14:36because they're so heavy
-- how else could you do it, -
14:36 - 14:38but to have thousands of people
dragging these around. -
14:38 - 14:40When we look at the details
of the statues themselves, -
14:40 - 14:42and look carefully
at the evidence that exist, -
14:42 - 14:45we can see that there are
systematic differences between statues, -
14:45 - 14:47once they get to Ahu, the platform,
-
14:47 - 14:50from the statues
that are found along the way -
14:50 - 14:52or on the way from
the quarries to the Ahu, -
14:52 - 14:55that these statues --
we called them Road Moai -- -
14:55 - 14:56are quite different.
-
14:56 - 14:59And they're different
in a very particular way. -
14:59 - 15:00They're leaning forward.
-
15:00 - 15:02They're, in fact, tipping over.
-
15:02 - 15:04They don't even stand up on their own.
-
15:04 - 15:05Once they get to the platform, the Ahu,
-
15:05 - 15:09in fact, the statues are changed,
they're modified by prehistoric people, -
15:09 - 15:10to make them stand up.
-
15:10 - 15:12But in the roadways,
-
15:12 - 15:14we find all the statues,
every single one of them, -
15:14 - 15:15leaning really far forward.
-
15:15 - 15:17And they have a very peculiar base:
-
15:17 - 15:20the base is very rounded
on the front edge. -
15:20 - 15:21And we think that what's going on here
-
15:21 - 15:24is that the statues were moved
like gigantic refrigerators. -
15:24 - 15:28But even more so,
they were designed in such a way -
15:28 - 15:30that they could be moved
by small numbers of people, -
15:30 - 15:32in a standing-up position.
-
15:32 - 15:34And all of the evidences that we find
-
15:34 - 15:37in terms of how they're fallen,
how they're broken, -
15:37 - 15:38how they're constructed, how they fell,
-
15:38 - 15:41all point to the fact
that they were standing up -
15:41 - 15:44and some of them fell down
during transport, -
15:44 - 15:47but many of them made it
to the Ahu and were changed -
15:47 - 15:48once they got there.
-
15:48 - 15:51Now you might say:
"Well, it's a great academic story. -
15:52 - 15:54Maybe it's possible, maybe it's not."
-
15:54 - 15:58But we wanted to go beyond that,
-
15:58 - 16:00and so we made one.
-
16:00 - 16:03We made a statue,
a five-ton version of a statue, -
16:03 - 16:07and we demonstrated that, in fact,
12 people can move a five-ton statue. -
16:07 - 16:10In fact, we were able to move
this statue a hundred meters -
16:10 - 16:11in about 40 minutes,
-
16:11 - 16:15which suggests that we can move a statue
like this about a kilometer in a day. -
16:15 - 16:18So, what seemed to be something
that was this inhuman effort, -
16:18 - 16:21that took incredible amounts of energy,
and resources, and people, -
16:21 - 16:25was actually ingeniously designed statues
-
16:25 - 16:29that were designed to take steps
and walk themselves down the roadways. -
16:30 - 16:31It's pretty incredible.
-
16:31 - 16:34The statues literally go
from immovable ... -
16:34 - 16:37(Applause)
-
16:40 - 16:44These statues go from immovable objects
-- I mean, they're incredibly heavy -- -
16:44 - 16:46to something that is really
dancing down the road. -
16:46 - 16:48It's really mind-blowing
-
16:48 - 16:52and it really opened my eyes to how
incredibly ingenious these people were. -
16:52 - 16:55So, instead of a record
of failure and terribleness -
16:55 - 16:59that people inflicted upon themselves,
-
16:59 - 17:00what we see is success,
-
17:00 - 17:02we see the success of Rapa Nui.
-
17:02 - 17:06Rather than see this as tales of things
that we should avoid in the future, -
17:06 - 17:10we see a tale of 500 years
of persistence of people -
17:10 - 17:12on a remote and tiny island
in the middle of the Pacific -
17:12 - 17:14with very limited resources.
-
17:14 - 17:18We see people who are making smart choices
that enable them to persist, -
17:18 - 17:20and not everybody
in all the Pacific actually made it -
17:20 - 17:23from initial colonization
to European contact. -
17:23 - 17:29Rapa Nui is sort of uniquely remote,
isolated and has that record of survival. -
17:29 - 17:30So, from there, I think,
-
17:30 - 17:33rather than seeing Rapa Nui
as a case we need to avoid -
17:33 - 17:35and let's not do what they did,
-
17:35 - 17:37we actually need to learn from them,
-
17:37 - 17:40and there's a number of lessons
we can draw for ourselves -
17:40 - 17:43about the prehistory of Rapa Nui.
-
17:43 - 17:46First, is the fact
that cooperation matters. -
17:46 - 17:49Cooperation on a tiny,
remote island is necessary. -
17:49 - 17:51And we can see on Rapa Nui
-
17:51 - 17:54that cooperation
was inherent in this society, -
17:54 - 17:59because statues, the Moai and the Ahu,
needed groups of people to make -
17:59 - 18:01-- you can't move it on your own,
you need your neighbor. -
18:01 - 18:06And the fact that there is nearly
a 1.000 statues and over a 100 Ahu, -
18:06 - 18:09could indicate the importance
of these people getting together -
18:09 - 18:10to move these statues.
-
18:10 - 18:14The cooperation is probably the key
to the success of them, -
18:14 - 18:18and the making, the construction
of these Moai and the transport of them -
18:18 - 18:22probably was an activity
that ultimately helped the community -
18:22 - 18:24rather than cause some failure.
-
18:24 - 18:26They did it in a smart way,
-
18:26 - 18:29small groups of people
getting together to cooperate, -
18:29 - 18:31and the sharing of the
resources and the effort -
18:31 - 18:35probably was something that really was key
in surviving on this tiny island. -
18:35 - 18:37We can also see
that diversity and innovation -
18:37 - 18:39are something we should really value.
-
18:39 - 18:44The Rapa Nui people certainly
brought statue construction with them -
18:44 - 18:48as other Polynesians brought statues
and monument construction with them -
18:48 - 18:49on other islands,
-
18:49 - 18:53but on Rapa Nui, statue construction
became incredibly important. -
18:53 - 18:56It happened to provide
the right mechanisms, -
18:56 - 18:57the right ingredients,
-
18:57 - 19:02that enabled the society
to be stable and persist over 500 years. -
19:02 - 19:04For ourselves, we need
to think about the fact -
19:04 - 19:05that you wouldn't have guessed
-
19:05 - 19:09that statue construction would have been
so important on Easter Island. -
19:09 - 19:11It was one of the many things
that they were doing, -
19:11 - 19:14and it just happened to be
the right thing. -
19:14 - 19:16Now, there's probably in ourselves,
in our own society, -
19:16 - 19:20many things that we're doing today
that we don't know -
19:20 - 19:23are going to be critical
for our success in the future. -
19:23 - 19:27So, since we don't know exactly
what's the recipe for the future, -
19:27 - 19:30we do always encourage diversity
and innovation whenever possible, -
19:30 - 19:33because some of those things that we do,
that we may think are crazy, -
19:33 - 19:35at any point of time,
-
19:35 - 19:39may be things that help us
survive going forward. -
19:39 - 19:42Lastly, we can see
that the Rapa Nui people, -
19:42 - 19:45by virtue of being on this island
that is so remote, -
19:45 - 19:48had to think local, local, local
in everything that they did. -
19:48 - 19:51They were forced to,
they couldn't go off to some other island -
19:51 - 19:54when they run out of food,
and pop over to get some stuff. -
19:54 - 19:55They had to live on the island
-
19:55 - 19:59and survive every kind
of environment that it experienced, -
19:59 - 20:02and they did so
by structuring their society -
20:02 - 20:04and their cultivation
and their organization, -
20:04 - 20:07such as they could survive
using what they had available, -
20:07 - 20:09that was locally available,
-
20:09 - 20:11and that allowed them to persist.
-
20:11 - 20:14They weren't subject
to external events happening, -
20:14 - 20:16or trade connections failing.
-
20:16 - 20:18They had everything they needed,
-
20:18 - 20:20by virtue of having to be there,
-
20:20 - 20:21and they survived.
-
20:21 - 20:24In the same way, we need
to think about that ourselves. -
20:25 - 20:28It's often easier to sometimes rely
on long-distance things, -
20:28 - 20:30that give us immediate success,
-
20:30 - 20:33but probably put us
in more peril, in the long run. -
20:33 - 20:35Because we start to add on more risk,
-
20:35 - 20:39because we're dependent
upon more distant kinds of resources. -
20:39 - 20:41So, in the end,
-
20:41 - 20:44my interest in archeology
kind of led back to engineering. -
20:44 - 20:45As I started to figure out
-
20:45 - 20:48how these monuments
and how this society worked, -
20:48 - 20:50it sort of got me back to engineering.
-
20:50 - 20:53And from this evidence,
we can see the statue construction, -
20:53 - 20:56while it might seem
like a peculiar and curious thing -
20:56 - 20:57and kind of crazy,
-
20:57 - 21:01is in fact, likely,
the key to their success. -
21:02 - 21:05The secret to how they did this
is embedded in the things -
21:05 - 21:06we think are crazy
-
21:06 - 21:09but are perfectly sensible
to the people that were there. -
21:09 - 21:11And we have the evidence
that demonstrate that, -
21:11 - 21:14as they persisted
for 500 years in this tiny island. -
21:14 - 21:16So, I think there's a lot
to be learned from the past. -
21:16 - 21:19We often think about the past
as some idiosyncratic story -
21:19 - 21:21that happened in the past,
and who cares, -
21:21 - 21:23but, in fact, all the lessons
about how change occurs -
21:23 - 21:27and what's necessary for long-term
persistence exist in the past, -
21:27 - 21:29and we have much to learn about that.
-
21:29 - 21:30Thank you.
-
21:30 - 21:32(Applause)
- Title:
- Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda
- Description:
-
Anthropologist Dr. Carl Lipo says everything we thought about Easter Island’s famous collapsed civilization is wrong. He suggests Bermuda can learn lessons from that catastrophe about long-term survival on our own isolated, water-parched island.
Carl P. Lipo is currently an Associate Professor at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB). He is part of the faculty of that forms the basis of a Program in Archaeology and he is a founding member of IIRMES, a multi-disciplinary institute for the study of materials, environments and society. At CSULB, Carl Lipo teaches classes in Introductory Archaeology, World Prehistory, Eastern North American Prehistory, Artifact Analysis, GIS, Statistics, Method and Theory, Foundations of Anthropology Field Research Design, Geophysical Techniques, and the Scientific Study of Origins. His research focuses on the use of evolutionary theory to generate scientific explanations about human cultural change in the archaeological record. He sees this focus as a critical challenge for the social sciences and our ability to be able to due this task vital to our future. Carl Lipo's perspective is fairly idiosyncratic to my background but lodged in the philosophy of science and evolutionary biology. It is possible to view some of his recent work (here) to see a little into how he thinks about the world. His recent studies include the development of theoretical models and the construction of methods for studying patterns of change caused by cultural transmission and the process of natural selection in cultural systems. In addition, he is interested in remote sensing to efficiently and non-destructively study the record. This work includes the use of magnetometry, resistivity, conductivity, thermal imagery and ground penetrating radar. Carl Lipo field research has taken him from the Mississippi river valley to Easter Island and from there to California and coastal Guatemala.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 21:51
Leonardo Silva approved English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Leonardo Silva accepted English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Isabel Vaz Belchior edited English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Isabel Vaz Belchior edited English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Isabel Vaz Belchior edited English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Isabel Vaz Belchior edited English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Leonardo Silva declined English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda | ||
Leonardo Silva edited English subtitles for Lessons from Easter Island | Carl Lipo | TEDxBermuda |