Cradle to cradle design
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0:01 - 0:05In 1962, with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring,"
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0:05 - 0:10I think for people like me in the world of the making of things,
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0:10 - 0:14the canary in the mine wasn't singing.
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0:14 - 0:17And so the question that we might not have birds
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0:17 - 0:20became kind of fundamental to those of us wandering around
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0:20 - 0:23looking for the meadowlarks that seemed to have all disappeared.
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0:23 - 0:26And the question was, were the birds singing?
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0:26 - 0:30Now, I'm not a scientist, that'll be really clear.
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0:30 - 0:34But, you know, we've just come from this discussion of what a bird might be.
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0:34 - 0:35What is a bird?
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0:35 - 0:39Well, in my world, this is a rubber duck.
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0:39 - 0:41It comes in California with a warning --
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0:41 - 0:44"This product contains chemicals known by the State of California
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0:44 - 0:51to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
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0:51 - 0:54This is a bird.
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0:54 - 0:57What kind of culture would produce a product of this kind
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0:57 - 1:02and then label it and sell it to children?
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1:02 - 1:05I think we have a design problem.
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1:05 - 1:10Someone heard the six hours of talk that I gave
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1:10 - 1:16called "The Monticello Dialogues" on NPR, and sent me this as a thank you note --
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1:16 - 1:18"We realize that design is a signal of intention,
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1:18 - 1:21but it also has to occur within a world,
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1:21 - 1:25and we have to understand that world in order to
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1:25 - 1:28imbue our designs with inherent intelligence,
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1:28 - 1:33and so as we look back at the basic state of affairs
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1:33 - 1:38in which we design, we, in a way, need to go to the primordial condition
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1:38 - 1:43to understand the operating system and the frame conditions of a planet,
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1:43 - 1:48and I think the exciting part of that is the good news that's there,
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1:48 - 1:51because the news is the news of abundance,
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1:51 - 1:53and not the news of limits,
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1:53 - 1:58and I think as our culture tortures itself now
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1:58 - 2:03with tyrannies and concerns over limits and fear,
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2:03 - 2:08we can add this other dimension of abundance that is coherent,
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2:08 - 2:10driven by the sun, and start to imagine
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2:10 - 2:17what that would be like to share."
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2:17 - 2:19That was a nice thing to get.
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2:19 - 2:23That was one sentence.
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2:23 - 2:25Henry James would be proud.
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2:25 - 2:27This is -- I put it down at the bottom,
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2:27 - 2:30but that was extemporaneous, obviously.
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2:30 - 2:33The fundamental issue is that, for me,
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2:33 - 2:35design is the first signal of human intentions.
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2:35 - 2:39So what are our intentions, and what would our intentions be --
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2:39 - 2:42if we wake up in the morning, we have designs on the world --
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2:42 - 2:44well, what would our intention be as a species
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2:44 - 2:46now that we're the dominant species?
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2:46 - 2:49And it's not just stewardship and dominion debate,
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2:49 - 2:55because really, dominion is implicit in stewardship --
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2:55 - 2:57because how could you dominate something you had killed?
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2:57 - 2:59And stewardship's implicit in dominion,
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2:59 - 3:01because you can't be steward of something if you can't dominate it.
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3:01 - 3:07So the question is, what is the first question for designers?
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3:07 - 3:10Now, as guardians -- let's say the state, for example,
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3:10 - 3:15which reserves the right to kill, the right to be duplicitous and so on --
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3:15 - 3:18the question we're asking the guardian at this point is
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3:18 - 3:20are we meant, how are we meant,
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3:20 - 3:22to secure local societies, create world peace
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3:22 - 3:24and save the environment?
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3:24 - 3:27But I don't know that that's the common debate.
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3:27 - 3:31Commerce, on the other hand, is relatively quick,
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3:31 - 3:33essentially creative, highly effective and efficient,
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3:33 - 3:36and fundamentally honest, because we can't exchange
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3:36 - 3:40value for very long if we don't trust each other.
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3:40 - 3:42So we use the tools of commerce primarily for our work,
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3:42 - 3:44but the question we bring to it is,
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3:44 - 3:48how do we love all the children of all species for all time?
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3:48 - 3:51And so we start our designs with that question.
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3:51 - 3:53Because what we realize today is that modern culture
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3:53 - 3:56appears to have adopted a strategy of tragedy.
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3:56 - 3:58If we come here and say, "Well, I didn't intend
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3:58 - 3:59to cause global warming on the way here,"
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3:59 - 4:01and we say, "That's not part of my plan,"
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4:01 - 4:04then we realize it's part of our de facto plan.
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4:04 - 4:07Because it's the thing that's happening because we have no other plan.
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4:07 - 4:09And I was at the White House for President Bush,
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4:09 - 4:11meeting with every federal department and agency,
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4:11 - 4:15and I pointed out that they appear to have no plan.
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4:15 - 4:17If the end game is global warming, they're doing great.
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4:17 - 4:20If the end game is mercury toxification of our children
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4:20 - 4:23downwind of coal fire plants as they scuttled the Clean Air Act,
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4:23 - 4:27then I see that our education programs should be explicitly defined as,
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4:27 - 4:29"Brain death for all children. No child left behind."
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4:29 - 4:33(Applause)
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4:33 - 4:37So, the question is, how many federal officials
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4:37 - 4:40are ready to move to Ohio and Pennsylvania with their families?
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4:40 - 4:44So if you don't have an endgame of something delightful,
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4:44 - 4:46then you're just moving chess pieces around,
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4:46 - 4:47if you don't know you're taking the king.
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4:47 - 4:50So perhaps we could develop a strategy of change,
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4:50 - 4:53which requires humility. And in my business as an architect,
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4:53 - 4:57it's unfortunate the word "humility" and the word "architect"
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4:57 - 5:00have not appeared in the same paragraph since "The Fountainhead."
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5:00 - 5:05So if anybody here has trouble with the concept of design humility,
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5:05 - 5:08reflect on this -- it took us 5,000 years
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5:08 - 5:12to put wheels on our luggage.
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5:12 - 5:17So, as Kevin Kelly pointed out, there is no endgame.
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5:17 - 5:21There is an infinite game, and we're playing in that infinite game.
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5:21 - 5:23And so we call it "cradle to cradle,"
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5:23 - 5:24and our goal is very simple.
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5:24 - 5:26This is what I presented to the White House.
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5:26 - 5:29Our goal is a delightfully diverse, safe, healthy and just world,
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5:29 - 5:32with clean air, clean water, soil and power --
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5:32 - 5:36economically, equitably, ecologically and elegantly enjoyed, period.
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5:36 - 5:39(Applause)
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5:39 - 5:42What don't you like about this?
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5:42 - 5:44Which part of this don't you like?
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5:44 - 5:46So we realized we want full diversity,
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5:46 - 5:49even though it can be difficult to remember what De Gaulle said
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5:49 - 5:51when asked what it was like to be President of France.
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5:51 - 5:55He said, "What do you think it's like trying to run a country with 400 kinds of cheese?"
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5:55 - 5:58But at the same time, we realize that our products are not safe and healthy.
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5:58 - 6:00So we've designed products
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6:00 - 6:02and we analyzed chemicals down to the parts per million.
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6:02 - 6:05This is a baby blanket by Pendleton that will give your child nutrition
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6:05 - 6:07instead of Alzheimer's later in life.
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6:07 - 6:09We can ask ourselves, what is justice,
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6:09 - 6:13and is justice blind, or is justice blindness?
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6:13 - 6:18And at what point did that uniform turn from white to black?
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6:18 - 6:21Water has been declared a human right by the United Nations.
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6:21 - 6:23Air quality is an obvious thing to anyone who breathes.
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6:23 - 6:26Is there anybody here who doesn't breathe?
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6:26 - 6:29Clean soil is a critical problem -- the nitrification, the dead zones
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6:29 - 6:31in the Gulf of Mexico.
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6:31 - 6:33A fundamental issue that's not being addressed.
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6:33 - 6:35We've seen the first form of solar energy
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6:35 - 6:38that's beat the hegemony of fossil fuels in the form of wind
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6:38 - 6:41here in the Great Plains, and so that hegemony is leaving.
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6:41 - 6:44And if we remember Sheikh Yamani when he formed OPEC,
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6:44 - 6:47they asked him, "When will we see the end of the age of oil?"
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6:47 - 6:50I don't know if you remember his answer, but it was,
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6:50 - 6:54"The Stone Age didn't end because we ran out of stones."
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6:54 - 6:58We see that companies acting ethically in this world
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6:58 - 6:59are outperforming those that don't.
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6:59 - 7:04We see the flows of materials in a rather terrifying prospect.
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7:04 - 7:07This is a hospital monitor from Los Angeles, sent to China.
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7:07 - 7:10This woman will expose herself to toxic phosphorous,
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7:10 - 7:13release four pounds of toxic lead into her childrens' environment,
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7:13 - 7:15which is from copper.
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7:15 - 7:17On the other hand, we see great signs of hope.
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7:17 - 7:20Here's Dr. Venkataswamy in India, who's figured out
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7:20 - 7:22how to do mass-produced health.
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7:22 - 7:26He has given eyesight to two million people for free.
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7:26 - 7:29We see in our material flows that car steels don't become car steel again
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7:29 - 7:31because of the contaminants of the coatings --
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7:31 - 7:33bismuth, antimony, copper and so on.
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7:33 - 7:34They become building steel.
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7:34 - 7:36On the other hand, we're working with Berkshire Hathaway,
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7:36 - 7:39Warren Buffett and Shaw Carpet,
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7:39 - 7:40the largest carpet company in the world.
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7:40 - 7:43We've developed a carpet that is continuously recyclable,
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7:43 - 7:46down to the parts per million.
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7:46 - 7:49The upper is Nylon 6 that can go back to caprolactam,
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7:49 - 7:52the bottom, a polyolephine -- infinitely recyclable thermoplastic.
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7:52 - 7:56Now if I was a bird, the building on my left is a liability.
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7:56 - 7:59The building on my right, which is our corporate campus for The Gap
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7:59 - 8:04with an ancient meadow, is an asset -- its nesting grounds.
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8:04 - 8:06Here's where I come from. I grew up in Hong Kong,
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8:06 - 8:08with six million people in 40 square miles.
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8:08 - 8:12During the dry season, we had four hours of water every fourth day.
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8:12 - 8:15And the relationship to landscape was that of farmers who have been
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8:15 - 8:19farming the same piece of ground for 40 centuries.
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8:19 - 8:21You can't farm the same piece of ground for 40 centuries
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8:21 - 8:24without understanding nutrient flow.
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8:24 - 8:27My childhood summers were in the Puget Sound of Washington,
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8:27 - 8:29among the first growth and big growth.
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8:29 - 8:31My grandfather had been a lumberjack in the Olympics,
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8:31 - 8:36so I have a lot of tree karma I am working off.
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8:36 - 8:38I went to Yale for graduate school,
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8:38 - 8:40studied in a building of this style by Le Corbusier,
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8:40 - 8:44affectionately known in our business as Brutalism.
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8:44 - 8:47If we look at the world of architecture,
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8:47 - 8:50we see with Mies' 1928 tower for Berlin,
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8:50 - 8:52the question might be, "Well, where's the sun?"
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8:52 - 8:55And this might have worked in Berlin, but we built it in Houston,
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8:55 - 8:58and the windows are all closed. And with most products
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8:58 - 9:00appearing not to have been designed for indoor use,
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9:00 - 9:03this is actually a vertical gas chamber.
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9:03 - 9:06When I went to Yale, we had the first energy crisis,
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9:06 - 9:08and I was designing the first solar-heated house in Ireland
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9:08 - 9:10as a student, which I then built --
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9:10 - 9:12which would give you a sense of my ambition.
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9:12 - 9:14And Richard Meier, who was one of my teachers,
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9:14 - 9:16kept coming over to my desk to give me criticism,
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9:16 - 9:18and he would say, "Bill, you've got to understand- --
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9:18 - 9:26solar energy has nothing to do with architecture."
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9:26 - 9:28I guess he didn't read Vitruvius.
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9:28 - 9:32In 1984, we did the first so-called "green office" in America
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9:32 - 9:33for Environmental Defense.
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9:33 - 9:36We started asking manufacturers what were in their materials.
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9:36 - 9:38They said, "They're proprietary, they're legal, go away."
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9:38 - 9:40The only indoor quality work done in this country at that time
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9:40 - 9:43was sponsored by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,
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9:43 - 9:44and it was to prove there was no danger
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9:44 - 9:47from secondhand smoke in the workplace.
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9:47 - 9:51So, all of a sudden, here I am, graduating from high school in 1969,
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9:51 - 9:54and this happens, and we realize that "away" went away.
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9:54 - 9:58Remember we used to throw things away, and we'd point to away?
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9:58 - 10:00And yet, NOAA has now shown us, for example --
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10:00 - 10:02you see that little blue thing above Hawaii?
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10:02 - 10:03That's the Pacific Gyre.
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10:03 - 10:05It was recently dragged for plankton by scientists,
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10:05 - 10:09and they found six times as much plastic as plankton.
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10:09 - 10:14When asked, they said, "It's kind of like a giant toilet that doesn't flush."
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10:14 - 10:15Perhaps that's away.
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10:15 - 10:17So we're looking for the design rules of this --
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10:17 - 10:19this is the highest biodiversity of trees in the world, Irian Jaya,
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10:19 - 10:23259 species of tree, and we described this
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10:23 - 10:24in the book, "Cradle to Cradle."
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10:24 - 10:28The book itself is a polymer. It is not a tree.
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10:28 - 10:31That's the name of the first chapter -- "This Book is Not a Tree."
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10:31 - 10:34Because in poetics, as Margaret Atwood pointed out,
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10:34 - 10:36"we write our history on the skin of fish
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10:36 - 10:39with the blood of bears."
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10:39 - 10:40And with so much polymer, what we really need
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10:40 - 10:43is technical nutrition, and to use something
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10:43 - 10:46as elegant as a tree -- imagine this design assignment:
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10:46 - 10:48Design something that makes oxygen, sequesters carbon,
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10:48 - 10:52fixes nitrogen, distills water, accrues solar energy as fuel,
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10:52 - 10:56makes complex sugars and food, creates microclimates,
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10:56 - 11:02changes colors with the seasons and self-replicates.
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11:02 - 11:04Well, why don't we knock that down and write on it?
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11:04 - 11:10(Laughter)
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11:10 - 11:12So, we're looking at the same criteria
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11:12 - 11:14as most people -- you know, can I afford it?
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11:14 - 11:16Does it work? Do I like it?
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11:16 - 11:18We're adding the Jeffersonian agenda, and I come from Charlottesville,
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11:18 - 11:22where I've had the privilege of living in a house designed by Thomas Jefferson.
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11:22 - 11:28We're adding life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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11:28 - 11:29Now if we look at the word "competition,"
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11:29 - 11:31I'm sure most of you've used it.
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11:31 - 11:32You know, most people don't realize it comes from
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11:32 - 11:35the Latin competere, which means strive together.
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11:35 - 11:38It means the way Olympic athletes train with each other.
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11:38 - 11:41They get fit together, and then they compete.
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11:41 - 11:43The Williams sisters compete -- one wins Wimbledon.
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11:43 - 11:46So we've been looking at the idea of competition
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11:46 - 11:50as a way of cooperating in order to get fit together.
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11:50 - 11:51And the Chinese government has now --
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11:51 - 11:53I work with the Chinese government now --
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11:53 - 11:55has taken this up.
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11:55 - 11:57We're also looking at survival of the fittest,
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11:57 - 11:59not in just competition terms in our modern context
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11:59 - 12:02of destroy the other or beat them to the ground,
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12:02 - 12:04but really to fit together and build niches
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12:04 - 12:06and have growth that is good.
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12:06 - 12:08Now most environmentalists don't say growth is good,
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12:08 - 12:13because, in our lexicon, asphalt is two words: assigning blame.
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12:13 - 12:16But if we look at asphalt as our growth,
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12:16 - 12:18then we realize that all we're doing is destroying
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12:18 - 12:22the planetary's fundamental underlying operating system.
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12:22 - 12:27So when we see E equals mc squared come along, from a poet's perspective,
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12:27 - 12:29we see energy as physics, chemistry as mass,
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12:29 - 12:31and all of a sudden, you get this biology.
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12:31 - 12:34And we have plenty of energy, so we'll solve that problem,
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12:34 - 12:37but the biology problem's tricky, because as we put through
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12:37 - 12:40all these toxic materials that we disgorge,
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12:40 - 12:42we will never be able to recover that.
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12:42 - 12:44And as Francis Crick pointed out, nine years
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12:44 - 12:47after discovering DNA with Mr. Watson,
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12:47 - 12:51that life itself has to have growth as a precondition --
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12:51 - 12:53it has to have free energy, sunlight
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12:53 - 12:56and it needs to be an open system of chemicals.
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12:56 - 12:59So we're asking for human artifice to become a living thing,
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12:59 - 13:01and we want growth, we want free energy from sunlight
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13:01 - 13:04and we want an open metabolism for chemicals.
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13:04 - 13:06Then, the question becomes not growth or no growth,
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13:06 - 13:09but what do you want to grow?
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13:09 - 13:11So instead of just growing destruction,
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13:11 - 13:13we want to grow the things that we might enjoy,
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13:13 - 13:16and someday the FDA will allow us to make French cheese.
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13:16 - 13:20So therefore, we have these two metabolisms,
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13:20 - 13:22and I worked with a German chemist, Michael Braungart,
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13:22 - 13:24and we've identified the two fundamental metabolisms.
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13:24 - 13:26The biological one I'm sure you understand,
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13:26 - 13:28but also the technical one, where we take materials
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13:28 - 13:30and put them into closed cycles.
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13:30 - 13:33We call them biological nutrition and technical nutrition.
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13:33 - 13:37Technical nutrition will be in an order of magnitude of biological nutrition.
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13:37 - 13:40Biological nutrition can supply about 500 million humans,
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13:40 - 13:42which means that if we all wore Birkenstocks and cotton,
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13:42 - 13:45the world would run out of cork and dry up.
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13:45 - 13:47So we need materials in closed cycles,
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13:47 - 13:49but we need to analyze them down to the parts per million
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13:49 - 13:52for cancer, birth defects, mutagenic effects,
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13:52 - 13:55disruption of our immune systems, biodegradation, persistence,
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13:55 - 13:58heavy metal content, knowledge of how we're making them
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13:58 - 14:00and their production and so on.
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14:00 - 14:04Our first product was a textile where we analyzed 8,000 chemicals
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14:04 - 14:05in the textile industry.
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14:05 - 14:10Using those intellectual filters, we eliminated [7,962.]
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14:10 - 14:12We were left with 38 chemicals.
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14:12 - 14:15We have since databased the 4000 most commonly used chemicals
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14:15 - 14:20in human manufacturing, and we're releasing this database into the public in six weeks.
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14:20 - 14:22So designers all over the world can analyze their products
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14:22 - 14:27down to the parts per million for human and ecological health.
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14:27 - 14:32(Applause)
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14:32 - 14:35We've developed a protocol so that companies can send
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14:35 - 14:38these same messages all the way through their supply chains,
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14:38 - 14:41because when we asked most companies we work with -- about a trillion dollars
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14:41 - 14:43-- and say, "Where does your stuff come from?" They say, "Suppliers."
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14:43 - 14:45"And where does it go?"
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14:45 - 14:46"Customers."
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14:46 - 14:47So we need some help there.
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14:47 - 14:49So the biological nutrients, the first fabrics --
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14:49 - 14:51the water coming out was clean enough to drink.
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14:51 - 14:55Technical nutrients -- this is for Shaw Carpet, infinitely reusable carpet.
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14:55 - 14:58Here's nylon going back to caprolactam back to carpet.
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14:58 - 15:01Biotechnical nutrients -- the Model U for Ford Motor,
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15:01 - 15:03a cradle to cradle car -- concept car.
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15:03 - 15:07Shoes for Nike, where the uppers are polyesters, infinitely recyclable,
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15:07 - 15:10the bottoms are biodegradable soles.
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15:10 - 15:12Wear your old shoes in, your new shoes out.
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15:12 - 15:14There is no finish line.
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15:14 - 15:16The idea here of the car is that some of the materials
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15:16 - 15:19go back to the industry forever, some of the materials go back to soil --
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15:19 - 15:21it's all solar-powered.
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15:21 - 15:23Here's a building at Oberlin College we designed
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15:23 - 15:27that makes more energy than it needs to operate and purifies its own water.
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15:27 - 15:29Here's a building for The Gap, where the ancient grasses
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15:29 - 15:33of San Bruno, California, are on the roof.
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15:33 - 15:35And this is our project for Ford Motor Company.
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15:35 - 15:37It's the revitalization of the River Rouge in Dearborn.
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15:37 - 15:41This is obviously a color photograph.
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15:41 - 15:45These are our tools. These are how we sold it to Ford.
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15:45 - 15:48We saved Ford 35 million dollars doing it this way, day one,
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15:48 - 15:50which is the equivalent of the Ford Taurus
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15:50 - 15:54at a four percent margin of an order for 900 million dollars worth of cars.
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15:54 - 15:57Here it is. It's the world's largest green roof, 10 and a half acres.
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15:57 - 16:00This is the roof, saving money,
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16:00 - 16:04and this is the first species to arrive here. These are killdeer.
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16:04 - 16:07They showed up in five days.
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16:07 - 16:09And we now have 350-pound auto workers
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16:09 - 16:13learning bird songs on the Internet.
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16:13 - 16:15We're developing now protocols for cities --
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16:15 - 16:17that's the home of technical nutrients.
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16:17 - 16:20The country -- the home of biological. And putting them together.
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16:20 - 16:22And so I will finish by showing you a new city
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16:22 - 16:24we're designing for the Chinese government.
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16:24 - 16:27We're doing 12 cities for China right now,
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16:27 - 16:29based on cradle to cradle as templates.
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16:29 - 16:32Our assignment is to develop protocols for the housing
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16:32 - 16:34for 400 million people in 12 years.
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16:34 - 16:36We did a mass energy balance -- if they use brick,
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16:36 - 16:39they will lose all their soil and burn all their coal.
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16:39 - 16:41They'll have cities with no energy and no food.
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16:41 - 16:43We signed a Memorandum of Understanding --
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16:43 - 16:45here's Madam Deng Nan, Deng Xiaoping's daughter --
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16:45 - 16:47for China to adopt cradle to cradle.
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16:47 - 16:51Because if they toxify themselves, being the lowest-cost producer,
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16:51 - 16:53send it to the lowest-cost distribution -- Wal-Mart --
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16:53 - 16:56and then we send them all our money, what we'll discover is that
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16:56 - 16:59we have what, effectively, when I was a student,
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16:59 - 17:02was called mutually assured destruction.
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17:02 - 17:05Now we do it by molecule. These are our cities.
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17:05 - 17:08We're building a new city next to this city; look at that landscape.
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17:08 - 17:10This is the site.
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17:10 - 17:14We don't normally do green fields, but this one is about to be built,
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17:14 - 17:16so they brought us in to intercede.
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17:16 - 17:18This is their plan.
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17:18 - 17:21It's a rubber stamp grid that they laid right on that landscape.
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17:21 - 17:24And they brought us in and said, "What would you do?"
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17:24 - 17:28This is what they would end up with, which is another color photograph.
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17:28 - 17:31So this is the existing site, so this is what it looks like now,
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17:31 - 17:33and here's our proposal.
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17:33 - 17:37(Applause)
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17:37 - 17:39So the way we approached this
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17:39 - 17:41is we studied the hydrology very carefully.
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17:41 - 17:43We studied the biota, the ancient biota,
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17:43 - 17:45the current farming and the protocols.
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17:45 - 17:47We studied the winds and the sun to make sure everybody in the city
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17:47 - 17:53will have fresh air, fresh water and direct sunlight
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17:53 - 17:56in every single apartment at some point during the day.
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17:56 - 18:00We then take the parks and lay them out as ecological infrastructure.
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18:00 - 18:03We lay out the building areas.
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18:03 - 18:04We start to integrate commercial and mixed use
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18:04 - 18:07so the people all have centers and places to be.
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18:07 - 18:09The transportation is all very simple,
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18:09 - 18:12everybody's within a five-minute walk of mobility.
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18:12 - 18:17We have a 24-hour street, so that there's always a place that's alive.
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18:17 - 18:19The waste systems all connect.
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18:19 - 18:24If you flush a toilet, your feces will go to the sewage treatment plants,
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18:24 - 18:26which are sold as assets, not liabilities.
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18:26 - 18:30Because who wants the fertilizer factory that makes natural gas?
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18:30 - 18:35The waters are all taken in to construct the wetlands for habitat restorations.
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18:35 - 18:39And then it makes natural gas, which then goes back into the city
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18:39 - 18:43to power the fuel for the cooking for the city.
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18:43 - 18:45So this is -- these are fertilizer gas plants.
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18:45 - 18:48And then the compost is all taken back
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18:48 - 18:50to the roofs of the city, where we've got farming,
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18:50 - 18:54because what we've done is lifted up the city,
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18:54 - 19:01the landscape, into the air to -- to restore the native landscape
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19:01 - 19:03on the roofs of the buildings.
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19:03 - 19:06The solar power of all the factory centers
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19:06 - 19:09and all the industrial zones with their light roofs powers the city.
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19:09 - 19:11And this is the concept for the top of the city.
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19:11 - 19:15We've lifted the earth up onto the roofs.
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19:15 - 19:19The farmers have little bridges to get from one roof to the next.
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19:19 - 19:23We inhabit the city with work/live space on all the ground floors.
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19:23 - 19:28And so this is the existing city, and this is the new city.
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19:28 - 19:42(Applause)
- Title:
- Cradle to cradle design
- Speaker:
- William McDonough
- Description:
-
Green-minded architect and designer William McDonough asks what our buildings and products would look like if designers took into account "all children, all species, for all time."
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 19:42
TED edited English subtitles for Cradle to cradle design | ||
TED added a translation |