The living tech we need to support human life on other planets
-
0:00 - 0:05For thousands of years,
well, really probably millions of years, -
0:05 - 0:09our ancestors have looked up at the sky
and wondered what's up there, -
0:09 - 0:12and they've also started to wonder,
-
0:12 - 0:15hmm, could we be alone in this planet?
-
0:16 - 0:22Now, I'm fortunate that I get to get paid
to actually ask some of those questions, -
0:22 - 0:23and sort of bad news for you,
-
0:23 - 0:27your tax dollars are paying me
to try to answer some of those questions. -
0:27 - 0:28But then, about 10 years ago,
-
0:28 - 0:31I was told, I mean asked,
-
0:31 - 0:35if I would start to look at the technology
to help get us off planet, -
0:35 - 0:38and so that's what I'm going
to talk to you about today. -
0:38 - 0:40So playing to the local crowd,
-
0:40 - 0:43this is what it looks like
in your day-to-day life in Boston, -
0:43 - 0:47but as you start to go off planet,
things look very, very different. -
0:49 - 0:52So there we are,
hovering above the WGBH studios. -
0:54 - 0:57And here's a very famous picture
of the Earthrise from the Moon, -
0:57 - 1:00and you can see the Earth
starting to recede. -
1:01 - 1:03And then what I love is this picture
-
1:03 - 1:06that was taken from the surface of Mars
looking back at the Earth. -
1:06 - 1:08Can anyone find the Earth?
-
1:09 - 1:11I'm going to help you out a little.
-
1:12 - 1:14(Laughter)
-
1:14 - 1:15Yeah.
-
1:15 - 1:18The point of showing this
is that when people start to go to Mars, -
1:18 - 1:21they're not going to be able
to keep calling in -
1:21 - 1:24and be micromanaged
the way people on a space station are. -
1:24 - 1:26They're going to have to be independent.
-
1:26 - 1:28So even though they're up there,
-
1:28 - 1:31there are going to be all sorts of things
that they're going to need, -
1:31 - 1:34just like people on Earth
need things like, oh, transportation, -
1:34 - 1:38life support, food, clothing and so on.
-
1:38 - 1:41But unlike on Earth,
they are also going to need oxygen. -
1:41 - 1:45They're going to have to deal with about
a third of the gravity that we have here. -
1:45 - 1:48They're going to have to worry
about habitats, power, heat, light -
1:48 - 1:50and radiation protection,
-
1:50 - 1:53something that we don't actually
worry about nearly as much on the Earth, -
1:53 - 1:57because we have this beautiful
atmosphere and magnetosphere. -
1:57 - 2:01The problem with that is
that we also have a lot of constraints. -
2:01 - 2:04So the biggest one for us is upmass,
-
2:04 - 2:06and the number that I've used for years
-
2:06 - 2:12is it costs about 10,000 dollars to launch
a can of Coke into low Earth orbit. -
2:12 - 2:15The problem is, there you are
with 10,000 dollars later, -
2:15 - 2:16and you're still in low Earth orbit.
-
2:16 - 2:20You're not even at the Moon
or Mars or anything else. -
2:20 - 2:23So you're going to have to
try to figure out -
2:23 - 2:27how to keep the mass as low as possible
so you don't have to launch it. -
2:28 - 2:31But on top of that cost issue
with the mass, -
2:31 - 2:34you also have problems of storage
-
2:34 - 2:37and flexibility and reliability.
-
2:37 - 2:41You can't just get there and say,
"Oops, I forgot to bring," -
2:41 - 2:45because Amazon.com
just does not deliver to Mars. -
2:45 - 2:47So you better be prepared.
-
2:49 - 2:51So what is the solution for this?
-
2:51 - 2:54And I'm going to propose to you
for the rest of this talk -
2:54 - 2:57that the solution actually is life,
-
2:57 - 3:00and when you start to look
at life as a technology, -
3:00 - 3:02you realize, ah, that's it,
-
3:02 - 3:04that's exactly what we needed.
-
3:04 - 3:07This plant here, like every person here
-
3:07 - 3:09and every one of your dogs and cats
-
3:09 - 3:11and plants and so on,
-
3:11 - 3:13all started as a single cell.
-
3:13 - 3:18So imagine, you're starting
as a very low upmass object -
3:18 - 3:20and then growing into something
a good deal bigger. -
3:22 - 3:25Now, my hero Charles Darwin,
-
3:25 - 3:30of course, reminds us that there's
no such thing as a designer in biology, -
3:30 - 3:34but what if we now have the technology
-
3:34 - 3:36to design biology,
-
3:36 - 3:41maybe even design,
oh, whole new life-forms -
3:41 - 3:45that can do things for us
that we couldn't have imagined otherwise? -
3:45 - 3:49So years ago, I was asked
to start to sell this program, -
3:49 - 3:51and while I was doing that,
-
3:51 - 3:55I was put in front of a panel at NASA,
-
3:55 - 3:57as you might sort of imagine,
-
3:57 - 4:01a bunch of people in suits
and white shirts and pencil protectors, -
4:01 - 4:03and I did this sort of crazy, wild,
-
4:03 - 4:05"This is all the next great thing,"
-
4:06 - 4:08and I thought they would be blown over,
-
4:08 - 4:11and instead the chairman of the committee
just looked at me straight in the eye, -
4:11 - 4:14and said, "So what's the big idea?"
-
4:14 - 4:17So I was like, "OK, you want Star Trek?
-
4:17 - 4:18We'll do Star Trek."
-
4:18 - 4:20And so let me tell you
what the big idea is. -
4:21 - 4:25We've used organisms
to make biomaterials for years. -
4:25 - 4:29So here's a great picture
taken outside of Glasgow, -
4:29 - 4:32and you can see lots
of great biomaterials there. -
4:32 - 4:34There are trees that you could
use to build houses. -
4:34 - 4:38There are sheep where you
can get your wool from. -
4:38 - 4:40You could get leather from the sheep.
-
4:40 - 4:44Just quickly glancing around the room,
I'll bet there's no one in this room -
4:44 - 4:47that doesn't have some kind of animal
or plant product on them, -
4:47 - 4:48some kind of biomaterial.
-
4:48 - 4:49But you know what?
-
4:49 - 4:52We're not going to take sheep
and trees and stuff to Mars. -
4:52 - 4:54That's nuts, because
of the upmass problem. -
4:55 - 4:58But we are going to take things like this.
-
4:58 - 4:59This is Bacillus subtilis.
-
4:59 - 5:02Those white dots that you see are spores.
-
5:02 - 5:06This happens to be a bacterium
that can form incredibly resistant spores, -
5:06 - 5:09and when I say incredibly resistant,
they've proven themselves. -
5:09 - 5:13Bacillus subtilis spores have been flown
on what was called LDEF, -
5:13 - 5:16Long Duration Exposure Facility,
for almost six years -
5:16 - 5:19and some of them survived that in space.
-
5:19 - 5:21Unbelievable, a lot better
than any of us can do. -
5:21 - 5:25So why not just take the capabilities,
-
5:25 - 5:29like to make wood or to make wool
or spider silk or whatever, -
5:29 - 5:31and put them in Bacillus subtilis spores,
-
5:32 - 5:36and take those with you off planet?
-
5:36 - 5:38So what are you going to do
when you're off planet? -
5:38 - 5:42Here's an iconic picture of Buzz Aldrin
looking back at the Eagle -
5:42 - 5:47when he landed, oh, it was almost
50 years ago, on the surface of the Moon. -
5:47 - 5:49Now if you're going to go
to the Moon for three days -
5:49 - 5:51and you're the first person to set foot,
-
5:51 - 5:53yeah, you can live in a tin can,
-
5:53 - 5:57but you wouldn't want to do that
for, say, a year and a half. -
5:57 - 6:00So I did actually a calculation,
being in California. -
6:00 - 6:05I looked at what the average size
of a cell at Alcatraz is, -
6:05 - 6:06and I have news for you,
-
6:06 - 6:10the volume in the Eagle there,
in the Lunar Module, -
6:10 - 6:14was about the size of a cell at Alcatraz
-
6:14 - 6:16if it were only five feet high.
-
6:16 - 6:19So incredibly cramped living quarters.
-
6:19 - 6:23You just can't ask a human
to stay in there for long periods of time. -
6:23 - 6:26So why not take these biomaterials
and make something? -
6:27 - 6:30So here's an image
that a colleague of mine -
6:30 - 6:34who is an architect, Chris Maurer,
has done of what we've been proposing, -
6:34 - 6:35and we'll get to the point
-
6:35 - 6:37of why I've been standing up here
holding something -
6:38 - 6:41that looks like a dried sandwich
this whole lecture. -
6:41 - 6:46So we've proposed that the solution
to the habitat problem on Mars -
6:46 - 6:50could just simply lie in a fungus.
-
6:50 - 6:52So I'm now probably
going to turn off everyone -
6:52 - 6:54from ever eating a mushroom again.
-
6:54 - 6:57So let's talk about fungi for a second.
-
6:57 - 7:00So you're probably familiar
with this fruiting body of the fungus. -
7:00 - 7:02That's the mushroom.
-
7:02 - 7:05But what we're interested in actually
is what's beneath the surface there, -
7:05 - 7:07the mycelium,
-
7:07 - 7:09which are these root hair-like structures
-
7:09 - 7:13that are really the main part
of the mushroom. -
7:13 - 7:16Well, it turns out you can take those --
-
7:16 - 7:17there's a micrograph I did --
-
7:18 - 7:20and you can put them in a mold
-
7:20 - 7:22and give them a little food --
-
7:22 - 7:25and it doesn't take much,
you can grow these things on sawdust -- -
7:25 - 7:27so this piece here was grown on sawdust,
-
7:28 - 7:31and that mycelium then
will fill that structure -
7:31 - 7:32to make something.
-
7:32 - 7:36We've actually tried
growing mycelium on Mars Simulant. -
7:36 - 7:38So no one's actually
gone to the surface of Mars, -
7:38 - 7:40but this is a simulated surface of Mars,
-
7:40 - 7:43and you can see those
hair-like mycelia out there. -
7:43 - 7:45It's really amazing stuff.
-
7:45 - 7:47How strong can you make these things?
-
7:47 - 7:50Well, you know, I could give you
numbers and tests and so on, -
7:50 - 7:52but I think that's probably
the best way to describe it. -
7:52 - 7:55There's one of my students
proving that you can do this. -
7:55 - 7:58To do this, then, you've got to figure out
how to put it in context. -
7:58 - 8:00How's this actually going to happen?
-
8:00 - 8:02I mean, this is a great idea, Lynn,
-
8:02 - 8:04but how are you going to get
from here to there? -
8:04 - 8:08So what we're saying is you grow up
the mycelium in the lab, for example -
8:08 - 8:13and then you fill up a little structure,
maybe a house-like structure that's tiny, -
8:13 - 8:17that is maybe a double-bagged sort of
plastic thing, like an inflatable -- -
8:17 - 8:19I sort of think L.L.Bean when I see this.
-
8:19 - 8:24And then you put it in a rocket ship
and you send it off to Mars. -
8:25 - 8:26Rocket lands,
-
8:29 - 8:31you release the bag
-
8:31 - 8:33and you add a little water,
-
8:33 - 8:35and voila, you've got your habitat.
-
8:35 - 8:37You know, how cool would that be?
-
8:37 - 8:41And the beauty of that is you don't
have to take something prebuilt. -
8:41 - 8:45And so our estimates are that we could
save 90 percent of the mass -
8:45 - 8:49that NASA is currently proposing
by taking up a big steel structure -
8:49 - 8:52if we actually grow it on site.
-
8:52 - 8:54So let me give you another big idea.
-
8:54 - 8:56What about digital information?
-
8:56 - 8:59What's really interesting is
you have a physical link to your parents -
8:59 - 9:02and they have a physical link
to their parents, and so on, -
9:02 - 9:04all the way back to the origin of life.
-
9:04 - 9:07You have never broken that continuum.
-
9:07 - 9:09But the fact is that we can do that today.
-
9:09 - 9:12So we have students
every day in our labs -- -
9:12 - 9:15students in Boston even do this --
-
9:15 - 9:18that make up DNA sequences
-
9:18 - 9:20and they hit the "send" button
-
9:20 - 9:24and they send them
to their local DNA synthesis company. -
9:24 - 9:27Now once you break that physical link
-
9:27 - 9:29where you're sending it across town,
-
9:29 - 9:32it doesn't matter if you're sending it
across the Charles River -
9:32 - 9:34or if you're sending
that information to Mars. -
9:34 - 9:36You've broken that physical link.
-
9:36 - 9:37So then, once you're on Mars,
-
9:38 - 9:40or across the river or wherever,
-
9:40 - 9:42you can take that digital information,
-
9:42 - 9:44synthesize the physical DNA,
-
9:44 - 9:46put it maybe in another organism
-
9:46 - 9:49and voila, you've got
new capabilities there. -
9:49 - 9:52So again, you've broken
that physical link. That's huge. -
9:52 - 9:54What about chemistry?
-
9:54 - 9:56Biology does chemistry for us on Earth,
-
9:56 - 9:59and again has for literally
thousands of years. -
9:59 - 10:02I bet virtually everyone in this room
has eaten something today -
10:02 - 10:05that has been made
by biology doing chemistry. -
10:05 - 10:07Let me give you a big hint there.
-
10:07 - 10:09What about another idea?
-
10:09 - 10:12What about using DNA itself
to make a wire? -
10:12 - 10:15Because again, we're trying
to miniaturize everything. -
10:15 - 10:17DNA is really cheap.
-
10:17 - 10:19Strawberries have
a gazillion amount of DNA. -
10:19 - 10:23You know, you could take
a strawberry with you, isolate the DNA, -
10:23 - 10:26and one of my students
has figured out a way -
10:26 - 10:28to take DNA and tweak it a little bit
-
10:28 - 10:33so that you can incorporate
silver atoms in very specific places, -
10:33 - 10:35thus making an electrical wire.
-
10:35 - 10:37How cool is that?
-
10:37 - 10:39So while we're on the subject of metals,
-
10:39 - 10:44we're going to need to use metals
for things like integrated circuits. -
10:44 - 10:48Probably we're going to want it
for some structures, and so on. -
10:48 - 10:51And things like integrated circuits
ultimately go bad. -
10:51 - 10:54We could talk a lot about that,
but I'm going to leave it at that, -
10:54 - 10:56that they do go bad,
-
10:56 - 10:59and so where are you going
to get those metals? -
10:59 - 11:01Yeah, you could try to mine them
with heavy equipment, -
11:01 - 11:03but you get that upmass problem.
-
11:03 - 11:07And I always tell people, the best way
to find the metals for a new cell phone -
11:07 - 11:09is in a dead cell phone.
-
11:09 - 11:13So what if you take biology
-
11:13 - 11:15as the technology to get these metals out?
-
11:15 - 11:16And how do you do this?
-
11:16 - 11:19Well, take a look
at the back of a vitamin bottle -
11:19 - 11:23and you'll get an idea
of all the sorts of metals -
11:23 - 11:25that we actually use in our bodies.
-
11:25 - 11:28So we have a lot of proteins
as well as other organisms -
11:28 - 11:31that can actually
specifically bind metals. -
11:31 - 11:34So what if we now take those proteins
-
11:34 - 11:37and maybe attach them
to this fungal mycelium -
11:37 - 11:41and make a filter so we can start
to pull those metals out -
11:41 - 11:45in a very specific way
without big mining equipment, -
11:45 - 11:48and, even better, we've actually
got a proof of concept -
11:48 - 11:52where we've then taken those metals
that we pulled out with proteins -
11:52 - 11:56and reprinted an integrated circuit
using a plasma printer. -
11:56 - 11:57Again, how cool?
-
11:58 - 12:03Electricity: I was asked
by a head of one of the NASA centers -
12:03 - 12:07if you could ever take chemical energy
and turn that into electrical energy. -
12:07 - 12:11Well, the great news is it's not
just the electric eel that does it. -
12:11 - 12:14Everybody in this room
who is still alive and functioning -
12:14 - 12:16is doing that.
-
12:16 - 12:18Part of the food that you've eaten today
-
12:18 - 12:21has gone to operate
the nerve cells in your body. -
12:21 - 12:24But even other organisms,
nonsentient ones, -
12:24 - 12:26are creating electric energy,
-
12:26 - 12:27even bacteria.
-
12:28 - 12:30Some bacteria are very good
at making little wires. -
12:30 - 12:32So if we can harvest that ability
-
12:32 - 12:35of turning chemical energy
into electrical energy, -
12:35 - 12:37again, how cool would that be?
-
12:37 - 12:39So here are some
of the big ideas we talked about. -
12:39 - 12:42Let me try one more: life 2.0.
-
12:42 - 12:47So for example, all of the sugars
in our body are right-handed. -
12:47 - 12:50Why shouldn't we make an organism
with left-handed sugars? -
12:50 - 12:56Why not make an organism that can do
things that no organism can do today? -
12:56 - 13:00So organisms normally have evolved
to live in very specific environments. -
13:00 - 13:03So here's this lion cub
literally up a tree, -
13:03 - 13:05and I took a picture of him a bit later,
-
13:05 - 13:08and he was a lot happier
when he was down on the ground. -
13:08 - 13:11So organisms are designed
for specific environments. -
13:11 - 13:14But what if you can go back
to that idea of synthetic biology -
13:14 - 13:16and tweak 'em around?
-
13:16 - 13:19So here is one of our favorite places
in Yellowstone National Park. -
13:19 - 13:20This is Octopus Springs.
-
13:20 - 13:22If you tilt your head a little bit,
-
13:22 - 13:25it sort of looks like a body
and tentacles coming out. -
13:25 - 13:27It's above the boiling
temperature of water. -
13:27 - 13:31Those organisms that you see
on the edge and the colors -
13:31 - 13:33actually match the temperatures
that are there, -
13:33 - 13:36very, very high-temperature thermophiles.
-
13:37 - 13:40So why not take organisms
that can live at extremes, -
13:40 - 13:42whether it's high temperature
or low temperature -
13:42 - 13:44or low pH or high pH
-
13:44 - 13:47or high salt or high levels of radiation,
-
13:47 - 13:49and take some of those capabilities
-
13:49 - 13:51and put it into other organisms.
-
13:51 - 13:53And this is a project
that my students have called, -
13:53 - 13:55and I love this, the "hell cell."
-
13:55 - 13:56And so we've done that.
-
13:56 - 14:00We've taken organisms and sort of
tweaked them and pushed them to the edges. -
14:00 - 14:03And this is important
for getting us off planet -
14:03 - 14:06and also for understanding
what life is like in the universe. -
14:06 - 14:09So let me give you
just a couple of final thoughts. -
14:11 - 14:14First is this whole idea
that we have all these needs -
14:14 - 14:16for human settlement off planet
-
14:16 - 14:19that are in some ways
exactly like we have on the Earth, -
14:19 - 14:22that we need the food
and we need the shelter and so on, -
14:22 - 14:24but we have very, very
different constraints -
14:24 - 14:28of this upmass problem and the reliability
and the flexibility and so on. -
14:28 - 14:31But because we have these constraints
that you don't have here, -
14:31 - 14:35where you might have to think about
the indigenous petrochemical industry, -
14:35 - 14:37or whatever,
-
14:37 - 14:40you now have constraints
that have to unleash creativity. -
14:43 - 14:47And once you unleash this creativity
because you have the new constraints, -
14:47 - 14:51you're forcing game-changing
technological advances -
14:51 - 14:53that you wouldn't have gotten
any other way. -
14:55 - 14:58Finally, we have to think a little bit,
-
14:58 - 15:02is it a good idea
to tinker around with life? -
15:03 - 15:07Well, the sort of easy answer to that is
-
15:07 - 15:10that probably no one in the room
keeps a wolf cub at home, -
15:10 - 15:13but you might have a puppy or a dog;
-
15:13 - 15:17you probably didn't eat teosinte
this summer, but you ate corn. -
15:17 - 15:21We have been doing
genetic modification with organisms -
15:21 - 15:24for literally 10,000 or more years.
-
15:24 - 15:27This is a different approach,
but to say all of a sudden -
15:27 - 15:29humans should never touch an organism
-
15:29 - 15:30is kinda silly
-
15:30 - 15:33because we have that capability now
-
15:33 - 15:37to do things that are far more
beneficial for the planet Earth -
15:38 - 15:40and for life beyond that.
-
15:41 - 15:43And so then the question is, should we?
-
15:43 - 15:46And of course I feel
that not only should we, -
15:46 - 15:48at least for getting off Earth,
-
15:48 - 15:51but actually if we don't
use synthetic biology, -
15:51 - 15:53we will never solve this upmass problem.
-
15:53 - 15:58So once you think of life as a technology,
you've got the solution. -
15:58 - 16:01And so, with that, I'd like to finish
the way I always finish, -
16:02 - 16:04and say "ad astra,"
which means, "to the stars." -
16:04 - 16:05Thank you very much, Boston.
-
16:05 - 16:07(Applause)
- Title:
- The living tech we need to support human life on other planets
- Speaker:
- Lynn Rothschild
- Description:
-
What would it take to settle Mars? In a talk about the future of space exploration, Lynn Rothschild reviews the immense challenges to living elsewhere in the universe and proposes some bold, creative solutions to making a home off planet Earth -- like "growing" houses out of fungi or using bacteria to help generate electricity.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 16:20
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Oliver Friedman approved English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for The living tech we need to support human life on other planets |