Neuroscience and education | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRíodelaPlataED
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0:14 - 0:19I suppose many of you have heard
that we use only 10% of our brain. -
0:20 - 0:22And I'm sorry to say that is false.
-
0:24 - 0:29Think if you use 10% or the whole brain
-
0:29 - 0:32when you are trying to seduce
that gal or that guy, -
0:32 - 0:34like you call them here, eh?
-
0:34 - 0:39On a more scientific level, we now know
by the use of neuroimaging techniques, -
0:39 - 0:41that we make use
of the brain's whole capacity. -
0:41 - 0:44We use the whole brain, not just a part.
-
0:44 - 0:48And when we read, when we listen,
when we remember, -
0:48 - 0:50we use different parts of the brain.
-
0:51 - 0:53Many of them of shared use,
but others are different. -
0:53 - 0:56Because this is like an orchestra,
-
0:56 - 1:00the violins come in, then the cellos,
the violas, then the winds, -
1:00 - 1:04and they end up working together.
-
1:05 - 1:09Therefore, we don't use only its 10%.
-
1:10 - 1:13Another explanation
is related to brain damage. -
1:13 - 1:19You must have a friend or someone you know
who has had a stroke or brain damage, -
1:20 - 1:24and not one affecting 90%
but a very limited part with consequences. -
1:24 - 1:28People stop talking,
some have problems moving. -
1:28 - 1:31So, not just 10% of the brain is used.
-
1:31 - 1:35These people after rehabilitation
and intense training, -
1:35 - 1:40what they achieve is relearning
some of these functions. -
1:40 - 1:45Why? Because the brain,
even the adult brain, changes. -
1:45 - 1:47It changes with learning.
-
1:47 - 1:53London taxi drivers have a big challenge,
they have to learn a very complex map. -
1:55 - 2:00And when we compare the brain
of these drivers with other people's, -
2:00 - 2:02-people who are not taxi drivers-
-
2:02 - 2:06what we find is an increase in the volume
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2:06 - 2:11of a part of the brain called hippocampus,
here shown in red. -
2:11 - 2:17It has to do with the functions
of remembering, memory and navigation. -
2:18 - 2:21We also did another experiment
in which we compared -
2:21 - 2:25people who had learned to read,
and people who were illiterate. -
2:25 - 2:30And what we found is that in this part
of the brain, which I point out in red, -
2:30 - 2:34in that back part of the brain,
there was also a change in volume. -
2:34 - 2:37It's like an athlete who works hard,
-
2:37 - 2:41for example, Nadal, and then
he develops some iron muscles. -
2:41 - 2:42The same happens in the brain:
-
2:42 - 2:45when you work hard on it,
it eventually swells. -
2:46 - 2:50Learning changes the brain,
and what is education? -
2:50 - 2:51It's learning.
-
2:51 - 2:54It changes the brain and our lives.
-
2:54 - 2:57It's the weapon of social change.
-
2:58 - 3:04Medicine made the transformation,
thanks to science more than 100 years ago. -
3:04 - 3:09Now people don't die from the flu,
from a flu epidemic. -
3:10 - 3:12They don't even die from cancer.
-
3:12 - 3:14Many cancers can be cured if caught early.
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3:15 - 3:17That's what we want for education.
-
3:17 - 3:21When an anesthesiologist puts anesthesia,
-
3:21 - 3:25they don't ask if it's progressive
or conservative, but whether it works, -
3:25 - 3:28based on the results from experiments.
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3:29 - 3:33That's what we want for education.
-
3:33 - 3:38We need an education informed
by empirical evidence. -
3:38 - 3:40Let's do an experiment here.
-
3:43 - 3:47What we intend to do with this experiment:
-
3:47 - 3:51observe the computer screen, right?
-
3:51 - 3:57At the top there's a string of consonants,
at the bottom there's a string of pads. -
3:58 - 4:04Now I am going to display another screen
and the string of pads will appear above, -
4:04 - 4:08and the string of letters, below.
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4:08 - 4:13Your task will be to tell me
if they are the same or different, -
4:13 - 4:17if there's a change between
the part above and the one below. -
4:17 - 4:18You agree?
-
4:18 - 4:24Since we don't have 2 buttons,
what we will do is: -
4:24 - 4:28if it's the same above and below,
-
4:28 - 4:31you remain silent, okay?
-
4:31 - 4:34And if it's different, if something
changes, you raise your hands. -
4:34 - 4:36We agree?
-
4:36 - 4:40If they are equal you do nothing,
if different, you raise your hands. -
4:40 - 4:44Okay? Let's begin with the experiment.
-
4:45 - 4:49Are you asleep or is that a "yes"?
It's a "yes", alright. -
4:49 - 4:54Here we go, now, next. Remember:
if they change you raise your hands. -
4:54 - 4:56Ready? (Strings of letters and pads)
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4:56 - 4:58(Audience raises hands) Very good.
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4:58 - 5:03Next trial. Go! No, no, come, there, come.
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5:03 - 5:06Next trial. There!
(Audience raises hands) -
5:06 - 5:09They are different. Good.
-
5:11 - 5:17There have been 2 conditions
in this little experiment. -
5:17 - 5:24If you notice, what we did in the first
was changing the 2 middle consonants. -
5:27 - 5:33In "B", we change the position
of the same consonants. -
5:33 - 5:39When we do this experiment
with illiterate or preliterate children, -
5:39 - 5:43for them it is just as difficult,
the first or the second. -
5:43 - 5:48When we do this experiment with you,
you take more time in the second. -
5:48 - 5:51The second is harder. Why?
-
5:51 - 5:56Because the brain of illiterates
and preliterate children -
5:57 - 6:00see it as a whole,
they don't break it into parts. -
6:00 - 6:03However, you break it into parts.
-
6:03 - 6:05Because you have learned to read.
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6:06 - 6:13I still remember when I learned to read
with my teachers Emilio and Caridad, -
6:13 - 6:16in class they taught me to read,
perhaps like many of you learned, -
6:16 - 6:22with the "ma-ma" "Mama", the "h", the "o",
the "m", the "e" is "home". -
6:22 - 6:26But later on, other methods appeared
with a more progressive tone. -
6:26 - 6:31Global methods that seemed more inclusive,
therefore more fashionable. -
6:32 - 6:36It's good that different approaches exist,
but the point is that, eventually, -
6:36 - 6:42it has become a simply ideological,
intuitive dilemma. -
6:42 - 6:46This is better than that, then I do
this or the other. -
6:47 - 6:52Well, what I have shown you here
is that the brain goes to details. -
6:52 - 6:56And as it goes to details,
why would we feed it with globality? -
6:57 - 7:00But well, you may be skeptics
and you should be, -
7:00 - 7:03skepticism in life is very important.
-
7:04 - 7:09What we did, not satisfied with that,
was an experiment with preschoolers. -
7:10 - 7:14We selected preliterate children
and assigned them to 2 groups -
7:14 - 7:20so that the 2 groups would be equal,
considering some variables, IQ, etc. -
7:22 - 7:26And then, we put half of them
in an analytical method, -
7:26 - 7:29that is, the one of "m" with "a" is "ma",
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7:29 - 7:32and the other half learned to read
with a global method. -
7:33 - 7:38After a year and a half,
so that they could all read fine, -
7:38 - 7:43we performed a series of tasks with them
to see who executed better: -
7:43 - 7:47if those from the analytical method
or the global method. -
7:48 - 7:52Here I show you the results of 2 tests,
there are more than 10, -
7:52 - 7:58where we see how they behave,
the analytical and the global method. -
7:59 - 8:04One of the tasks is phonological,
they heard the word "lion". -
8:04 - 8:10And we asked, "of these 2 words,
now appearing, 'lens' and 'candle', -
8:12 - 8:17which starts with the same sound
as the word 'lion'?" -
8:18 - 8:21Obviously, for you this is very simple.
-
8:23 - 8:30It took longer for the children learning
with the global method, see the red bar. -
8:30 - 8:34Notice that the red bar is higher,
it took longer than the green bar, -
8:34 - 8:36who are the analytical method.
-
8:36 - 8:42If you see the 2 circles in the middle,
the red circle is above the green circle. -
8:42 - 8:45That means that in this task,
-
8:45 - 8:48children who have learned to read
with the global method -
8:48 - 8:51take longer and they are slower,
-
8:51 - 8:54than those who have learned to read
with the analytical method. -
8:54 - 9:00You'd say, "sure, you're cheating,
because phonology is practiced a lot -
9:00 - 9:04in the analytical method and not much
in the global method." -
9:04 - 9:10Well, we'll see another task,
a more semantic task that would favor -
9:10 - 9:12those on the global method.
-
9:14 - 9:19The task was to select a word out of four.
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9:20 - 9:22That which didn't fit with the rest.
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9:22 - 9:27Here we see that there are 3
that relate to fruits and 1 that doesn't. -
9:28 - 9:31Yet again, what we have now,
if you see the 2 circles, -
9:31 - 9:35is that the errors are similar,
but the red bar is higher. -
9:36 - 9:42This takes longer for the kids
who learned with the global method, -
9:42 - 9:45than for those who learned
with the analytical method. -
9:46 - 9:49We summarize here all the tasks.
-
9:49 - 9:52A lot of tasks we performed: spelling,
phonology, lexicon, semantics; -
9:52 - 9:56the analytical method wins
in all of them by a landslide. -
9:57 - 10:01Now I ask you: if you were
ministers of education, -
10:01 - 10:05because each of us carries
a minister of education within, right? -
10:06 - 10:10Would you follow your adviser
or this data? -
10:10 - 10:15Don't reply, because maybe tomorrow
one of you becomes Minister of Education -
10:15 - 10:17and we are not putting you on the spot.
-
10:18 - 10:24But think that this would be a decision
based on science and not on intuition, -
10:24 - 10:27or the minister adviser's ideology.
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10:28 - 10:31This is an example, there are others.
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10:31 - 10:35I'll show you another example of reading,
-
10:35 - 10:39and I have focused today on reading
because reading is the scaffold -
10:39 - 10:42on which other cognitive
abilities are built, -
10:42 - 10:44it's the window to knowledge.
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10:44 - 10:49It's probably the most important thing
that happened to us in life. -
10:49 - 10:51After love, yes.
-
10:51 - 10:55Then, there is another part which is:
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10:55 - 11:01can we make an early detection of children
who will have reading problems? -
11:04 - 11:05For those who don't know,
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11:05 - 11:12dyslexia is a problem that affects
around 8-10% of children. -
11:12 - 11:17It's about having difficulties reading,
-
11:17 - 11:20when doing the translation
between letters and sounds. -
11:22 - 11:25They are not stupid children,
these children have a normal IQ. -
11:25 - 11:30But when they begin to see
that they can't do as their peers, -
11:30 - 11:34and their mates in turn
see that they are not going well, -
11:34 - 11:40kids start to avoid going to school,
their self-esteem goes down. -
11:40 - 11:42They can end in social exclusion,
-
11:42 - 11:45because many of them are headed
towards school failure. -
11:45 - 11:48Then, it's important to diagnose dyslexia,
-
11:48 - 11:54not only when it already manifests
at 8 years, like it's diagnosed now, -
11:54 - 12:01but to look at neuroscience
to diagnose it before it manifests. -
12:01 - 12:07And thus we could design therapies,
design appropriate interventions, -
12:07 - 12:12to alleviate that problem.
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12:13 - 12:15This is what our lab is engaged in.
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12:17 - 12:21The speech signal I am emitting,
the physical signal, -
12:21 - 12:23is made of different waves.
-
12:23 - 12:28At the same time, within your brains,
now that you are listening, -
12:28 - 12:33your neurons are communicating
at different frequencies. -
12:33 - 12:38And your frequencies are aligning
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12:38 - 12:42with the physical frequencies of speech.
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12:44 - 12:50Therefore we propose: if dyslexic children
have phonological problems... -
12:50 - 12:53Phonological problems are:
-
12:53 - 12:59I say, if we take out the first sound,
tell me what is left of this word: -
12:59 - 13:02"Parrot", what would be left?
(Audience responds) -
13:02 - 13:05And "silver"? (Audience responds)
-
13:05 - 13:08That which is so easy for you,
is extremely complicated -
13:08 - 13:09for a kid with dyslexia.
-
13:09 - 13:14We reasoned: maybe the origin
of these phonological problems, -
13:14 - 13:20is in the alignment of these frequencies
that their neurons are establishing now -
13:20 - 13:23with physical frequencies of speech.
-
13:23 - 13:26And what we did was an experiment
in which we compared -
13:26 - 13:28dyslexic children with controls.
-
13:28 - 13:35And what we found is that
there were problems in 2 brain areas. -
13:35 - 13:38One, in the right hemisphere
in the auditory cortex, -
13:38 - 13:42and another, in the left hemisphere,
where I mark it with the 2 circles, -
13:42 - 13:45in the left hemisphere, in Broca's area.
-
13:45 - 13:49Both are areas related with language.
-
13:49 - 13:52Broca's area is related
with phonological processes, -
13:52 - 13:54like those we spoke about earlier.
-
13:55 - 14:01Well, here we have something
that not only can serve -
14:01 - 14:03to make an early diagnosis,
-
14:03 - 14:08but that perhaps is the origin
of these kids' problems. -
14:08 - 14:13Also the connection between these 2 areas
is broken in dyslexic kids. -
14:14 - 14:19Therefore, if indeed the origin
of phonological problems is speech, -
14:19 - 14:22we can intervene not only
in phonological problems, -
14:22 - 14:24but in speech itself.
-
14:24 - 14:26And it's super easy to do.
-
14:26 - 14:30It's a task children can do
before they start reading. -
14:30 - 14:36If that is so, and this is the challenge
for our lab and others for the next years, -
14:36 - 14:40we could diagnose children
at risk of dyslexia -
14:41 - 14:45before the problem starts.
-
14:45 - 14:50Before their self-esteem goes down,
before they start having reading problems. -
14:50 - 14:56This is the adventure we are at
and it's another undeniable example -
14:56 - 15:01of how neuroscience can help education.
-
15:01 - 15:05How education can feed
on the findings of neuroscience -
15:05 - 15:09to evaluate educational policies;
-
15:09 - 15:16to see these kids who may have problems
and may fail in school. -
15:17 - 15:23The future is full of challenges,
opportunities and goals. -
15:23 - 15:26The first thing we have to do
is to banish these neuromyths, -
15:26 - 15:30like the one I mentioned
at the beginning of the talk, -
15:30 - 15:34because they harm the relationship
between neuroscience and education. -
15:34 - 15:38And they only serve four crooks
-
15:38 - 15:43who try to sell us some program
to train that 90%. -
15:44 - 15:48Another thing we don't have to fear
is this symbiosis. -
15:48 - 15:51Neuroscience doesn't come
to replace education. -
15:51 - 15:56Neuroscience will never create
political or educational projects. -
15:56 - 16:00It can help evaluating them;
education creates them, -
16:00 - 16:03neuroscience has tools for assessing
-
16:03 - 16:08these educational policies,
the introduction of new technologies, -
16:08 - 16:12in short, many things that happen
in the world of education. -
16:12 - 16:19And it can help with that early diagnosis
of many learning disorders. -
16:21 - 16:25We started our private battle
in that regard. -
16:25 - 16:27We have created a laboratory in a school.
-
16:27 - 16:31It's within the school, physically.
-
16:31 - 16:35Children come there, we work with them,
we perform experiments. -
16:35 - 16:40In fact, the experiment I mentioned
on the reading methods -
16:40 - 16:46popped up at the talks we had
with teachers and the principal. -
16:46 - 16:53They told us once, "can you tell us
which method is better to teach reading?" -
16:53 - 16:55"Are we doing things right or wrong?"
-
16:55 - 17:00And I said, "well, I don't know,
but we can do an experiment and find out." -
17:00 - 17:02And there you have the results.
-
17:02 - 17:06This September we'll go to another school.
-
17:06 - 17:12They called us to see when to introduce
English reading and writing. -
17:12 - 17:19I think that's the way to go:
an education not based on intuition, -
17:19 - 17:23not based on good will
or people's ideology, -
17:23 - 17:28but based on empirical evidence,
like medicine is. -
17:28 - 17:33So I would say to each
of the ministers of education within you: -
17:33 - 17:35let neuroscience enter the classroom.
-
17:35 - 17:36Thank you very much.
-
17:36 - 17:38(Applause)
- Title:
- Neuroscience and education | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRíodelaPlataED
- Description:
-
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
What happens when we make the two most common reading and writing learning methodologies compete? Can neuroscience help us decide public policy? Manuel Carreiras shares the conclusions he arrived to by posing these questions. Manuel Carreiras is a neuroscientist specialized in reading, bilingualism and second language learning. He is scientific director of BCBL (Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, San Sebastian), IKERBASQUE research professor and visiting professor at the UPV / EHU.
- Video Language:
- Spanish
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 17:52
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Denise RQ approved English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Neurociencia y educación | Manuel Carreiras | TEDxRiodelaPlataED |