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History’s first empire rose out of a hot,
dry landscape,
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without rainfall to nourish crops,
without trees or stones for building.
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In spite of all this, its inhabitants
built the world’s first cities,
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with monumental architecture and
large populations—
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and they built them
entirely out of mud.
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Sumer occupied the Southern part of
modern Iraq
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in the region called Mesopotamia.
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Mesopotamia means “between two rivers”—
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the Tigris and the Euphrates.
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Around 5000 BCE, early Sumerians used
irrigation channels, dams, and reservoirs
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to redirect river water and farm large
areas of previously bone-dry land.
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Agricultural communities like this were
slowly springing up around the world.
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But Sumerians were the first
to take the next step.
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Using clay bricks made from river mud,
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they began to build multi-storied
homes and temples.
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They invented the wheel—
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a potter’s wheel, for turning mud into
household goods and tools.
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Those clay bricks gave rise to the world’s
first cities, probably around 4500 BCE.
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At the top of the city’s social ladder
were priests and priestesses,
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who were considered nobility,
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then merchants, craftspeople,
farmers, and enslaved people.
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The Sumerian empire consisted
of distinct city-states
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that operated like small nations.
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They were loosely linked by language
and spiritual belief
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but lacked centralized control.
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The earliest cities were Uruk, Ur,
and Eridu,
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and eventually there were a dozen cities.
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Each had a king who served a role
somewhere between a priest and a ruler.
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Sometimes they fought against each
other to conquer new territories.
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Each city was dedicated to a patron deity,
considered the city’s founder.
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The largest and most important building
in the city was this patron god’s home:
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the ziggurat, a temple designed
as a stepped pyramid.
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Around 3200 BCE, Sumerians began to
expand their reach.
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The potter’s wheel found a new home
on chariots and wagons.
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They built boats out of reeds and date
palm leaves,
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with linen sails that carried them
vast distances by river and sea.
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To supplement scarce resources,
they built a trade network
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with the rising kingdoms in Egypt,
Anatolia, and Ethiopia,
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importing gold, silver,
lapis lazuli, and cedar wood.
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Trade was the unlikely impetus
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for the invention of the world’s
first writing system.
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It started as a system of accounting
for Sumerian merchants
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conducting business with traders abroad.
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After a few hundred years, the early
pictogram system
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called cuneiform turned into a script.
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The Sumerians drafted up the first
written laws
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and created the first school system,
designed to teach the craft of writing—
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and pioneered some less exciting
innovations, like bureaucracy and taxes.
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In the schools, scribes studying from
dawn to dusk,
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from childhood well into adulthood.
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They learned accounting, mathematics,
and copied works of literature––
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hymns, myths, proverbs, animal fables,
magic spells,
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and the first epics on clay tablets.
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Some of those tablets told the story of
Gilgamesh,
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a king of the city of Uruk who was
also the subject of mythical tales.
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But by the third millennium BCE, Sumer
was no longer the only empire around,
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or even in Mesopotamia.
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Waves of nomadic tribes poured
into the region from the north and east.
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Some newcomers looked up to the Sumerians,
adopting their way of life
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and using the cuneiform script to express
their own languages.
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In 2300 BCE, the Akkadian king Sargon
conquered the Sumerian city-states.
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But Sargon respected Sumerian culture,
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and Akkadians and Sumerians
existed side-by-side for centuries.
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Other invading groups focused only
on looting and destruction.
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Even as Sumerian culture spread,
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a steady onslaught of invasions killed
off the Sumerian people by 1750 BCE.
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Afterward, Sumer disappeared back into
the desert dirt,
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not to be rediscovered
until the 19th century.
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But Sumerian culture lived on
for thousands of years—
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first through the Akkadians,
then the Assyrians, then the Babylonians.
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The Babylonians passed Sumerian inventions
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and traditions through along Hebrew,
Greek, and Roman cultures.
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Some persist today.