Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia
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0:08 - 0:10I would like to invite you to listen
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0:10 - 0:12for the next few minutes, but perhaps
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0:12 - 0:16in some ways you've never listened before.
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0:16 - 0:18We have 4 communication skills in fact,
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0:18 - 0:21two outputs and two inputs.
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0:21 - 0:23And if you ask people in research
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0:23 - 0:25which one is the most important,
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0:25 - 0:27the vast majority of people say
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0:27 - 0:29that the most important one is listening.
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0:29 - 0:32If you ask a great salesperson
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0:32 - 0:34what's more important in your sales conversation,
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0:34 - 0:35is it speaking or listening,
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0:35 - 0:38that's the answer they'll give you.
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0:38 - 0:40In fact we spend up to 60 %
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0:40 - 0:44of our communication time listening.
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0:44 - 0:47Depending on the job we do, and what we do,
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0:47 - 0:49in our families and so forth.
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0:49 - 0:52And yet, we're not very good at it.
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0:52 - 0:55Our listening comprehension is just 25%.
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0:55 - 0:59Which means that 3 words in 4
that are spoken to us -
0:59 - 1:01just disappear.
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1:01 - 1:04I'm not talking about you, not this talk,
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1:04 - 1:06but in general.
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1:06 - 1:08So what is listening?
Have you ever thought -
1:08 - 1:11about a definition of listening?
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1:11 - 1:13We take it for granted.
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1:13 - 1:18I'd like to offer you a very broad definition
of the word 'listening.' -
1:18 - 1:21And I'm not talking here just about
listening to somebody speaking, -
1:21 - 1:25I'm talking about listening
to the whole world around you. -
1:25 - 1:30My definition of listening is
making meaning from sound. -
1:30 - 1:32All the sound around us.
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1:32 - 1:36This is the process that I'm going
to describe to you now, -
1:36 - 1:40and there are 3 stages to that process.
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1:40 - 1:42The first stage is a physical stage:
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1:42 - 1:45sound waves hit your body.
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1:45 - 1:48All over, you listen with your whole body,
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1:48 - 1:51but in particular, they go deep inside your head,
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1:51 - 1:53and the sound waves touch your eardrums.
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1:53 - 1:56This is a very intimate sense:
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1:56 - 1:58deep inside your head,
you're being touched, -
1:58 - 2:00all the time, by sound.
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2:00 - 2:02In the second stage,
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2:02 - 2:08that physical relationship
is translated into neural activity, -
2:08 - 2:10electrical activity in the brain,
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2:10 - 2:12and we've just been hearing a great deal
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2:12 - 2:16about the wonders of what goes on inside our skulls.
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2:16 - 2:20In the third part of the process,
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2:20 - 2:23mental activity takes place and that,
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2:23 - 2:25I suggest, is when listening really happens.
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2:25 - 2:29The first two parts of that process
are really about hearing. -
2:29 - 2:33So let's have a look at
the mental side of the process. -
2:33 - 2:35We use some good tricks
in order to make sense, -
2:35 - 2:38in order to make meaning out of sound.
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2:38 - 2:42One of the most important tricks
is pattern recognition: -
2:42 - 2:46your name is the pattern
that you’re most attuned to. -
2:46 - 2:49But all of us have had the experience
of standing in a room -- (ambient noise) -
2:49 - 2:52where there's a cocktail party going on.
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2:52 - 2:55And fighting to understand
exactly what's being said, -
2:55 - 2:59trying to extract signal from noise.
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2:59 - 3:01That gets tougher as you get older.
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3:01 - 3:03It's called the cocktail party effect.
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3:03 - 3:06And I don't like going to parties
so much like that anymore -
3:06 - 3:10because I do find it very hard
to hear what is being said. -
3:10 - 3:15The second trick that we use in order to
extract meaning from sound, -
3:15 - 3:16is differencing.
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3:16 - 3:20If I were to play this sound -- (pink noise)
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3:20 - 3:22and leave it on for a few minutes,
this is pink noise, -
3:22 - 3:25it's a very flat-spectrum sound.
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3:25 - 3:30If I left that on for a few minutes,
you would actually cease to hear it. -
3:30 - 3:34When there's a constant sound,
our brains just suppress it -
3:34 - 3:35and we cease to be conscious of it.
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3:35 - 3:38That sound is used in offices all over the world
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3:38 - 3:43to cover up bad sounds
and people just aren't aware of it, -
3:43 - 3:45until it stops of course.
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3:45 - 3:47And the third trick that we use,
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3:47 - 3:50or the third system that we use to extract meaning
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3:50 - 3:53is a whole set of filters.
Now these are important -
3:53 - 3:56and I just want to give you a list of those filters
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3:56 - 4:00so you perhaps become
more conscious of them in your listening. -
4:00 - 4:05It starts with culture:
where you come from affects your listening. -
4:05 - 4:08For example, I love the Finns,
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4:08 - 4:12the Finns have a whole different relationship
with silence to most cultures that I know. -
4:12 - 4:15Their idea of a good night out
is to go to somebody's house, -
4:15 - 4:20sit for 3 hours in silence,
and then go home. -
4:20 - 4:23Finland is a very quiet place.
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4:23 - 4:27Then we have language,
the language you speak changes your listening. -
4:27 - 4:31These are filters which cut down
the sound that's bombarding us -
4:31 - 4:34and just leave us with the bit we're conscious of.
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4:34 - 4:37So for example in Sub-Saharan Africa,
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4:37 - 4:40some languages use just finality
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4:40 - 4:44to distinguish present, future, past,
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4:44 - 4:46and to distinguish even good and bad.
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4:46 - 4:51They don't have words for that,
it's just the tone of voice. -
4:51 - 4:56The values you hold,
your beliefs about what's going on around you, -
4:56 - 4:59and then of course your expectations,
your attitudes going into -
4:59 - 5:01a relationship with somebody for example
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5:01 - 5:06and very much your expectations
will change your listening for that person. -
5:06 - 5:09And in fact, this is something to be very conscious of,
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5:09 - 5:14because as our expectations about a person solidify,
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5:14 - 5:19our listening for that person ossifies,
it becomes fixed. -
5:19 - 5:23And we take away that permission to change.
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5:23 - 5:27So we don't hear the stuff they do or say
that's different from what we're expecting, -
5:27 - 5:30we only hear what we're expecting.
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5:30 - 5:34And that's something to be very conscious of
in a relationship. -
5:34 - 5:36When I met my wife who's sitting down there,
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5:36 - 5:40I promised her, "I will listen to you
as if for the first time, -
5:40 - 5:43everyday." Now I fall short of that very often,
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5:43 - 5:46but it's a good commitment.
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5:46 - 5:48I'm trying to be conscious all the time
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5:48 - 5:51and give her permission to be different.
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5:51 - 5:54And your intention is crucial with sound.
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5:54 - 5:57I'm gonna talk about that
a little bit more in a moment. -
5:57 - 6:01And just in case you still think
that what you hear is what you get, -
6:01 - 6:04I'm going to give you some examples
of cross-modal effects, -
6:04 - 6:07that is one sense affecting another.
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6:07 - 6:10This is an illusion, a well-known illusion,
called the McGurk effect, -
6:10 - 6:13I'd like to thank Professor Arnt Maasø
for this example, -
6:13 - 6:16what I would like you to do is to look at the screen,
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6:16 - 6:19and tell me what this guy is saying.
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6:19 - 6:23Man: Da da da da da da
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6:26 - 6:31Man: Da da da da da da --
JT: Da da, yes? -
6:31 - 6:40Now I would like you to close your eyes,
and tell me what he's saying. -
6:40 - 6:43Man: Ba ba, ba ba, ba ba.
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6:43 - 6:44JT: He's saying Ba ba.
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6:44 - 6:47Now open your eyes again
and you'll hear "da da." -
6:47 - 6:50You cannot counter this effect.
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6:50 - 6:52Man: Ba Ba
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6:52 - 6:55JT: So what you hear is not necessarily
always the truth. -
6:55 - 6:58What is the truth?
It's interpretive. -
6:58 - 7:00There's another well known illusion,
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7:00 - 7:03which is that sound
-- it's not an illusion, it's an effect -- -
7:03 - 7:06which is that sound can affect
other senses like taste, -
7:06 - 7:10this is researched by Professor Charles Spence
at Oxford University, -
7:10 - 7:12who found that if you put headphones on people
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7:12 - 7:15and boost the frequency 5 kHz,
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7:15 - 7:18they actually relate that the crisps they're eating
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7:18 - 7:21are 15 % crunchier in their mouth,
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7:21 - 7:27because the sound of crunch has gone up,
the feeling of crunch goes up. -
7:27 - 7:30So the senses are affecting each other all the time.
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7:30 - 7:33But we have a problem.
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7:33 - 7:37The problem is we simply don't listen.
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7:37 - 7:41And I'd like to suggest to you that
that is a very significant problem. -
7:41 - 7:43There are reasons for this problem,
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7:43 - 7:46thousands of years ago we invented writing,
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7:46 - 7:49before that, if you didn't listen, if you missed it,
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7:49 - 7:51you missed it.
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7:51 - 7:53Now, well if you want to go to sleep,
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7:53 - 7:58in this talk, you can watch it
on the TEDx Youtube channel afterwards. -
7:58 - 8:02The premium on being present
and listening is not as great as it used to be. -
8:02 - 8:03That's the first reason.
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8:03 - 8:06Secondly, I would suggest there's
a cultural thing going on here as well: -
8:06 - 8:10you may be familiar with the Chinese model
that the duality of yin and yang, -
8:10 - 8:15where yang is heat and light
and sun and male energy -
8:15 - 8:17and much outward focused,
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8:17 - 8:22and yin is dark, moon, female energy,
receiving, much quieter. -
8:22 - 8:27Well if I substitute sound words for those two,
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8:27 - 8:30I think you might agree with me that in our culture,
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8:30 - 8:35we're much more fond of telling,
than we are of listening. -
8:35 - 8:38And that creates a world that looks like this,
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8:38 - 8:41and sounds like this:
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8:41 - 8:43(indistinct conversation noises)
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8:43 - 8:46People telling, telling, telling, all the time.
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8:46 - 8:48And it's not surprising therefore,
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8:48 - 8:51that many people take refuge in this:
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8:51 - 8:53(earphones displayed on the picture
while music playing faintly) -
8:53 - 8:57But there's an effect of that,
a social effect of that, -
8:57 - 9:00on the way that we are with each other.
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9:00 - 9:04We take a public space,
imagine any big public space -
9:04 - 9:06it could be this theater, I hope not,
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9:06 - 9:08I hope nobody's wearing
headphones at the moment, -
9:08 - 9:12but a train station, an airport, a train carriage,
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9:12 - 9:15whatever space where we're with other people.
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9:15 - 9:18We take that space, where for a long time
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9:18 - 9:20we've been listening to each other.
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9:20 - 9:22We might not be speaking to each other,
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9:22 - 9:25but we're conscious of each other in our listening.
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9:25 - 9:25but we're conscious of each other in our listening.
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9:25 - 9:30And we are turning that space into this.
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9:30 - 9:33Thousands if millions of little sound bubbles.
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9:33 - 9:35They're called personal soundscapes,
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9:35 - 9:40and this fragmentation of public
and shared soundscape -
9:40 - 9:43into personal soundscapes
has got serious consequences -
9:43 - 9:50because in this scenario,
we're not listening to each other at all. -
9:50 - 9:53We are also becoming short of patience.
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9:53 - 9:56We don't want to listen to oratory,
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9:56 - 9:57we want soundbites.
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9:57 - 9:59We don't watch TV programs,
we channel-hop. -
9:59 - 10:03We don't listen to albums,
we listen to tracks. -
10:03 - 10:05We don't want to have conversations,
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10:05 - 10:08we want to tweet or text.
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10:08 - 10:12So our patience is getting shorter and shorter.
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10:12 - 10:16And at the same time we're becoming
desensitized in our listening. -
10:16 - 10:19Our media have to shout at us
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10:19 - 10:21in order for us to hear.
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10:21 - 10:25And this level of desensitization
means that we're finding it -
10:25 - 10:29harder and harder to hear the quiet,
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10:29 - 10:34the subtle, the silence.
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10:34 - 10:37We are losing our listening in the modern world.
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10:37 - 10:41And I think this is a message
you're going to receive several times today -
10:41 - 10:45in one form or another.
How can we get it back? -
10:45 - 10:47Well I'd like to give you some exercises
to take away with you, -
10:47 - 10:50these are kind of like being in the gym,
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10:50 - 10:52the first one of these is this:
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10:52 - 10:58(Silence)
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10:58 - 11:02Silence is very rare in the modern world.
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11:02 - 11:04I urge you to seek it out,
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11:04 - 11:09and just give yourself
a few minutes of silence every day. -
11:09 - 11:11It re-calibrates, it resets your ears,
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11:11 - 11:14it's like a sorbet in a good meal.
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11:14 - 11:16It allows you to hear again
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11:16 - 11:19freshly as if for the first time.
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11:19 - 11:20That's the first one.
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11:20 - 11:23The second one is a process I call 'the Mixer',
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11:23 - 11:27where you can go into
any noisy modern environment like this, -
11:27 - 11:28(Noise)
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11:28 - 11:30Familiar?
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11:30 - 11:35and start to think:
"How many channels of sound am I hearing?" -
11:35 - 11:38How many separate sound sources?
How many people's voices, -
11:38 - 11:41chairs squeaking, barristers banging?
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11:41 - 11:44You can do this in beautiful natural surroundings
like this as well -
11:44 - 11:46(water sounds and chirping birds)
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11:46 - 11:50How many birds can I hear?
The wind in the trees, -
11:50 - 11:52How many separate ripples?
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11:52 - 11:57It's a great exercise to improve
the acuity of your listening. -
11:57 - 12:00The third exercise is savoring.
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12:00 - 12:02Like this guy savoring his cup of coffee,
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12:02 - 12:05even the most mundane sounds around us,
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12:05 - 12:09you can savor, if you really pay attention to them.
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12:09 - 12:11This -- (engine noise) -- is my tumble drier,
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12:11 - 12:14I recorded it before I came out.
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12:14 - 12:19It's a waltz! One two three,
one two three, one two three. -
12:19 - 12:22That's quite groovy!
I could put music on top of that! -
12:22 - 12:25Or take another simple domestic sound
like boiling a kettle. -
12:25 - 12:33(Noise)
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12:33 - 12:35Wow!
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12:35 - 12:39So you can really savor even the simplest sounds.
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12:39 - 12:41The next exercise is listening positions:
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12:41 - 12:43have you ever thought of the idea
that you could take up -
12:43 - 12:46certain positions to listen from?
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12:46 - 12:48This can change everything.
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12:48 - 12:50I'm going to give you 6 and I'm positioning them as
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12:50 - 12:52ends of the spectrum --
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12:52 - 12:54This is arbitrary, there are lots of listening positions,
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12:54 - 12:57and I do urge you to explore your own --
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12:57 - 12:59So here are the 6 I'm gonna give you,
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12:59 - 13:02The first is active listening.
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13:02 - 13:05This is used in the caring professions
a great deal of the time. -
13:05 - 13:09What I hear you say is -- What you said is --
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13:09 - 13:11So I hear you say this.
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13:11 - 13:15This allows the person talking to feel heard.
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13:15 - 13:20And it's used in education, therapy,
counseling and so forth. -
13:20 - 13:23Very powerful in parenting.
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13:23 - 13:26Second: passive listening.
The other end of that scale, -
13:26 - 13:30this would be the zen master
sitting by the bank of a brook -
13:30 - 13:32just listening to the water.
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13:32 - 13:36No interpretation, no mental activity at all,
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13:36 - 13:38just receiving.
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13:38 - 13:40Two more for you.
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13:40 - 13:42Critical listening.
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13:42 - 13:45This is what you and I do most of the time.
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13:45 - 13:47Is that right or wrong?
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13:47 - 13:48Do I agree or do I disagree?
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13:48 - 13:51You’re probably doing it now.
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13:51 - 13:53It's a very interpretive form of listening
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13:53 - 13:56and it's powerful in most of our modern situations,
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13:56 - 13:58in business particularly,
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13:58 - 14:00it's a very important form of listening.
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14:00 - 14:03Best done consciously, though.
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14:03 - 14:05On the other end of that scale,
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14:05 - 14:07we have empathetic listening:
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14:07 - 14:09this is being with a person,
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14:09 - 14:11going on to their island,
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14:11 - 14:13understanding their point of view,
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14:13 - 14:15and not just letting them feel heard,
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14:15 - 14:19but letting them feel understood.
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14:19 - 14:21Empathetic listening.
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14:21 - 14:23And the final two I'll give you
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14:23 - 14:25are a slight gender stereotype,
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14:25 - 14:28but the research does bear out
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14:28 - 14:31that men and women listen in different ways.
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14:31 - 14:34Men tend to listen in what I call a reductive way.
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14:34 - 14:37That is for a point.
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14:37 - 14:40There's an objective to
a conversation between two men, -
14:40 - 14:42he's saying to him,
"I've got this problem", -
14:42 - 14:43he's saying, "there's a solution",
"thanks!" -
14:43 - 14:47That's a male conversation.
(Laughter) -
14:47 - 14:49Women on the other hand
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14:49 - 14:52tend to enjoy the journey,
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14:52 - 14:56the destination's not so important.
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14:56 - 14:58It's just being with -- look at the eye contact there.
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14:58 - 15:01Men are genetically programmed in hunting,
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15:01 - 15:04to be looking at the horizon
as they talk to each other. -
15:04 - 15:06We don't look at each other that much.
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15:06 - 15:10Women, very much more eye contact,
and it's expansive listening. -
15:10 - 15:13This creates another conflict in relationships.
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15:13 - 15:15If you're not conscious of it,
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15:15 - 15:19men, be conscious that women
may be listening expansively, -
15:19 - 15:20and may feel cut off.
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15:20 - 15:23If you say, "Yep, well, what's the point?"
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15:23 - 15:26Women on the other hand, may not understand
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15:26 - 15:29that men want to find a solution very quickly.
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15:29 - 15:31It's not rude, it's just the way we tend to listen.
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15:31 - 15:33But again, if you're conscious,
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15:33 - 15:35you can adopt different listening positions,
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15:35 - 15:37it's very powerful.
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15:37 - 15:40Let me give you a little acronym
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15:40 - 15:44which you can use in listening to other people talk:
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15:44 - 15:47the acronym is applicable in any relationship,
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15:47 - 15:51one of these will apply to all of you:
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15:51 - 15:53several, probably.
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15:53 - 15:57The acronym you can use is R.A.S.A.
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15:57 - 16:00Rasa is a sanskrit word, it means "juice."
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16:00 - 16:02It's also used in Indian theater
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16:02 - 16:05to indicate an emotional state.
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16:05 - 16:07So it's quite an appropriate acronym.
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16:07 - 16:14RASA: it stands for Receive, that is to say
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16:14 - 16:18make eye contact with the person who's talking.
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16:18 - 16:20Look interested,
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16:20 - 16:24lean forward slightly, and listen.
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16:24 - 16:25Appreciate.
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16:25 - 16:29That means little noises like "Hmm, oh,"
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16:29 - 16:30very important on the telephone.
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16:30 - 16:32I'm very bad at this,
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16:32 - 16:33on telephone calls, I'm regularly having
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16:33 - 16:35people saying: " Are you still there?"
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16:35 - 16:38(Laughter)
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16:38 - 16:39So very important.
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16:39 - 16:41Hhm, really! oh!
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16:41 - 16:43It helps the person.
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16:43 - 16:46Summarize: the word 'so'
is very important in listening. -
16:46 - 16:50So -- this -- So I hear that -- So --
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16:50 - 16:52Summarizing what I just said,
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16:52 - 16:55and then asking questions:
What do we do next? -
16:55 - 16:56So what does that mean?
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16:56 - 16:58So what'll happen next?
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16:58 - 17:00It's engaged! RASA.
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17:00 - 17:03That's a very good way to listen to anybody.
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17:03 - 17:06I want to finish, just for the last moment,
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17:06 - 17:08really that's been the phenomenology of listening,
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17:08 - 17:11it's been the process,
and how we can get better at it. -
17:11 - 17:13I just want to open a little door to you
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17:13 - 17:17to think about the ontology of listening.
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17:17 - 17:19What would it be to be --
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17:19 - 17:21listening,
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17:21 - 17:23not the source,
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17:23 - 17:25and not the listener,
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17:25 - 17:28but there's a thing in between us
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17:28 - 17:30which is listening.
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17:31 - 17:33Think of this:
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17:33 - 17:39listening is what places us
in space and in time. -
17:39 - 17:42You're listening to this whole room
all the time, -
17:42 - 17:43little micro-sounds around you
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17:43 - 17:48are placing you in a large group
of people in a big space. -
17:48 - 17:50And you do that all day every day.
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17:50 - 17:53It places you in space.
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17:53 - 17:54And very much in time!
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17:54 - 17:57Because all sound has got time embedded in it.
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17:57 - 18:00There is no such thing as a photograph in sound.
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18:00 - 18:02An instant of sound means nothing.
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18:02 - 18:06Sound is always in time,
time is always in sound. -
18:06 - 18:09The French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy
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18:09 - 18:12said that sonority is time and meaning.
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18:12 - 18:18Herman Hesse said music is time
made esthetically perceptible. -
18:18 - 18:22So if listening places us in space and time,
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18:22 - 18:24really, listening is how we evoke the universe,
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18:24 - 18:27how we evoke the physical world,
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18:27 - 18:30and I should also mention the metaphysical
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18:30 - 18:34because people tend to hear God
a lot more than they see him, -
18:34 - 18:36and whichever spiritual path you're on,
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18:36 - 18:39listening and meditation and prayer
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18:39 - 18:45is a very important aspect of that connection.
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18:45 - 18:47Sound is my life, it's my passion, it's my business;
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18:47 - 18:49I live to listen. I'm not asking you to do that,
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18:49 - 18:52but I think I can turn that round the other way.
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18:52 - 18:57and suggest that we must all listen to live.
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18:57 - 18:59To live fully,
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18:59 - 19:03to be conscious of this fantastic world around us
-
19:03 - 19:07and most important of all,
to be connected to each other. -
19:07 - 19:09Listen to live,
-
19:09 - 19:11and thank you for listening to me today.
-
19:11 - 19:18(Applause)
- Title:
- Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia
- Description:
-
Julian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it. He wrote the book "Sound Business", a complete introduction to harnessing the power of sound in business, from branding and marketing to the telephone, the web and physical spaces such as shops, restaurants, offices and reception areas.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 19:30
Lena Capa commented on English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Elisabeth Buffard commented on English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Lena Capa commented on English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Ivana Korom approved English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Elisabeth Buffard commented on English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia | ||
Lena Capa commented on English subtitles for Conscious Listening - Julian Treasure at TEDxDanubia |