What universities missed in their fight for diversity | Josh Dunn | TEDxMileHigh
-
0:11 - 0:12As a teacher,
-
0:12 - 0:15I know the value of having
a classroom filled with students -
0:15 - 0:17from different backgrounds.
-
0:17 - 0:22My classes on American politics are deeply
enriched by the diversity of my students. -
0:22 - 0:25For example, when discussing
welfare reform, -
0:26 - 0:29there's nothing like having
a brave young student raise their hand -
0:29 - 0:32and talk about the challenges
of personally growing up in poverty -
0:32 - 0:35to get the rest of the class
to sit up and pay attention. -
0:36 - 0:38But while our colleges and universities
-
0:38 - 0:41make every effort to increase
the representation -
0:41 - 0:43of racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities,
-
0:43 - 0:46there's another kind of diversity
that we often forget: -
0:47 - 0:48viewpoint diversity.
-
0:49 - 0:53In today's increasingly
polarized political climate, -
0:53 - 0:57having people on campus with different
perspectives is more important than ever. -
0:58 - 1:03If you haven't noticed, Washington DC
has recently been a bit of a spectacle. -
1:03 - 1:05(Laughter)
-
1:05 - 1:07And if you're like me,
you've probably thought -
1:07 - 1:12that our leaders could use
some remedial education in civil dialogue. -
1:12 - 1:15(Applause and cheers)
-
1:19 - 1:21Our colleges could be a place
-
1:21 - 1:24where our future leaders learn to engage
with people they disagree with. -
1:25 - 1:27But today, too many people
on campus seem to think -
1:27 - 1:30that the appropriate response
to people they disagree with -
1:30 - 1:33is shouting, name-calling,
and even violence. -
1:34 - 1:39Every year, every semester
brings more and more examples. -
1:40 - 1:45In 2017, at Middlebury College,
when the liberal professor Allison Stanger -
1:45 - 1:47tried to moderate
a free and fair exchange of ideas -
1:47 - 1:50with a controversial
libertarian Charles Murray, -
1:50 - 1:53students yelled, screamed,
and pulled fire alarms. -
1:54 - 1:57Eventually, campus officials
tried to sneak them out of back door, -
1:57 - 2:00but a mob of mass protestors found them
-
2:00 - 2:02and jerked professor Stanger's head
-
2:02 - 2:06so violently that she suffered
whiplash and a concussion. -
2:08 - 2:10This is what's happening on our campuses,
-
2:11 - 2:15places the next generation of leaders
is learning to interact with others. -
2:16 - 2:17If it's happening there,
-
2:17 - 2:20can we be surprised
at what's happening in Washington -
2:20 - 2:22or corporate boardrooms
-
2:22 - 2:23or even our own neighborhoods?
-
2:25 - 2:27My expertise happens
to be in higher education, -
2:27 - 2:30and I've seen the lack
of intellectual diversity first-hand. -
2:31 - 2:34Today, less than 13 percent of professors
identify as conservative, -
2:34 - 2:37while 60 percent identify
as either liberal or far left. -
2:38 - 2:40In the Humanities and Social Sciences,
-
2:41 - 2:44fields where politics is often central
to teaching and research, -
2:44 - 2:46only five percent
identify as conservative, -
2:47 - 2:49and most of those are in Economics
or Political Science. -
2:50 - 2:52In some fields, they're almost
an extinct species. -
2:54 - 2:56And of that five percent,
-
2:56 - 3:00only some are even willing
to admit it to their co-workers. -
3:01 - 3:03Seven years ago,
my friend John Shields and I -
3:03 - 3:07decided it would be interesting to study
conservative and libertarian professors -
3:07 - 3:09in the Social Sciences and Humanities.
-
3:10 - 3:12Everyone in the university knows
-
3:12 - 3:14that professors
are overwhelmingly liberal. -
3:14 - 3:17But we realized that there
was almost no research -
3:17 - 3:19on the experiences
of conservatives on campus. -
3:20 - 3:21What are their lives like?
-
3:21 - 3:24Are they afraid of being punished
or that they'll be denied tenure -
3:24 - 3:26because of their politics?
-
3:26 - 3:29We ended up interviewing
153 conservative professors. -
3:30 - 3:32Much of what we found was alarming:
-
3:32 - 3:36One-third of them hid their politics
from their colleagues. -
3:36 - 3:40They described themselves
as "in-the-closet conservatives." -
3:41 - 3:45Many expressed profound fear
about being outed. -
3:46 - 3:49Some even thought that our project
was a Red Scare in reverse: -
3:50 - 3:52we must be trying
to identify conservatives -
3:52 - 3:54so they can be run out of the university.
-
3:55 - 3:58One sociologist was so afraid
-
3:59 - 4:01that he refused to let us interview him.
-
4:01 - 4:05But after convincing
him that we came in peace, -
4:05 - 4:07he finally agreed to talk to us
-
4:07 - 4:10but only far away from his office,
-
4:10 - 4:12where his colleagues
would never see or hear us - -
4:13 - 4:16in the middle of a botanical garden.
-
4:16 - 4:19(Laughter)
-
4:20 - 4:23John and I left this interview
feeling like spies -
4:23 - 4:29rather than the nerdy, socially awkward
professors that we actually are. -
4:29 - 4:30(Laughter)
-
4:30 - 4:33Now, maybe you think
that it's not a problem -
4:33 - 4:36that conservatives have to hide
behind bushes in botanical gardens, -
4:36 - 4:38(Laughter)
-
4:38 - 4:41but if you think that diversity
is good for all of us, -
4:41 - 4:43then so is viewpoint diversity.
-
4:44 - 4:46For one reason, it matters for teaching.
-
4:46 - 4:49(Applause and cheers)
-
4:51 - 4:52At its best,
-
4:52 - 4:56the university is a place where students
can learn deliberative virtues, -
4:56 - 4:59like civility, toleration,
and mutual respect. -
4:59 - 5:02But in a monoculture,
it's difficult to do this. -
5:02 - 5:05This is a lost opportunity
for civic education. -
5:05 - 5:07The university is also a place
-
5:07 - 5:09where students should learn
to live in a diverse society. -
5:10 - 5:11For many, it's really the first time
-
5:11 - 5:14they're exposed to people
who are different from themselves. -
5:14 - 5:16Ideally, students would learn
the best arguments -
5:16 - 5:18of both the left and the right,
-
5:18 - 5:21not the watered-down
and inflammatory versions -
5:21 - 5:24you hear on cable news
or read on social media. -
5:25 - 5:28But today, it's quite possible
to receive an education - -
5:28 - 5:30and an elite one at that -
-
5:30 - 5:33and never be exposed
to major conservative ideas, -
5:33 - 5:38ideas that have, for better or worse,
profoundly influenced American politics. -
5:39 - 5:41But it's not impossible.
-
5:41 - 5:45Robby George is one of America's
most prominent conservative professors, -
5:45 - 5:48and Cornel West is one of our most
prominent African American scholars. -
5:48 - 5:52He's a progressive and
a self-declared radical democrat. -
5:52 - 5:54Despite their political differences,
-
5:54 - 5:58the two became close friends
while they were colleagues at Princeton. -
5:58 - 6:01Eventually, they decided
to teach a course together. -
6:01 - 6:03Doing that allowed them to show students
-
6:03 - 6:06how you could respectfully
engage people you disagree with -
6:06 - 6:09and sharpen your own arguments
at the same time. -
6:09 - 6:14Today, they have a traveling roadshow
and visit campuses around the country. -
6:15 - 6:18The only sad part of their story
is that it is so rare. -
6:19 - 6:21Our campuses would be far healthier places
-
6:21 - 6:25if their example was the norm
rather than the exception. -
6:25 - 6:27(Applause)
-
6:29 - 6:31Another important goal of the university
-
6:31 - 6:34is to generate research that improves
our understanding of the world. -
6:34 - 6:38But academic echo chambers, where we
only talk to people we agree with, -
6:38 - 6:39undermine that mission.
-
6:40 - 6:43And that's because of confirmation bias.
-
6:43 - 6:46Confirmation bias is just
the tendency that we all have -
6:46 - 6:49to accept evidence that supports
our pre-existing beliefs. -
6:50 - 6:54For example, if you're like me
and drink a lot of coffee, -
6:54 - 6:56at least one to two pots a day,
-
6:56 - 6:58(Laughter)
-
6:58 - 7:03you enthusiastically accept every story
about the health benefits of coffee, -
7:03 - 7:05(Laughter)
-
7:05 - 7:08and you share them widely on social media.
-
7:09 - 7:13"Look, everyone, science
has confirmed my life choices." -
7:13 - 7:14(Laughter)
-
7:14 - 7:19But if you see research showing
that coffee might be bad for you, -
7:19 - 7:22"Don't tell me, I don't want
to hear about it, it can't be true." -
7:23 - 7:25That's confirmation bias.
-
7:25 - 7:29Basically, none of us like
being told that we might be wrong, -
7:29 - 7:32and that's particularly true
about our deeply held beliefs -
7:32 - 7:35about things like politics,
religion, or coffee. -
7:36 - 7:39When intellectually isolated
research communities form, -
7:39 - 7:41no one is there to challenge their biases.
-
7:41 - 7:47And when that happens, groupthink sets in,
and errors go uncorrected. -
7:48 - 7:50When we're divided
into groups of like-minded people, -
7:50 - 7:53our positions also tend
to become more extreme. -
7:54 - 7:57Just compare Boulder to Colorado Springs.
-
7:57 - 7:59(Laughter)
-
8:01 - 8:04You may have heard there are some
differences between the two communities? -
8:05 - 8:06(Laughter)
-
8:07 - 8:09In fact, scholars have studied them.
-
8:09 - 8:12In one experiment, they took
a group of liberals from Boulder -
8:12 - 8:15and had them talk about
controversial issues like climate change -
8:15 - 8:17and same-sex marriage with each other.
-
8:17 - 8:20And then they took a group
of conservatives from Colorado Springs -
8:20 - 8:21and had them do the same thing.
-
8:22 - 8:27After each group had deliberated,
their views became more extreme. -
8:27 - 8:30The Boulder liberals
moved farther to the left, -
8:30 - 8:34and the Colorado Springs conservatives
moved farther to the right. -
8:36 - 8:40Viewpoint diversity directly affects
the quality of education we're providing -
8:40 - 8:43and the quality of research
that we're producing. -
8:43 - 8:48Universities, particularly administrators,
must make it a priority. -
8:49 - 8:51They need to remind their campuses
-
8:51 - 8:54that the university depends
on the free exchange of ideas. -
8:54 - 8:57And that affects everything
from hiring to guest speakers. -
8:58 - 9:01Now, these changes
aren't going to happen overnight, -
9:01 - 9:04but there are things that we can do
that can make a difference. -
9:04 - 9:06One option is what my co-author
and I have called -
9:06 - 9:09"an ideological Fulbright Program."
-
9:09 - 9:12The Fulbright Program
is an educational exchange program -
9:12 - 9:16where American faculty and students
go abroad to study, teach, and research. -
9:16 - 9:19And then non-US citizens
come here and do the same. -
9:19 - 9:22America created it after World War II.
-
9:22 - 9:24The goal was to promote peace
-
9:24 - 9:28by increasing mutual
understanding across cultures. -
9:28 - 9:31Something similar
would be useful here at home, -
9:31 - 9:33where conservative
and progressive cultures -
9:33 - 9:36rarely interact with each other on campus.
-
9:36 - 9:38In fact, there's already
a program much like this -
9:38 - 9:40at the University of Colorado Boulder,
-
9:40 - 9:43where each year they bring
a conservative professor to campus. -
9:43 - 9:46(Laughter)
-
9:49 - 9:51More faculty could also be encouraged
-
9:51 - 9:54to follow the example
of Robby George and Cornel West -
9:54 - 9:57and teach classes
across the ideological divide. -
9:57 - 9:59Many professors are already on board.
-
9:59 - 10:01One organization, Heterodox Academy,
-
10:01 - 10:05was founded in 2015
by a progressive scholar. -
10:05 - 10:08It already has several thousand members.
-
10:08 - 10:10These faculty believe
that viewpoint diversity -
10:11 - 10:13is in their own self-interest
-
10:13 - 10:16because it makes them
better teachers and scholars. -
10:18 - 10:22But there's a deeper lesson for all of us
whether we're on campus or not. -
10:23 - 10:25We all need to get out
of our comfortable political silos -
10:25 - 10:27on Facebook or Twitter.
-
10:29 - 10:31Think about the close, personal friendship
-
10:31 - 10:33between the conservative
Justice Antonin Scalia -
10:33 - 10:36and the liberal Justice
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, -
10:36 - 10:38(Applause and cheers)
-
10:38 - 10:41the notorious RBG, as she's known.
-
10:41 - 10:42(Laughter)
-
10:43 - 10:45Before Justice Scalia died,
-
10:45 - 10:49there were hardly two people
on the Court who disagreed more -
10:49 - 10:51about how to interpret the Constitution.
-
10:51 - 10:55But there were no closer friends
on the Court either. -
10:55 - 10:57In fact, they also had
a traveling roadshow, -
10:57 - 10:59where they went around the country
-
10:59 - 11:02and talked about how they disagreed
just about everything -
11:02 - 11:05when it came to politics
or constitutional interpretation. -
11:05 - 11:09Their odd-couple relationship
even inspired someone to write an opera -
11:09 - 11:11about their peculiar friendship.
-
11:11 - 11:12(Laughter)
-
11:13 - 11:15When Justice Scalia died,
-
11:16 - 11:19Justice Ginsburg wrote a moving tribute
to the man she called her best buddy. -
11:20 - 11:24She said, "We disagreed now and then."
-
11:24 - 11:25(Laughter)
-
11:25 - 11:29That's a significant understatement
for anyone who studies the Supreme Court, -
11:30 - 11:34but she said whenever Scalia
dissented from her opinions, -
11:34 - 11:37it always made them better
-
11:37 - 11:41because Scalia nailed all the weak spots.
-
11:42 - 11:44We all need friends like that.
-
11:45 - 11:48We can't really do our jobs
as citizens without them. -
11:50 - 11:51In the end,
-
11:51 - 11:54what happens in the ivory tower
doesn't stay in the ivory tower -
11:55 - 11:58because today's student
is tomorrow's leader. -
11:59 - 12:03A diversity of ideas will make us
better leaders, neighbors, voters, -
12:04 - 12:06but only if we get a chance to hear them.
-
12:07 - 12:08Thank you.
-
12:08 - 12:10(Applause)
- Title:
- What universities missed in their fight for diversity | Josh Dunn | TEDxMileHigh
- Description:
-
Today, less than 13 percent of professors identify as conservative, while 60 percent identify as liberal or far left. Colleges and universities make every effort to increase the representation of racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities, but there’s another kind of diversity that we often forget: viewpoint diversity. In this persuasive talk, professor Josh Dunn explains why having people on campus with different perspectives is more important than ever.
Josh Dunn is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Government and the Individual at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs. His books include Complex Justice: The Case of Missouri v. Jenkins, From Schoolhouse to Courthouse: The Judiciary's Role in American Education, and Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Josh and his wife are a taxi service for their children’s baseball games. He is a lifelong Cubs fan: winning the World Series removed decades of emotional scar tissue.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 12:27