Resonance in the world of nano | William Watkins | TEDxSaclay
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0:11 - 0:16This evening, I will show you something
that you won't be able to see. -
0:17 - 0:21And it's precisely
because you can't see it -
0:21 - 0:22that you will see it.
-
0:24 - 0:26And to start us off, one little question:
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0:27 - 0:30What is the colour of gold?
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0:33 - 0:34Yellow.
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0:34 - 0:35Golden.
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0:35 - 0:37Yes, you're right.
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0:37 - 0:39Look.
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0:39 - 0:45In this vial, I have some water
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0:45 - 0:47and some little flakes of gold,
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0:47 - 0:49somewhat like in a snow globe.
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0:49 - 0:51The gold is beautiful and golden.
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0:53 - 0:55But my gold ...
-
0:56 - 0:58is not golden.
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1:00 - 1:02My gold,
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1:04 - 1:06it's this colour here.
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1:08 - 1:10My gold is ruby-red.
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1:11 - 1:15In this vial, I have some water
and some nanoparticles of gold. -
1:15 - 1:18The nanoparticles of gold
are little grains of material, -
1:18 - 1:20infinitely small, invisible to the eye.
-
1:20 - 1:23However, I can show them to you,
I took a photo of them. -
1:23 - 1:24Here they are.
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1:27 - 1:28Aren't they magnificent?
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1:30 - 1:33This gold, I heard about it
for the first time at university, -
1:33 - 1:35in my second year.
-
1:35 - 1:37One morning, I went to a lecture,
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1:37 - 1:39a little tired from revising
the night before, -
1:40 - 1:42and I remember the professor coming in -
-
1:43 - 1:45he had a splendid, white beard -
-
1:45 - 1:48and he put down on the demonstration bench
in front of the board -
1:48 - 1:52a hot plate with a beaker
that had some water in it. -
1:52 - 1:56He mixed in two liquids,
switched on the device, -
1:56 - 1:58and started his lecture.
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2:00 - 2:0220 minutes later, the solution
that had been transparent - -
2:02 - 2:03it had been water -
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2:03 - 2:04became red,
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2:04 - 2:07red like in my vial,
ruby-red, red like TEDx! -
2:08 - 2:10He had just made nanoparticles of gold.
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2:11 - 2:12I was blown away.
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2:12 - 2:13I wanted to know more.
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2:14 - 2:16The colour!
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2:17 - 2:19The colour.
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2:19 - 2:22And the colour comes from an interaction
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2:22 - 2:24between the light
and my nanoparticles of gold. -
2:25 - 2:31We call this phenomenon
localised surface plasmon resonance. -
2:32 - 2:34I fell in love with it.
-
2:34 - 2:35(Laughter)
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2:36 - 2:37Afterwards,
-
2:38 - 2:42when I spoke about my nanoparticles
of gold to people around me, -
2:42 - 2:45generally, it was something
they had never heard of, -
2:45 - 2:47and sometimes, those who had
already heard about it -
2:47 - 2:49tended to view it
with incertainty, negatively. -
2:49 - 2:53They associated it with sanitary
or ecological risks. -
2:53 - 2:56And I can understand why.
-
2:57 - 3:00Because historically,
there are many examples -
3:00 - 3:02of materials that have proved
dangerous to man. -
3:03 - 3:04For example,
-
3:06 - 3:08does anyone recognise this object?
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3:08 - 3:11It's not a quiz, you just need
to guess it's a water jug. -
3:11 - 3:16It's a water jug that was sold
in the 1910s in the United States. -
3:17 - 3:18Let's look at the advertisement.
-
3:18 - 3:20"Here's Health!"
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3:20 - 3:22That's the promise it makes.
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3:22 - 3:25Let's read the text.
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3:25 - 3:28"To keep that health,
you must keep Nature's laws. -
3:29 - 3:31They are simple and easy to keep;
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3:32 - 3:33but if they are broken,
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3:33 - 3:36Nature exacts a heavy penalty
from each and every one. -
3:37 - 3:42Get plenty of sleep, exercise
and wholesome fun. -
3:43 - 3:45Avoid overwork, all other excesses,
-
3:45 - 3:48eat fresh, natural foods,
breathe fresh air, -
3:48 - 3:55and drink plenty of fresh, invigorating,
natural ... radioactive water -
3:55 - 3:56from the Radium-Spa."
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3:58 - 4:01Yes, this object offers you,
provides you with, -
4:01 - 4:03water that is radioactive.
-
4:04 - 4:07Don't start saying
that it's typically American. -
4:07 - 4:09We had the same thing in France:
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4:09 - 4:11Tho-Radia, a company that sold
cosmetics at the same time. -
4:11 - 4:14"Healthy lipstick!"
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4:14 - 4:17And what did Tho-Radia
put in their cosmetics? -
4:18 - 4:20Ah well, some radium and thorium.
-
4:21 - 4:22For those who don't know,
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4:22 - 4:25these are two chemical elements
that are extremely radioactive: -
4:25 - 4:28ultimately, these cosmetics
won't give you anything but cancer. -
4:29 - 4:30(Laughter)
-
4:30 - 4:33That was meant to be serious.
-
4:33 - 4:36To sum it up, when you think about it,
-
4:38 - 4:43a simple, naïve, overtrusting ignorance,
mixed with some negligence, -
4:43 - 4:45made way for a catastrophe.
-
4:45 - 4:48It's what gave way to a distrust
in the population today -
4:48 - 4:50in relation to this kind of novelty.
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4:50 - 4:51That's understandable.
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4:51 - 4:53But is it really the fault of radium?
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4:53 - 4:57Radium isn't a problem in itself;
it's the ignorance we had about it. -
4:58 - 5:01We know today that we don't need
to dismiss ignorance, on the contrary. -
5:01 - 5:03We should interested ourselves in it,
-
5:03 - 5:06confront it, study it,
understand it better ... -
5:07 - 5:08and take advantage of it.
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5:08 - 5:09Get to know it ...
-
5:09 - 5:11let's get to know my nanoparticles.
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5:12 - 5:17Well, I've already shown you the red ones,
which are spherical and of gold. -
5:17 - 5:22But if, instead of the spheres,
we have some minute gold rods, -
5:22 - 5:24my gold is going to be blue.
-
5:25 - 5:29If instead of using gold,
I change the metal, -
5:29 - 5:32and I try silver,
-
5:32 - 5:34it can be orange,
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5:34 - 5:38or it can be purple,
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5:38 - 5:40or it can be -
-
5:40 - 5:41what do I have in my pocket? -
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5:41 - 5:43yellow.
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5:43 - 5:45It'll be more helpful with a photo.
-
5:45 - 5:48You can see in the photo
that should come up -
5:48 - 5:51that, in general,
we can have different colours -
5:51 - 5:55just by changing
whether its gold or silver, -
5:55 - 5:57by changing the shape of these particles.
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5:57 - 6:00We can even go a little bit further.
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6:00 - 6:02I have one last thing in my pocket.
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6:02 - 6:04It's a little disc.
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6:05 - 6:08And if you look at this sheet here ...
-
6:08 - 6:10if I put the disc above my lamp,
-
6:10 - 6:12you might say, "Well,
the disc must be blue!" -
6:14 - 6:18However, if I show you
the colour of the disc, -
6:18 - 6:21this one is opaque and orange.
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6:22 - 6:24This phenomenon is called bichromatism,
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6:24 - 6:26a property of nanoparticles,
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6:26 - 6:31where the colour of the object itself
is different from that projected. -
6:38 - 6:39However, there's something -
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6:39 - 6:41Before I go on,
-
6:43 - 6:46you mustn't put words into my mouth.
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6:46 - 6:49Here, I'm showing you
some gold, some nanoparticles, -
6:49 - 6:51but I'm not saying that they are harmless.
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6:51 - 6:56In this case, it's in solution, in water,
or in some solid material, -
6:56 - 6:58there's no problem.
-
6:58 - 7:00If I had, for example, some mercury,
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7:00 - 7:02or radium, which, of course,
is radioactive, -
7:02 - 7:05you would need to take more precautions
because it would be dangerous. -
7:06 - 7:08Put succinctly, you just need
to handle it appropriately. -
7:09 - 7:11You just have to be careful.
-
7:12 - 7:15Well, just what are
these nanoparticles useful for? -
7:16 - 7:19Well, I personally,
during my work at university, -
7:20 - 7:23used this gold to develop a gas sensor,
-
7:23 - 7:25a hydrogen sensor,
for applications in energy. -
7:26 - 7:29But that's not what I want
to talk to you about this evening. -
7:29 - 7:32This evening, I want to show you
that this gold is also your treasure. -
7:33 - 7:36To show this, I have this image.
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7:36 - 7:38Here we have a cell.
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7:38 - 7:41We see its body in green,
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7:41 - 7:45the nucleus in blue, where the DNA is,
the heart of the cell. -
7:45 - 7:50The little carpet of red stars
are my gold nanoparticles. -
7:50 - 7:53So, why do scientists mess around
-
7:53 - 7:56putting my gold
nanoparticles in their cells? -
7:57 - 8:01Well, the fact is that this cell
is a human cell and it is cancerous. -
8:01 - 8:02It is diseased.
-
8:03 - 8:08But the effect that gives the red colour
to my gold will have another effect: -
8:08 - 8:10my nanoparticles will heat up.
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8:10 - 8:13Not a lot, my vial isn't hot,
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8:13 - 8:17but enough to heat up the cancerous cell,
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8:17 - 8:18and it will die.
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8:19 - 8:21Healthy cells, they will survive.
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8:22 - 8:27Ultimately, in this vial I have
a potential treatment for cancer -
8:27 - 8:30that today shows very promising results
-
8:30 - 8:32for patients taking part
in clinical trials. -
8:34 - 8:36And it's very often the case
-
8:36 - 8:38that nanoscience, nanotechnology,
-
8:38 - 8:40comes up with some
very interesting findings -
8:40 - 8:42with the potential
to really improve our daily lives. -
8:42 - 8:45We have learned a great deal
in recent decades. -
8:45 - 8:48But what I can tell you is, is that,
yes, when you wake up in the morning -
8:48 - 8:51and on the radio there's about
a peak in particle pollution, -
8:51 - 8:52you should worry.
-
8:52 - 8:54Because then, yes, they are dangerous.
-
8:54 - 8:57But it is still no time
to completely forget science. -
9:01 - 9:04It's no time to be taken in by hype,
-
9:05 - 9:07it's no time to fall for
marketing propaganda. -
9:08 - 9:10Let's take a totally idiotic example.
-
9:10 - 9:13We all more or less agree
that a diet of natural food -
9:13 - 9:14is considered a good thing.
-
9:15 - 9:17But that's not all there is to it:
-
9:17 - 9:19tobacco is natural,
-
9:19 - 9:22radium is natural and yet ...
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9:22 - 9:24We must take a critical approach,
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9:24 - 9:26whether it's GMO or organic food,
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9:26 - 9:28or climate change, and so on, and so on.
-
9:28 - 9:32Ultimately then, with education
and a critical approach, -
9:32 - 9:35we will have confidence in science,
confidence in our researchers. -
9:36 - 9:38That way, we will generate innovation,
-
9:38 - 9:40and thereby learn even more.
-
9:42 - 9:44For the people here tonight
-
9:44 - 9:49who are themselves
scientists, researchers, -
9:49 - 9:52academics of whatever discipline,
-
9:52 - 9:54I have a favour to ask of you:
-
9:55 - 9:58Don't let non-experts speak in your name.
-
9:59 - 10:05Don't leave a void to be filled in
by whomever or whatever. -
10:06 - 10:08We need to hold out a hand.
-
10:08 - 10:11Just as here this evening at TEDx,
we must be accessible, -
10:11 - 10:13we must be open.
-
10:13 - 10:15For those of you who work in other fields,
-
10:15 - 10:18those of you who aren't
academic staff members, -
10:18 - 10:20don't hesitate to look to us,
-
10:20 - 10:22be prepared to have faith in us.
-
10:23 - 10:25Come to meet us, in person.
-
10:25 - 10:30Any day you like, you can send us
an email with a question you have. -
10:31 - 10:34Because all this learning,
all this knowledge, -
10:35 - 10:37it needs to be accessible to everyone.
-
10:37 - 10:40It must be allowed to create
beauty in our world, -
10:40 - 10:42and form a legacy, one of our humanity.
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10:42 - 10:43Thinking about it,
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10:44 - 10:46coming back to my nanoparticles,
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10:48 - 10:49they're a bit like people:
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10:51 - 10:52there are good ones,
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10:53 - 10:55there are bad ones,
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10:57 - 10:59and you can even fall in love with them.
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10:59 - 11:00Thank you.
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11:00 - 11:02(Applause)
- Title:
- Resonance in the world of nano | William Watkins | TEDxSaclay
- Description:
-
William Watkins is a scientist "in love" with nanoparticles. He talks to us about their colour, the colour they project, and how they resonate. You will discover that gold isn't always golden, that nanoparticles aren't what we think, that the invisible is visible ... William also advocates for a reconciliation between scientific experts and the wider public in order to share knowledge.
William's journey began 9 years ago: young, with the necessary academic qualifications to go to university, his objective was to gain a doctorate in science. For this, he went to the UK to gain a bachelor's degree in chemistry at the University of Cardiff. During these first studies, he discovered nanoscience, that is, the infinitely small, and more specifically, the remarkable properties of gold on this scale. This is what led him to continue his studies in taking a master's in materials chemistry, and then to look for a subject for his doctoral thesis. He found the perfect subject at the Institute of Nanosciences in Paris (INSP) where there was a certain Dr Yves Borensztein. This led him to the consideration and development of a gas sensor, one for hydrogen, using nanoparticles of gold. Next, William worked with Prof Olivier Pluchery and Dr Hynd Remit on the development of pigments based on these same nanoparticles of gold. Undeniably, these remarkable properties of gold on a nanometric scale let us obtain the effects of unusual colours as never seen before. The potential for the world of nano is immense, but not yet fully exploited. Used in addition to new technology, we can already observe spectacular advances, with applications in energy and medicine.
This presentation was made at a local TEDx event, produced independently of the TED conferences. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- French
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 11:09
Robert Tucker approved English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Robert Tucker edited English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Robert Tucker edited English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Robert Tucker edited English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Robert Tucker edited English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Elisabeth Buffard accepted English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Elisabeth Buffard edited English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay | ||
Maria Dunkley edited English subtitles for La résonance dans le monde du nano | William WATKINS | TEDxSaclay |