The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi
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0:07 - 0:09This is a tomato plant,
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0:09 - 0:13and this is an aphid slowly killing
the tomato plant -
0:13 - 0:16by sucking the juice out of its leaves.
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0:16 - 0:21The tomato is putting up a fight
using both physical and chemical defenses -
0:21 - 0:24to repel the attacking insects.
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0:24 - 0:25But that's not all.
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0:25 - 0:30The tomato is also releasing compounds
that signal nearby tomato plants -
0:30 - 0:34to release their own insect repellent.
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0:34 - 0:37Plants are constantly under attack.
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0:37 - 0:40They face threats ranging from
microscopic fungi and bacteria, -
0:40 - 0:44small herbivores, like aphids,
caterpillars, and grasshoppers, -
0:44 - 0:50up to large herbivores, like tortoises,
koalas, and elephants. -
0:50 - 0:54All are looking to devour plants
to access the plentiful nutrients -
0:54 - 0:59and water in their leaves, stems,
fruits, and seeds. -
0:59 - 1:04But plants are ready with a whole
series of internal and external defenses -
1:04 - 1:07that make them a much less
appealing meal, -
1:07 - 1:10or even a deadly one.
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1:10 - 1:13Plants' defenses start at their surface.
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1:13 - 1:17The bark covering tree trunks is full
of lignin, -
1:17 - 1:20a rigid web of compounds that's
tough to chew -
1:20 - 1:24and highly impermeable to pathogens.
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1:24 - 1:26Leaves are protected by
a waxy cuticle -
1:26 - 1:29that deters insects and microbes.
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1:29 - 1:33Some plants go a step further
with painful structures -
1:33 - 1:36to warn would-be predators.
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1:36 - 1:40Thorns, spines, and prickles
discourage bigger herbivores. -
1:40 - 1:46To deal with smaller pests, some plants'
leaves have sharp hair-like structures -
1:46 - 1:49called trichomes.
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1:49 - 1:54The kidney bean plant sports tiny
hooks to stab the feet of bed bugs -
1:54 - 1:57and other insects.
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1:57 - 2:02In some species, trichomes also dispense
chemical irritants. -
2:02 - 2:06Stinging nettles release a mixture
of histamine and other toxins -
2:06 - 2:11that cause pain and inflammation
when touched. -
2:11 - 2:16For other plant species, the pain comes
after an herbivore's first bite. -
2:16 - 2:17Spinach,
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2:17 - 2:18kiwi fruit,
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2:18 - 2:19pineapple,
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2:19 - 2:20fuchsia
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2:20 - 2:27and rhubarb all produce microscopic
needle-shaped crystals called raphides. -
2:27 - 2:31They can cause tiny wounds in the inside
of animals' mouths, -
2:31 - 2:36which create entry points for toxins.
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2:36 - 2:40The mimosa plant has a strategy
designed to prevent herbivores -
2:40 - 2:43from taking a bite at all.
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2:43 - 2:46Specialized mechanoreceptor cells
detect touch -
2:46 - 2:51and shoot an electrical signal
through the leaflet to its base -
2:51 - 2:55causing cells there to release
charged particles. -
2:55 - 2:59The buildup of charge draws
water out of these cells -
2:59 - 3:03and they shrivel,
pulling the leaflet closed. -
3:03 - 3:06The folding movement scares insects away
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3:06 - 3:10and the shrunken leaves look less
appealing to larger animals. -
3:10 - 3:13If these external defenses are breached,
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3:13 - 3:17the plant immune system
springs into action. -
3:17 - 3:19Plants don't have a separate immune system
like animals. -
3:19 - 3:26Instead, every cell has the ability
to detect and defend against invaders. -
3:26 - 3:30Specialized receptors can recognize
molecules that signal the presence -
3:30 - 3:34of dangerous microbes or insects.
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3:34 - 3:40In response, the immune system initiates
a battery of defensive maneuvers. -
3:40 - 3:42To prevent more pathogens from making
their way inside, -
3:42 - 3:48the waxy cuticle thickens and cell walls
get stronger. -
3:48 - 3:52Guard cells seal up pores in the leaves.
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3:52 - 3:56And if microbes are devouring one section
of the plant, -
3:56 - 4:01those cells can self-destruct
to quarantine the infection. -
4:01 - 4:06Compounds toxic to microbes and insects
are also produced, -
4:06 - 4:10often tailor-made for a specific threat.
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4:10 - 4:13Many of the plant molecules that humans
have adopted -
4:13 - 4:15as drugs, medicines and seasonings
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4:15 - 4:20evolved as part of plants' immune systems
because they're antimicrobial, -
4:20 - 4:23or insecticidal.
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4:23 - 4:28An area of a plant under attack can alert
other regions using hormones, -
4:28 - 4:29airborne compounds,
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4:29 - 4:32or even electrical signals.
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4:32 - 4:35When other parts of the plant detect
these signals, -
4:35 - 4:39they ramp up production
of defensive compounds. -
4:39 - 4:41And for some species, like tomatoes,
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4:41 - 4:46this early warning system also
alerts their neighbors. -
4:46 - 4:50Some plants can even recruit
allies to adopt a strong offense -
4:50 - 4:53against their would-be attackers.
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4:53 - 4:55Cotton plants under siege by caterpillars
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4:55 - 5:02release a specific cocktail of ten
to twelve chemicals into the air. -
5:02 - 5:09This mixture attracts parasitic wasps
that lay eggs inside the caterpillars. -
5:09 - 5:12Plants may not be able to flee the scene
of an attack, -
5:12 - 5:15or fight off predators with teeth
and claws, -
5:15 - 5:17but with sturdy armor,
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5:17 - 5:19a well-stocked chemical arsenal,
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5:19 - 5:21a neighborhood watch,
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5:21 - 5:23and cross-species alliances,
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5:23 - 5:27a plant isn't always an easy meal.
- Title:
- The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi
- Description:
-
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Plants are constantly under attack. They face threats ranging from microscopic fungi to small herbivores like caterpillars, up to large herbivores like elephants. But plants are ready, with a whole series of internal and external defenses that make them a less appealing meal — or even a deadly one. Valentin Hammoudi explains some of the fascinating ways that plants defend themselves.
Lesson by Valentin Hammoudi, animation by Juan M. Urbina Studios.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 06:12
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi | ||
Alexandra Panzer edited English subtitles for The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi |