How supercharged plants could slow climate change
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0:01 - 0:03I recently had an epiphany.
-
0:03 - 0:07I realized that I could
actually play a role -
0:07 - 0:13in solving one of the biggest problems
that faces mankind today, -
0:13 - 0:15and that is the problem of climate change.
-
0:16 - 0:21It also dawned on me that
I had been working for 30 years or more -
0:21 - 0:23just to get to this point in my life
-
0:23 - 0:26where I could actually make
this contribution to a bigger problem. -
0:27 - 0:29And every experiment
that I have done in my lab -
0:29 - 0:31over the last 30 years
-
0:31 - 0:35and people who work for me
did in my lab over the last 30 years -
0:35 - 0:40has been directed toward doing
the really big experiment, -
0:40 - 0:42this one last big experiment.
-
0:42 - 0:43So who am I?
-
0:43 - 0:45I'm a plant geneticist.
-
0:45 - 0:49I live in a world where there's
too much CO2 in the atmosphere -
0:49 - 0:53because of human activity.
-
0:53 - 0:56But I've come to appreciate the plants
-
0:56 - 1:00as amazing machines that they are,
-
1:00 - 1:03whose job has been, really,
to just suck up CO2. -
1:03 - 1:04And they do it so well,
-
1:04 - 1:08because they've been doing it
for over 500 million years. -
1:08 - 1:10And they're really good at it.
-
1:10 - 1:12And so ...
-
1:13 - 1:16I also have some urgency
I want to tell you about. -
1:16 - 1:20As a mother, I want to give
my two children a better world -
1:20 - 1:22than I inherited from my parents,
-
1:22 - 1:25it would be nicer to keep it going
in the right direction, -
1:25 - 1:26not the bad direction.
-
1:26 - 1:28But I also ...
-
1:30 - 1:32I've had Parkinson's
for the last 15 years, -
1:32 - 1:35and this gives me a sense of urgency
that I want to do this now, -
1:35 - 1:39while I feel good enough
to really be part of this team. -
1:39 - 1:41And I have an incredible team.
-
1:41 - 1:44We all work together,
-
1:44 - 1:47and this is something we want to do
because we have fun. -
1:47 - 1:51And if you're only going to have
five people trying to save the planet, -
1:51 - 1:52you better like each other,
-
1:52 - 1:55because you're going to be spending
a lot of time together. -
1:55 - 1:56(Laughter)
-
1:56 - 1:58OK, alright. But enough about me.
-
1:58 - 1:59Let's talk about CO2.
-
1:59 - 2:01CO2 is the star of my talk.
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2:02 - 2:06Now, most of you probably think
of CO2 as a pollutant. -
2:06 - 2:11Or perhaps you think of CO2
as the villain in the novel, you know? -
2:11 - 2:14It's always the dark side of CO2.
-
2:14 - 2:19But as a plant biologist,
I see the other side of CO2, actually. -
2:19 - 2:22And that CO2 that we see,
-
2:22 - 2:27we see it differently because
I think we remember, as plant biologists, -
2:27 - 2:29something you may have forgotten.
-
2:29 - 2:34And that is that plants actually
do this process called photosynthesis. -
2:34 - 2:36And when they do photosynthesis --
-
2:36 - 2:39all carbon-based life on our earth
-
2:39 - 2:45is all because of the CO2 that plants
and other photosynthetic microbes -
2:45 - 2:49have dragged in from CO2
that was in the atmosphere. -
2:49 - 2:53And almost all of the carbon in your body
came from air, basically. -
2:53 - 2:54So you come from air,
-
2:54 - 2:56and it's because of photosynthesis,
-
2:56 - 3:00because what plants do
is they use the energy in sunlight, -
3:00 - 3:03take that CO2 and fix it into sugars.
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3:03 - 3:04It's a great thing.
-
3:04 - 3:06And the other thing
that is really important -
3:06 - 3:08for what I'm going to tell you today
-
3:08 - 3:12is that plants and other
photosynthetic microbes -
3:12 - 3:14have a great capacity for doing this --
-
3:14 - 3:19twentyfold or more than the amount
of CO2 that we put up -
3:19 - 3:21because of our human activities.
-
3:21 - 3:24And so, even though
we're not doing a great job -
3:24 - 3:26at cutting our emissions and things,
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3:26 - 3:30plants have the capacity,
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3:30 - 3:33as photosynthetic organisms, to help out.
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3:33 - 3:35So we're hoping that's what they'll do.
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3:37 - 3:39But there's a catch here.
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3:39 - 3:41We have to help the plants
a little ourselves, -
3:41 - 3:46because what plants like to do
is put most of the CO2 into sugars. -
3:46 - 3:48And when the end
of the growing season comes, -
3:48 - 3:51the plant dies and decomposes,
-
3:51 - 3:56and then all that work they did
to suck out the CO2 from the atmosphere -
3:56 - 3:59and make carbon-based biomass
-
3:59 - 4:03is now basically going right back up
in the atmosphere as CO2. -
4:03 - 4:10So how can we get plants to redistribute
the CO2 they bring in -
4:10 - 4:12into something that's
a little more stable? -
4:12 - 4:16And so it turns out
that plants make this product, -
4:16 - 4:17and it's called suberin.
-
4:18 - 4:21This is a natural product
that is in all plant roots. -
4:21 - 4:22And suberin is really cool,
-
4:23 - 4:25because as you can see there, I hope,
-
4:25 - 4:29everywhere you see a black dot,
that's a carbon. -
4:29 - 4:31There's hundreds of them in this molecule.
-
4:31 - 4:33And where you see those few red dots,
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4:33 - 4:34those are oxygens.
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4:34 - 4:37And oxygen is what microbes like to find
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4:37 - 4:39so they can decompose a plant.
-
4:39 - 4:43So you can see why this is
a perfect carbon storage device. -
4:43 - 4:48And actually it can stabilize
the carbon that gets fixed by the plant -
4:48 - 4:52into something that's a little bit
better for the plant. -
4:52 - 4:55And so, why now?
-
4:55 - 5:00Why is now a good time to do
a biological solution to this problem? -
5:00 - 5:04It's because over the last
30 or so years -- -
5:04 - 5:07and I know that's a long time,
you're saying, "Why now?" -- -
5:07 - 5:10but 30 years ago, we began to understand
-
5:10 - 5:13the functions of all the genes
that are in an organism in general. -
5:13 - 5:17And that included humans as well as plants
-
5:17 - 5:20and many other complicated eukaryotes.
-
5:20 - 5:23And so, what did the 1980s begin?
-
5:23 - 5:25What began then is that we now know
-
5:25 - 5:28the function of many of the genes
that are in a plant -
5:28 - 5:29that tell a plant to grow.
-
5:29 - 5:34And that has now converged
with the fact that we can do genomics -
5:34 - 5:37in a faster and cheaper way
than we ever did before. -
5:37 - 5:41And what that tells us is that
all life on earth is really related, -
5:41 - 5:47but plants are more related to each other
than other organisms. -
5:47 - 5:50And that you can take a trait
that you know from one plant -
5:50 - 5:52and put it in another plant,
-
5:52 - 5:56and you can make a prediction
that it'll do the same thing. -
5:56 - 5:58And so that's important as well.
-
5:58 - 6:01Then finally, we have these little
genetic tricks that came along, -
6:01 - 6:04like you heard about this morning --
-
6:04 - 6:06things like CRISPR,
that allows us to do editing -
6:06 - 6:11and make genes be a little different
from the normal state in the plant. -
6:11 - 6:13OK, so now we have biology on our side.
-
6:13 - 6:17I'm a biologist, so that's why
I'm proposing a solution -
6:17 - 6:20to the climate change problem
-
6:20 - 6:26that really involves the best evolved
organism on earth to do it -- plants. -
6:26 - 6:27So how are we going to do it?
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6:28 - 6:29Biology comes to the rescue.
-
6:29 - 6:30Here we go.
-
6:31 - 6:32OK.
-
6:34 - 6:38You have to remember
three simple things from my talk, OK? -
6:39 - 6:42We have to get plants to make more suberin
than they normally make, -
6:42 - 6:45because we need them to be
a little better than what they are. -
6:45 - 6:49We have to get them to make more roots,
-
6:50 - 6:52because if we make more roots,
we can make more suberin -- -
6:52 - 6:57now we have more of the cells
that suberin likes to accumulate in. -
6:57 - 7:00And then the third thing is,
we want the plants to have deeper roots. -
7:01 - 7:02And what that does is --
-
7:02 - 7:06we're asking the plant, actually,
"OK, make stable carbon, -
7:06 - 7:07more than you used to,
-
7:07 - 7:10and then bury it for us in the ground."
-
7:10 - 7:12So they can do that
if they make roots that go deep -
7:12 - 7:16rather than meander around
on the surface of the soil. -
7:16 - 7:19Those are the three traits
we want to change: -
7:19 - 7:23more suberin, more roots,
and the last one, deep roots. -
7:24 - 7:26Then we want to combine
all those traits in one plant, -
7:26 - 7:29and we can do that easily
and we will do it, -
7:29 - 7:34and we are doing it actually,
in the model plant, Arabidopsis, -
7:34 - 7:37which allows us to do these
experiments much faster -
7:37 - 7:40than we can do in another big plant.
-
7:40 - 7:44And when we find that we have plants
where traits all add up -
7:44 - 7:47and we can get more of them,
more suberin in those plants, -
7:47 - 7:48we're going to move it all --
-
7:48 - 7:51we can and we we will,
we're beginning to do this -- -
7:51 - 7:53move it to crop plants.
-
7:53 - 7:57And I'll tell you why we're picking
crop plants to do the work for us -
7:57 - 8:00when I get to that part of my talk.
-
8:00 - 8:04OK, so I think this is the science
behind the whole thing. -
8:04 - 8:08And so I know we can do the science,
I feel pretty confident about that. -
8:08 - 8:10And the reason is because,
just in the last year, -
8:10 - 8:15we've been able to find single genes
that affect each of those three traits. -
8:15 - 8:19And in several of those cases,
two out of the three, -
8:19 - 8:22we have more than one way to get there.
-
8:22 - 8:25So that tells us we might be able
to even combine within a trait -
8:25 - 8:27and get even more suberin.
-
8:30 - 8:31This shows one result,
-
8:31 - 8:33where we have a plant here on the right
-
8:33 - 8:36that's making more than double
the amount of root -
8:36 - 8:37than the plant on the left,
-
8:37 - 8:40and that's just because of the way
we expressed one gene -
8:40 - 8:41that's normally in the plant
-
8:41 - 8:46in a slightly different way
than the plant usually does on its own. -
8:46 - 8:49Alright, so that's just one example
I wanted to show you. -
8:49 - 8:51And now I want to tell you that, you know,
-
8:51 - 8:53we still have a lot
of challenges, actually, -
8:53 - 8:55when we get to this problem,
-
8:55 - 8:57because it takes ...
-
8:58 - 9:01We have to get the farmers
to actually buy the seeds, -
9:01 - 9:03or at least the seed company to buy seeds
-
9:03 - 9:06that farmers are going to want to have.
-
9:06 - 9:08And so when we do the experiments,
-
9:09 - 9:12we can't actually take a loss in yield,
-
9:12 - 9:15because while we are doing
these experiments, -
9:15 - 9:18say, beginning about 10 years from now,
-
9:18 - 9:21the earth's population will be
even more than it is right now. -
9:21 - 9:24And it's rapidly growing still.
-
9:24 - 9:26So by the end of the century,
we have 11 billion people, -
9:26 - 9:31we have wasted ecosystems that aren't
really going to be able to handle -
9:31 - 9:34all the load they have to take
from agriculture. -
9:35 - 9:39And then we also have
this competition for land. -
9:39 - 9:44And so we figure, to do this
carbon sequestration experiment -
9:44 - 9:49actually requires a fair amount of land.
-
9:49 - 9:51We can't take it away from food,
-
9:51 - 9:55because we have to feed the people
that are also going to be on the earth -
9:55 - 9:57until we get past this big crisis.
-
9:57 - 10:02And the climate change is actually
causing loss of yield all over the earth. -
10:02 - 10:05So why would farmers
want to buy seeds -
10:05 - 10:06if it's going to impact yield?
-
10:06 - 10:08So we're not going to let it impact yield,
-
10:08 - 10:11we're going to always have
checks and balances -
10:11 - 10:14that says go or no go on that experiment.
-
10:14 - 10:18And then the second thing is,
when a plant actually makes more carbon -
10:18 - 10:20and buries it in the soil like that,
-
10:20 - 10:23almost all the soils on earth
are actually depleted of carbon -
10:23 - 10:26because of the load from agriculture,
-
10:26 - 10:29trying to feed eight billion people,
-
10:29 - 10:31which is what lives
on the earth right now. -
10:31 - 10:34And so, that is also a problem as well.
-
10:36 - 10:40Plants that are making more carbon,
those soils become enriched in carbon. -
10:40 - 10:44And carbon-enriched soils
actually hold nitrogen -
10:44 - 10:47and they hold sulphur
and they hold phosphate -- -
10:47 - 10:50all the minerals that are required
for plants to grow and have a good yield. -
10:50 - 10:53And they also retain water
in the soil as well. -
10:53 - 10:56So the suberin will break up
into little particles -
10:56 - 10:58and give the whole soil a new texture.
-
10:58 - 11:02And as we've shown that
we can get more carbon in that soil, -
11:02 - 11:04the soil will get darker.
-
11:04 - 11:07And so we will be able
to measure all that, -
11:07 - 11:10and hopefully, this is going to help
us solve the problem. -
11:10 - 11:12So, OK.
-
11:12 - 11:16So we have the challenges of
a lot of land that we need to use, -
11:16 - 11:17we have to get farmers to buy it,
-
11:17 - 11:20and that's going to be
the hard thing for us, I think, -
11:20 - 11:23because we're not really salesmen,
-
11:23 - 11:26we're people who like to Google a person
rather than meet them, -
11:26 - 11:27you know what I mean?
-
11:27 - 11:28(Laughter)
-
11:28 - 11:31That's what scientists are mostly like.
-
11:31 - 11:35But we know now that, you know,
no one can really deny -- -
11:35 - 11:38the climate is changing,
everyone knows that. -
11:38 - 11:40And it's here and it's bad
and it's serious, -
11:40 - 11:42and we need to do something about it.
-
11:42 - 11:45But I feel pretty optimistic
that we can do this. -
11:45 - 11:50So I'm here today
as a character witness for plants. -
11:50 - 11:52And I want to tell you
that plants are going to do it for us, -
11:52 - 11:55all we have to do
is give them a little help, -
11:55 - 11:57and they will go and get
a gold medal for humanity. -
11:57 - 11:59Thank you very much.
-
11:59 - 12:03(Applause)
-
12:03 - 12:05(Cheers)
-
12:05 - 12:06Thank you.
-
12:06 - 12:11(Applause)
-
12:13 - 12:15I finally got it out.
-
12:19 - 12:20Chris Anderson: Wow.
-
12:21 - 12:22Joanne, you're so extraordinary.
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12:23 - 12:25Just to be sure we heard this right:
-
12:25 - 12:28you believe that within the next 10 years
-
12:28 - 12:30you may be able to offer the world
-
12:32 - 12:37seed variants for the major crops,
like -- what? -- wheat, corn, maybe rice, -
12:38 - 12:42that can offer farmers just as much yield,
-
12:42 - 12:47sequester three times, four times,
more carbon than they currently do? -
12:47 - 12:48Even more than that?
-
12:48 - 12:51Joanne Chory: We don't know
that number, really. -
12:51 - 12:52But they will do more.
-
12:52 - 12:54CA: And at the same time,
-
12:54 - 12:57make the soil that those
farmers have more fertile? -
12:57 - 12:58JC: Yes, right.
-
12:59 - 13:01CA: So that is astonishing.
-
13:01 - 13:05And the genius of doing that
and a solution that can scale -
13:05 - 13:06where there's already scale.
-
13:06 - 13:08JC: Yes, thank you for saying that.
-
13:08 - 13:10CA: No, no, you said it, you said it.
-
13:10 - 13:13But it almost seems too good to be true.
-
13:14 - 13:18Your Audacious Project is that we scale up
the research in your lab -
13:18 - 13:22and pave the way to start
some of these pilots -
13:22 - 13:25and make this incredible vision possible.
-
13:25 - 13:26JC: That's right, yes, thank you.
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13:26 - 13:28CA: Joanne Chory, thank you so much.
-
13:28 - 13:29Godspeed.
-
13:29 - 13:32(Applause)
-
13:32 - 13:33JC: Thank you.
- Title:
- How supercharged plants could slow climate change
- Speaker:
- Joanne Chory
- Description:
-
Plants are amazing machines -- for millions of years, they've taken carbon dioxide out of the air and stored it underground, keeping a crucial check on the global climate. Plant geneticist Joanne Chory is working to amplify this special ability: with her colleagues at the Salk Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, she's creating plants that can store more carbon, deeper underground, for hundreds of years. Learn more about how these supercharged plants could help slow climate change. (This ambitious plan is a part of the Audacious Project, TED's initiative to inspire and fund global change.)
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:48
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How supercharged plants could slow climate change |