How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts
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0:01 - 0:03On January 26, 2013,
-
0:03 - 0:07a band of al-Qaeda militants
entered the ancient city of Timbuktu -
0:07 - 0:09on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.
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0:10 - 0:14There, they set fire to a medieval library
of 30,000 manuscripts -
0:14 - 0:17written in Arabic
and several African languages -
0:17 - 0:23and ranging in subject from astronomy
to geography, history to medicine, -
0:23 - 0:25including one book which records
-
0:25 - 0:28perhaps the first treatment
for male erectile dysfunction. -
0:30 - 0:31Unknown in the West,
-
0:31 - 0:34this was the collected wisdom
of an entire continent, -
0:35 - 0:39the voice of Africa at a time when Africa
was thought not to have a voice at all. -
0:39 - 0:42The mayor of Bamako,
who witnessed the event, -
0:42 - 0:44called the burning of the manuscripts
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0:44 - 0:46"a crime against world cultural heritage."
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0:47 - 0:48And he was right --
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0:48 - 0:52or he would have been, if it weren't
for the fact that he was also lying. -
0:53 - 0:55In fact, just before,
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0:55 - 0:59African scholars had collected
a random assortment of old books -
0:59 - 1:02and left them out
for the terrorists to burn. -
1:02 - 1:05Today, the collection
lies hidden in Bamako, -
1:05 - 1:06the capital of Mali,
-
1:06 - 1:08moldering in the high humidity.
-
1:08 - 1:10What was rescued by ruse
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1:10 - 1:12is now once again in jeopardy,
-
1:12 - 1:13this time by climate.
-
1:14 - 1:17But Africa, and the far-flung
corners of the world, -
1:17 - 1:19are not the only places,
or even the main places -
1:19 - 1:23in which manuscripts that could change
the history of world culture -
1:23 - 1:25are in jeopardy.
-
1:26 - 1:31Several years ago, I conducted
a survey of European research libraries -
1:31 - 1:33and discovered that,
at the barest minimum, -
1:33 - 1:36there are 60,000 manuscripts
-
1:36 - 1:38pre-1500
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1:38 - 1:41that are illegible
because of water damage, -
1:41 - 1:45fading, mold and chemical reagents.
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1:45 - 1:48The real number is likely double that,
-
1:48 - 1:50and that doesn't even count
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1:50 - 1:53Renaissance manuscripts
and modern manuscripts -
1:53 - 1:56and cultural heritage
objects such as maps. -
1:58 - 2:00What if there were a technology
-
2:00 - 2:06that could recover
these lost and unknown works? -
2:06 - 2:10Imagine worldwide
how a trove of hundreds of thousands -
2:10 - 2:13of previously unknown texts
-
2:13 - 2:16could radically transform
our knowledge of the past. -
2:18 - 2:22Imagine what unknown classics
we would discover -
2:22 - 2:26which would rewrite the canons
of literature, history, -
2:26 - 2:27philosophy, music --
-
2:28 - 2:31or, more provocatively, that could
rewrite our cultural identities, -
2:31 - 2:35building new bridges
between people and culture. -
2:36 - 2:38These are the questions
that transformed me -
2:38 - 2:41from a medieval scholar,
a reader of texts, -
2:41 - 2:43into a textual scientist.
-
2:44 - 2:46What an unsatisfying word "reader" is.
-
2:46 - 2:49For me, it conjures up
images of passivity, -
2:49 - 2:51of someone sitting idly in an armchair
-
2:51 - 2:54waiting for knowledge to come to him
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2:54 - 2:55in a neat little parcel.
-
2:56 - 2:59How much better to be
a participant in the past, -
2:59 - 3:02an adventurer in an undiscovered country,
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3:02 - 3:04searching for the hidden text.
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3:05 - 3:08As an academic, I was a mere reader.
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3:09 - 3:11I read and taught the same classics
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3:11 - 3:14that people had been reading
and teaching for hundreds of years -- -
3:14 - 3:17Virgil, Ovid, Chaucer, Petrarch --
-
3:17 - 3:20and with every scholarly article
that I published -
3:20 - 3:23I added to human knowledge
in ever-diminishing slivers of insight. -
3:25 - 3:26What I wanted to be
-
3:26 - 3:28was an archaeologist of the past,
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3:28 - 3:30a discoverer of literature,
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3:30 - 3:32an Indiana Jones without the whip --
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3:32 - 3:33or, actually, with the whip.
-
3:34 - 3:35(Laughter)
-
3:35 - 3:38And I wanted it not just for myself
but I wanted it for my students as well. -
3:38 - 3:42And so six years ago,
I changed the direction of my career. -
3:42 - 3:45At the time, I was working
on "The Chess of Love," -
3:45 - 3:48the last important long poem
of the European Middle Ages -
3:48 - 3:50never to have been edited.
-
3:50 - 3:53And it wasn't edited because
it existed in only one manuscript -
3:53 - 3:56which was so badly damaged
during the firebombing of Dresden -
3:56 - 3:57in World War II
-
3:58 - 4:00that generations of scholars
had pronounced it lost. -
4:01 - 4:05For five years, I had been working
with an ultraviolet lamp -
4:05 - 4:07trying to recover traces of the writing
-
4:07 - 4:09and I'd gone about as far
as technology at the time -
4:09 - 4:11could actually take me.
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4:11 - 4:13And so I did what many people do.
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4:13 - 4:15I went online,
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4:15 - 4:17and there I learned about
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4:17 - 4:21how multispectral imaging had been used
to recover two lost treatises -
4:21 - 4:24of the famed Greek
mathematician Archimedes -
4:24 - 4:26from a 13th-century palimpsest.
-
4:26 - 4:29A palimpsest is a manuscript
which has been erased and overwritten. -
4:30 - 4:31And so, out of the blue,
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4:31 - 4:35I decided to write
to the lead imaging scientist -
4:35 - 4:37on the Archimedes palimpsest project,
-
4:37 - 4:38Professor Roger Easton,
-
4:38 - 4:40with a plan and a plea.
-
4:40 - 4:42And to my surprise,
he actually wrote back. -
4:44 - 4:48With his help, I was able
to win a grant from the US government -
4:48 - 4:52to build a transportable,
multispectral imaging lab, -
4:52 - 4:57And with this lab, I transformed
what was a charred and faded mess -
4:57 - 4:59into a new medieval classic.
-
4:59 - 5:02So how does multispectral
imaging actually work? -
5:02 - 5:05Well, the idea
behind multispectral imaging -
5:05 - 5:09is something that anyone who is familiar
with infrared night vision goggles -
5:09 - 5:10will immediately appreciate:
-
5:10 - 5:13that what we can see
in the visible spectrum of light -
5:13 - 5:15is only a tiny fraction
of what's actually there. -
5:16 - 5:18The same is true with invisible writing.
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5:19 - 5:23Our system uses 12 wavelengths of light
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5:23 - 5:26between the ultraviolet and the infrared,
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5:26 - 5:29and these are shown down
onto the manuscript from above -
5:29 - 5:31from banks of LEDs,
-
5:31 - 5:33and another multispectral light source
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5:33 - 5:36which comes up through
the individual leaves of the manuscript. -
5:36 - 5:40Up to 35 images per sequence
per leaf are imaged this way -
5:40 - 5:43using a high-powered digital camera
equipped with a lens -
5:43 - 5:45which is made out of quartz.
-
5:45 - 5:47There are about five
of these in the world. -
5:47 - 5:49And once we capture these images,
-
5:49 - 5:51we feed them through
statistical algorithms -
5:51 - 5:53to further enhance and clarify them,
-
5:53 - 5:57using software which was originally
designed for satellite images -
5:57 - 6:00and used by people
like geospatial scientists -
6:00 - 6:01and the CIA.
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6:02 - 6:04The results can be spectacular.
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6:04 - 6:07You may already have heard
of what's been done -
6:07 - 6:08for the Dead Sea Scrolls,
-
6:08 - 6:10which are slowly gelatinizing.
-
6:10 - 6:14Using infrared, we've been able
to read even the darkest corners -
6:14 - 6:16of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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6:17 - 6:18You may not be aware, however,
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6:18 - 6:21of other Biblical texts
that are in jeopardy. -
6:21 - 6:25Here, for example,
is a leaf from a manuscript -
6:25 - 6:26that we imaged,
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6:26 - 6:30which is perhaps the most valuable
Christian Bible in the world. -
6:31 - 6:37The Codex Vercellensis is the oldest
translation of the Gospels into Latin, -
6:37 - 6:39and it dates from the first half
of the fourth century. -
6:41 - 6:43This is the closest we can come
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6:43 - 6:47to the Bible at the time
of the foundation of Christendom -
6:47 - 6:48under Emperor Constantine,
-
6:48 - 6:51and at the time also
of the Council of Nicaea, -
6:51 - 6:54when the basic creed of Christianity
was being agreed upon. -
6:55 - 6:58This manuscript, unfortunately,
has been very badly damaged, -
6:58 - 7:00and it's damaged because for centuries
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7:00 - 7:02it had been used and handled
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7:03 - 7:05in swearing in ceremonies in the church.
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7:05 - 7:10In fact, that purple splotch
that you see in the upper left hand corner -
7:10 - 7:14is Aspergillus, which is a fungus
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7:14 - 7:18which originates in the unwashed hands
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7:18 - 7:20of a person with tuberculosis.
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7:21 - 7:24Our imaging has enabled me
to make the first transcription -
7:24 - 7:26of this manuscript in 250 years.
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7:28 - 7:31Having a lab that can travel
to collections where it's needed, however, -
7:31 - 7:33is only part of the solution.
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7:33 - 7:36The technology is expensive and very rare,
-
7:36 - 7:40and the imaging and image
processing skills are esoteric. -
7:40 - 7:41That means that mounting recoveries
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7:41 - 7:46is beyond the reach of most researchers
and all but the wealthiest institutions. -
7:46 - 7:49That's why I founded the Lazarus Project,
-
7:49 - 7:51a not-for-profit initiative
-
7:51 - 7:55to bring multispectral imaging
to individual researchers -
7:55 - 7:59and smaller institutions
at little or no cost whatsoever. -
8:00 - 8:01Over the past five years,
-
8:01 - 8:05our team of imaging scientists,
scholars and students -
8:05 - 8:07has travelled to seven different countries
-
8:07 - 8:11and have recovered some of the world's
most valuable damaged manuscripts, -
8:11 - 8:14included the Vercelli Book,
which is the oldest book of English, -
8:14 - 8:17the Black Book of Carmarthen,
the oldest book of Welsh, -
8:17 - 8:20and some of the most valuable
earliest Gospels -
8:20 - 8:23located in what is now
the former Soviet Georgia. -
8:25 - 8:28So, spectral imaging
can recover lost texts. -
8:28 - 8:33More subtly, though, it can recover
a second story behind every object, -
8:33 - 8:38the story of how, when
and by whom a text was created, -
8:38 - 8:42and, sometimes, what the author
was thinking at the time he wrote. -
8:43 - 8:46Take, for example, a draft
of the Declaration of Independence -
8:46 - 8:48written in Thomas Jefferson's own hand,
-
8:48 - 8:51which some colleagues of mine
imaged a few years ago -
8:51 - 8:52at the Library of Congress.
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8:52 - 8:55Curators had noticed
that one word throughout -
8:55 - 8:57had been scratched out and overwritten.
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8:57 - 9:00The word overwritten was "citizens."
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9:00 - 9:03Perhaps you can guess
what the word underneath was. -
9:04 - 9:05"Subjects."
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9:05 - 9:08There, ladies and gentlemen,
is American democracy -
9:08 - 9:10evolving under the hand
of Thomas Jefferson. -
9:11 - 9:15Or consider the 1491 Martellus Map,
-
9:15 - 9:18which we imaged
at Yale's Beinecke Library. -
9:18 - 9:20This was the map
that Columbus likely consulted -
9:20 - 9:22before he traveled to the New World
-
9:22 - 9:25and which gave him his idea
of what Asia looked like -
9:25 - 9:26and where Japan was located.
-
9:28 - 9:31The problem with this map
is that its inks and pigments -
9:31 - 9:33had so degraded over time
-
9:33 - 9:35that this large, nearly seven-foot map,
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9:35 - 9:37made the world look like a giant desert.
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9:38 - 9:41Until now, we had very little idea,
detailed idea, that is, -
9:41 - 9:43of what Columbus knew of the world
-
9:43 - 9:45and how world cultures were represented.
-
9:45 - 9:49The main legend of the map
was entirely illegible under normal light. -
9:49 - 9:52Ultraviolet did very little for it.
-
9:52 - 9:54Multispectral gave us everything.
-
9:55 - 9:58In Asia, we learned of monsters
with ears so long -
9:58 - 10:01that they could cover
the creature's entire body. -
10:01 - 10:05In Africa, about a snake
who could cause the ground to smoke. -
10:07 - 10:09Like starlight, which can convey images
-
10:09 - 10:12of the way the Universe
looked in the distant past, -
10:12 - 10:15so multispectral light can take us back
to the first stuttering moments -
10:15 - 10:17of an object's creation.
-
10:17 - 10:21Through this lens, we witness
the mistakes, the changes of mind, -
10:21 - 10:24the naïvetés, the uncensored thoughts,
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10:24 - 10:27the imperfections of the human imagination
-
10:27 - 10:29that allow these hallowed objects
and their authors -
10:29 - 10:31to become more real,
-
10:31 - 10:34that make history closer to us.
-
10:35 - 10:36What about the future?
-
10:36 - 10:39There's so much of the past,
-
10:39 - 10:42and so few people
with the skills to rescue it -
10:42 - 10:46before these objects disappear forever.
-
10:46 - 10:50That's why I have begun to teach
this new hybrid discipline -
10:50 - 10:52that I call "textual science."
-
10:52 - 10:53Textual science is a marriage
-
10:53 - 10:56of the traditional skills
of a literary scholar -- -
10:56 - 10:58the ability to read old languages
and old handwriting, -
10:58 - 11:00the knowledge of how texts are made
-
11:00 - 11:02in order to be able
to place and date them -- -
11:02 - 11:05with new techniques like imaging science,
-
11:05 - 11:08the chemistry of inks and pigments,
-
11:08 - 11:10computer-aided optical
character recognition. -
11:11 - 11:13Last year, a student in my class,
-
11:13 - 11:15a freshman,
-
11:15 - 11:16with a background in Latin and Greek,
-
11:16 - 11:19was image-processing a palimpsest
-
11:19 - 11:22that we had photographed
at a famous library in Rome. -
11:22 - 11:27As he worked, tiny Greek writing
began to appear from behind the text. -
11:28 - 11:30Everyone gathered around,
-
11:30 - 11:32and he read a line from a lost work
-
11:32 - 11:35of the Greek comic dramatist Menander.
-
11:36 - 11:38This was the first time
in well over a thousand years -
11:38 - 11:41that those words
had been pronounced aloud. -
11:42 - 11:44In that moment, he became a scholar.
-
11:45 - 11:48Ladies and gentlemen,
that is the future of the past. -
11:49 - 11:50Thank you very much.
-
11:50 - 11:53(Applause)
- Title:
- How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts
- Speaker:
- Gregory Heyworth
- Description:
-
Gregory Heyworth is a textual scientist; he and his lab work on new ways to read ancient manuscripts and maps using spectral imaging technology. In this fascinating talk, watch as Heyworth shines a light on lost history, deciphering texts that haven't been read in thousands of years. How could these lost classics rewrite what we know about the past?
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:07
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts |