Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning
-
0:07 - 0:11Somewhere near you,
an animal is defecating. -
0:11 - 0:16In fact, each day, the animal kingdom
produces roughly enough dung -
0:16 - 0:22to match the volume of water pouring
over the Victoria Falls. -
0:22 - 0:25So why isn’t the planet covered
in the stuff? -
0:25 - 0:29You can thank the humble dung beetle
for eating up the excess. -
0:29 - 0:35Capable of burying 250 times
their body weight in a single night, -
0:35 - 0:40these valiant insects make
quick work of an endless stream of feces. -
0:40 - 0:46Over 7,000 known species of dung beetle
run clean-up duty across six continents -
0:46 - 0:49—everywhere except Antarctica.
-
0:49 - 0:52A dung beetle’s first task
is to locate dung. -
0:52 - 0:55Some live on the anal regions
of larger animals, -
0:55 - 0:57ready to leap off when they defecate.
-
0:57 - 1:02Others sniff out feces
that animals leave behind. -
1:02 - 1:07A pile of elephant dung can attract
4,000 beetles in 15 minutes. -
1:07 - 1:09So once a beetle finds dung,
-
1:09 - 1:13it must work quickly to secure
some of the bounty for itself. -
1:13 - 1:17Most dung beetle species fall into one
of three main groups: -
1:17 - 1:18rollers,
-
1:18 - 1:19tunnelers,
-
1:19 - 1:21and dwellers.
-
1:21 - 1:25Dung rollers sculpt a ball of dung,
and using their back legs, -
1:25 - 1:28quickly roll it away from competitors.
-
1:28 - 1:30Potential partners jump on the ball,
-
1:30 - 1:33and once the ball-maker
has selected their mate, -
1:33 - 1:36the pair dig their dung ball
into the soil. -
1:36 - 1:42Once it’s been buried, the female lays
a single egg within the dung ball. -
1:42 - 1:44Tunnelers have a different approach.
-
1:44 - 1:48Digging underneath a pat,
some drag dung down into the soil -
1:48 - 1:51and pack it into clumps
known as brood balls, -
1:51 - 1:52dung balls,
-
1:52 - 1:56or dung “sausages,”
depending on their shape and size. -
1:56 - 2:00Male tunnelers sport a spectacular
array of horns -
2:00 - 2:03to fight each other
for control of these tunnels, -
2:03 - 2:07which they then defend
until the female’s laid her egg. -
2:07 - 2:12Some male tunnelers avoid the fray
by masquerading as hornless females -
2:12 - 2:17and sneaking into tunnels to mate
while the guardians’ heads are turned. -
2:17 - 2:19The third group of dung beetles, dwellers,
-
2:19 - 2:22take the most straightforward approach,
-
2:22 - 2:25laying their eggs
directly into a dung pat. -
2:25 - 2:28This makes their offspring
more vulnerable to predation -
2:28 - 2:31than those of the tunnelers and rollers.
-
2:31 - 2:34As the larvae feed, they riddle
the dung pat with tunnels, -
2:34 - 2:40leaving remains that are quickly colonized
by bacteria and fungi and weathered away. -
2:40 - 2:44Inside a tunnel, ball, or pat,
once the larvae hatch, -
2:44 - 2:48they consume the dung
before metamorphosing into a pupa -
2:48 - 2:50and then an adult beetle.
-
2:50 - 2:53Besides clearing dung,
the actions of these beetles -
2:53 - 2:57have considerable ecological importance.
-
2:57 - 3:01For one, they serve as secondary
seed dispersers. -
3:01 - 3:02Dung from monkeys,
-
3:02 - 3:03wild pigs,
-
3:03 - 3:07and other animals is riddled with seeds
from the fruits they eat. -
3:07 - 3:09When beetles bury their dung balls,
-
3:09 - 3:12they inadvertently protect these seeds
from predators -
3:12 - 3:15and increase the likelihood
they’ll germinate. -
3:15 - 3:18The advantage is so great
that one South African plant -
3:18 - 3:23has evolved to produce seeds that look
and smell like dung -
3:23 - 3:26to trick beetles into burying them.
-
3:26 - 3:30Dung beetles also play important roles
in agricultural systems. -
3:30 - 3:34Livestock, like cows and sheep,
produce huge amounts of dung, -
3:34 - 3:38which contains nutrients
that can benefit plants. -
3:38 - 3:42The beetles break up the dung
and tunnel it deep into the soil, -
3:42 - 3:46bringing the nutrients into close contact
with plant roots. -
3:46 - 3:52Their services to farmers have been valued
at $380 million a year in the US -
3:52 - 3:56and £367 million a year in the UK.
-
3:56 - 3:59Dung beetles can even help us battle
global warming -
3:59 - 4:03by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
associated with farming. -
4:03 - 4:07Microbes living in oxygen-poor
livestock dung -
4:07 - 4:11produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
-
4:11 - 4:14But beetles oxygenate pats when
they tunnel into them, -
4:14 - 4:18preventing the microbes
from producing methane. -
4:18 - 4:20The dung beetle spreads seeds,
-
4:20 - 4:21helps farmers,
-
4:21 - 4:22and fights climate change
-
4:22 - 4:27—and accomplishes it all
simply by doing its business. -
4:27 - 4:30Maybe next time you come across
some dung in the forest or a field, -
4:30 - 4:33you’ll be tempted to take a closer look.
- Title:
- Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning
- Description:
-
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-isn-t-the-world-covered-in-poop-eleanor-slade-and-paul-manning
Each day, the animal kingdom produces roughly enough poop to match the volume of water pouring over Victoria Falls. So why isn’t the planet covered in the stuff? You can thank the humble dung beetle for eating up the excess. Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning explain how these valiant insects make quick work of an endless stream of feces.
Lesson by Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning, animation by Anton Bogaty.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:58
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens approved English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens accepted English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning | ||
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning |