Those who celebrate two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova
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0:11 - 0:14I decided to start my speech
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0:14 - 0:16talking about death.
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0:17 - 0:23Since ancient times, life was located
in human heart and the breath. -
0:24 - 0:29If the heart beated and you breathed
you were alive, otherwise you weren't. -
0:30 - 0:34I think that's the case today
for most of you. -
0:35 - 0:36But look,
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0:37 - 0:41the modern resuscitation techniques
and the progress of medicine, -
0:42 - 0:46which can in part replace
that activity of the heart and breath, -
0:47 - 0:51this progress, has shown and taught us
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0:51 - 0:53that the death of an individual
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0:53 - 0:56is always attributable
to the death of his brain. -
0:57 - 1:01This can then happen
due to direct or indirect causes. -
1:02 - 1:05For direct causes,
imagine a serious head injury. -
1:06 - 1:07For the indirect causes
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1:07 - 1:09I need a slightly more complex example,
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1:09 - 1:11try to follow me.
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1:11 - 1:13Imagine a heart attack
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1:14 - 1:18that causes cardiac arrest.
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1:18 - 1:22It means that the heart stops pumping,
the blood stops, -
1:22 - 1:24no oxygen reaches the tissues.
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1:25 - 1:29The health workers arrive, they jump on,
as they say, to the patient, -
1:29 - 1:32they practice
the resuscitation techniques, -
1:32 - 1:3420, 30, 40, 50 minutes.
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1:34 - 1:37Sometimes it is possible
to restart that heart. -
1:39 - 1:42But that heart has been
at a standstill for so long -
1:42 - 1:45that it has generated such a severe
lack of oxygen in the brain -
1:45 - 1:47that it died.
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1:47 - 1:50So you see that different causes,
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1:51 - 1:53primitive, secondary, direct and indirect,
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1:53 - 1:55cause the same effect.
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1:56 - 1:58But then, what's
the diagnosis of brain death? -
1:59 - 2:02We read it here on the slide:
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2:03 - 2:07it is the irreversible cessation
of all the functions of the encephalon, -
2:07 - 2:09including the trunk of the brain,
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2:09 - 2:12which inevitably generates cardiac arrest.
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2:12 - 2:16Regardless of any therapy
or treatment administered. -
2:16 - 2:19Firstly, why do I talked about
the trunk of the encephalon? -
2:20 - 2:24It is a little-known part of the brain,
which is back here, -
2:25 - 2:28and there are the centers
of breath control -
2:28 - 2:30and regulation of
the cardio-circulatory system. -
2:32 - 2:33What is the meaning of this sentence?
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2:34 - 2:39It means that when the brain,
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2:39 - 2:41that is the entire content of the skull,
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2:41 - 2:44the entire content,
not just a portion of it, -
2:44 - 2:46more or less important,
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2:46 - 2:48when the entire contents
of the skull dies, -
2:49 - 2:53a process which has only one end starts,
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2:53 - 2:55that is the cardiac arrest.
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2:55 - 3:00In medicine they have an expression,
as precise as rough, -
3:01 - 3:02to describe that situation.
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3:03 - 3:06A brain-dead patient
is a corpse with a beating heart. -
3:09 - 3:11So what's the situation of that patient?
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3:11 - 3:13He is in a coma,
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3:15 - 3:16unable to breathe,
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3:16 - 3:18so he is connected
to an automatic ventilator, -
3:20 - 3:23he has a highly inefficient
cardiovascular system. -
3:23 - 3:25It means, in a nutshell,
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3:25 - 3:27that there is little oxygen
in all the tissues. -
3:27 - 3:30The brain is no longer able
to control its own temperature, -
3:30 - 3:32the body temperature of that patient
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3:32 - 3:36will drop to levels incompatible
with cardiac activity, -
3:36 - 3:39around 29, 30 degrees,
this is the temperature level, -
3:39 - 3:43and has very serious changes
in the fluid and electrolyte system. -
3:43 - 3:46In a nutshell, water exchanges
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3:47 - 3:49in the coagulation system
and the hormonal system. -
3:50 - 3:54In other words, the brain death,
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3:54 - 3:57the control room of our organism,
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3:57 - 4:00starts a series of degenerative processes
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4:00 - 4:02that will inevitably end
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4:02 - 4:04with the organs' disintegration,
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4:04 - 4:06including the heart,
which will obviously stop. -
4:06 - 4:10And our therapy can only
slow down this process, -
4:10 - 4:12it can't stop it, just slow it down.
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4:15 - 4:17However, as resuscitators,
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4:18 - 4:21when we have a patient in those conditions
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4:21 - 4:23we face the most important condition
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4:23 - 4:27to be able to proceed
with a possible organ donation. -
4:27 - 4:30That is, that patient is
a potential organ donor. -
4:31 - 4:35The other indispensable condition
is to obtain the consent for the donation, -
4:35 - 4:38that is, the permission
to take those organs, -
4:38 - 4:42and we certainly cannot ask him
because he is unable to answer. -
4:44 - 4:47Now, I need you to make an effort.
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4:47 - 4:48Come with me
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4:48 - 4:51to the resuscitation interview room,
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4:51 - 4:54where we summon the patient's relatives.
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4:54 - 4:55What do we tell them?
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4:55 - 4:59We tell those relatives
that their loved one is in brain death. -
4:59 - 5:01Therefore, he's dead.
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5:02 - 5:04That, shortly, following the law,
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5:05 - 5:09I should convene
a board of three specialists -
5:09 - 5:13who has the task of assessing
and verifying your diagnosis. -
5:14 - 5:18And that once ended that period
of assessment, which lasts six hours, -
5:18 - 5:21machines will be turned off,
therapies will be stopped -
5:21 - 5:24and then that patient's heart
in a few minutes, -
5:25 - 5:26a few minutes, will stop.
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5:26 - 5:29For him there is absolutely
nothing left to do. -
5:29 - 5:32But he could do something for others.
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5:32 - 5:34That is, he could donate the organs.
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5:35 - 5:38Have you ever talked about it,
what was his opinion, -
5:38 - 5:40did he leave a note?
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5:41 - 5:43Do you have any idea about this?
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5:45 - 5:48Generally, the first question they ask us,
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5:48 - 5:50you might guess,
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5:50 - 5:52is: Are you sure? Are you really sure?
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5:53 - 5:54The answer is: yes.
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5:55 - 5:57And our certainties derive
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5:57 - 5:59from the knowledge of
the mechanism of brain death, -
6:00 - 6:05from the diagnostic capabilities
to establish and certify that brain death, -
6:05 - 6:10and because that diagnosis will be
established and certified and verified -
6:10 - 6:13by that board I told you about.
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6:14 - 6:18I believe it is important I tell you
the mechanism of brain death, -
6:18 - 6:20it is a mechanism related to pressure.
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6:20 - 6:22It's pretty simple.
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6:23 - 6:25When the brain dies,
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6:25 - 6:31inside of the skull, its container,
which is inextensible. -
6:31 - 6:34So when the brain dies,
the pressure in there increases. -
6:34 - 6:35And the pressure increases
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6:35 - 6:38reaching and exceeding
the arterial pressure, -
6:38 - 6:40the one generated by the heart pump.
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6:40 - 6:43As a result, no more blood reaches there.
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6:43 - 6:46And if there is no more blood,
there is no more oxygen either. -
6:46 - 6:49That scenario is incompatible with life.
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6:52 - 6:55A few words on the assessment,
the board, etc. -
6:55 - 6:58Look, the whole process,
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6:59 - 7:02diagnosis, assessment
and possible donation of organs, -
7:02 - 7:05is strictly regulated by a rigorous law,
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7:05 - 7:08which guide us step by step,
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7:08 - 7:10it's extremely precise
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7:10 - 7:13and extremely extremely
extremely guaranteed, -
7:13 - 7:16and in line with international laws.
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7:17 - 7:18It's time I told you
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7:18 - 7:24that the process of diagnosis, assessment
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7:24 - 7:26and possible donation,
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7:26 - 7:28that's the process of
diagnosis and assessment -
7:28 - 7:31must be done regardless of whether
the person will donate or not. -
7:31 - 7:35The aim is, first of all,
to avoid any aggressive treatment. -
7:35 - 7:38If the patient won't donate,
they'll turn off the machines. -
7:38 - 7:39If instead, he will donate,
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7:39 - 7:43they will take the patient to
the operating room to harvest the organs. -
7:44 - 7:46A few words about the board.
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7:46 - 7:48Who are the members of that board?
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7:48 - 7:51Just to give you an example
of how strict that is. -
7:52 - 7:56It consists of three specialists
who have different areas of expertise, -
7:57 - 8:00they can't be the same doctors
who made the diagnosis, -
8:02 - 8:07and not even the ones who will
eventually harvest the organs. -
8:09 - 8:13So for the last time
I ask you to come with me, -
8:13 - 8:16and this time we go near
the patient's bed, -
8:17 - 8:19to see what happens, who's there.
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8:20 - 8:23Well, firstly there is
the guard personnel, -
8:23 - 8:25doctors, nurses, attendants,
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8:25 - 8:29who have the task of keeping
the therapies at an optimal level -
8:29 - 8:30throughout the observation period,
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8:30 - 8:33the six hour time I told you before.
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8:35 - 8:37First of all, to conclude
the observation period. -
8:38 - 8:41Second, if the organs will be donated,
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8:41 - 8:44to slow down the degenerative processes
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8:44 - 8:45of which I told you earlier
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8:45 - 8:48and then allow the harvest
of healthy organs -
8:48 - 8:50that will be good for a recipient.
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8:51 - 8:54Then that group of doctors,
the guard personnel, -
8:55 - 8:58is committed to verify
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8:58 - 9:00if that patient can donate
his organs or not. -
9:02 - 9:05And check which organs he can donate.
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9:07 - 9:09And finally, the guard personnel
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9:09 - 9:12is constantly in connection
with the coordination centers -
9:13 - 9:15that help us, guide us, observe us,
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9:15 - 9:17but above all verify
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9:17 - 9:19who needs organs and
which organs are needed, -
9:19 - 9:21where those patients are located.
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9:21 - 9:25They call them, they organize the harvest
and transplant teams. -
9:27 - 9:32But then, again, there's the board,
those three doctors -
9:32 - 9:34who have the very important task
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9:34 - 9:36of verifying and certifying
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9:36 - 9:39that everything takes place
according to the law -
9:39 - 9:41and of the scientific processes as well.
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9:41 - 9:45A multi-organ harvesting
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9:45 - 9:49involves around 100, or rather,
150 people including everyone, -
9:49 - 9:52radiologists, laboratory technicians,
doctors on call, teams, -
9:52 - 9:55couriers, all of them.
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9:57 - 10:00You might be wondering
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10:00 - 10:03which the organs
and tissues that can be donated are, -
10:03 - 10:05we wrote them on this slide.
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10:09 - 10:11Well, they are divided
by organs and tissues. -
10:11 - 10:13Meanwhile you read it through,
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10:13 - 10:18I tell you that some can be harvested
and donated during life. -
10:18 - 10:21Such as blood, marrow, bone marrow.
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10:21 - 10:23Others only after death:
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10:23 - 10:30heart, heart valves, and possibly
corneas, for example. -
10:31 - 10:35And now I'll show you this slide here.
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10:35 - 10:40This is Sabbioneta,
about 4.000 inhabitants. -
10:41 - 10:46It is the number of patients
who got a transplant in 2017, -
10:47 - 10:493.950 to be precise.
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10:50 - 10:54I don't know if you consider a town
of 4.000 inhabitants big or small. -
10:54 - 10:59What I know is that in 10 years
it became almost as big as Mantua. -
11:00 - 11:05And this is Volterra,
a town of 9.000 inhabitants. -
11:06 - 11:129.000 is the number of patients
who were on the waiting list in 2017, -
11:13 - 11:16needed a transplant but did not get it.
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11:17 - 11:20More than double of the previous one.
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11:21 - 11:27But 364 of them, 9.026,
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11:27 - 11:30died waiting for a transplant.
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11:30 - 11:31One a day.
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11:35 - 11:39I mean, a transplant
not only changes your life. -
11:40 - 11:42Think of those who need a kidney,
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11:42 - 11:46receive it and stop doing dialysis
three times a week. -
11:46 - 11:49But on many occasions it saves your life.
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11:50 - 11:54And it is no coincidence, in my opinion,
that many transplant recipients -
11:55 - 11:59celebrate the transplant day
as a second birthday. -
11:59 - 12:03I have no doubt that
this is a sign of awakening life. -
12:03 - 12:04I have no doubts.
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12:06 - 12:12So I invite you to think about your will
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12:12 - 12:14regarding organ and tissues donation.
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12:14 - 12:17Whether you are for or against,
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12:17 - 12:20I repeat, whether you are
for or against it. -
12:20 - 12:22It has to come from inside you.
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12:22 - 12:26And at least I invite you
to talk about it with your family. -
12:26 - 12:28Because if our family were
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12:28 - 12:33in that unfortunate condition
that I briefly explained earlier, -
12:33 - 12:36they would not be alone to decide
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12:36 - 12:38in that moment of pain, anger, fear.
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12:38 - 12:41It is an objectively
difficult situation to understand. -
12:42 - 12:46Even better, I invite you
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12:46 - 12:50to register your will,
I repeat, whatever it may be, -
12:50 - 12:51at the National Registry.
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12:51 - 12:53Among other things,
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12:53 - 12:57this second opition grants that
your wills will be respected. -
12:57 - 13:01And for those interested, it is a gift,
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13:01 - 13:03it's very easy to register.
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13:03 - 13:07You can find the online website,
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13:07 - 13:10everything is explained there:
how, where, when, with whom, why. -
13:10 - 13:11So simple.
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13:13 - 13:15I try to conclude.
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13:15 - 13:19Obviously, I had to summarize,
I think that was clear, -
13:19 - 13:22and I hope it's understood that
this matter goes far beyond -
13:23 - 13:27mere technical health issues.
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13:29 - 13:32It may be obvious, but I have
asked myself the question too. -
13:33 - 13:34What would I want
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13:34 - 13:37in case of my brain death?
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13:38 - 13:40Perhaps my job helped me
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13:40 - 13:42to answer this question,
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13:42 - 13:44I drew on my knowledge.
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13:44 - 13:46But I tell you something,
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13:46 - 13:50it was the answer
to a very simple question -
13:50 - 13:52that made me decide.
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13:52 - 13:56I realized that I came here
to ask you the same question. -
13:56 - 13:57The question is:
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13:57 - 14:00what can I bring with me
to the other side? -
14:00 - 14:02Whatever thing there is.
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14:02 - 14:05Stuff, organs that I don't need anymore.
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14:05 - 14:08Why not donate them
to someone who really needs them? -
14:08 - 14:11It costs me absolutely nothing.
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14:12 - 14:16I believe it is right to let each of you
to find your own answer. -
14:16 - 14:17Thank you.
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14:17 - 14:21(Applause)
- Title:
- Those who celebrate two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova
- Speaker:
- Massimo Cita
- Description:
-
Facing death might become a chance to give life back to someone else. In this moving talk, Massimo Cita explains how life's hardest passage can start a new life through organs' donation. “Thanks to donations", he shares on TEDxMantova stage, "someone else's death might mean life, or new vitality for someone else.”
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community.
Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- Italian
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 14:26
Muriel de Meo approved English subtitles for Those celebrating two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova | ||
SILVIA ALLONE accepted English subtitles for Those celebrating two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova | ||
SILVIA ALLONE edited English subtitles for Those celebrating two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova | ||
SILVIA ALLONE edited English subtitles for Those celebrating two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova | ||
Michele Gianella edited English subtitles for Those celebrating two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova | ||
Michele Gianella edited English subtitles for Those celebrating two birthdays | Massimo Cita | TEDxMantova |