Who was the world's first author? - Soraya Field Fiorio
-
0:07 - 0:104,300 years ago
in ancient Sumer, -
0:10 - 0:16the most powerful person in the city of Ur
was banished to wander the vast desert. -
0:16 - 0:18Her name was Enheduanna.
-
0:18 - 0:22She was the high priestess of the moon god
and history’s first known author. -
0:22 - 0:28By the time of her exile, she had written
42 hymns and three epic poems— -
0:28 - 0:31and Sumer hadn’t heard the last of her.
-
0:31 - 0:35Enheduanna lived 1,700 years
before Sappho, -
0:35 - 0:371,500 years before Homer,
-
0:37 - 0:41and about 500 years before
the biblical patriarch Abraham. -
0:41 - 0:46She was born in Mesopotamia, the land
between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, -
0:46 - 0:49and the birthplace of the first cities
and high cultures. -
0:49 - 0:53Her father was King Sargon the Great,
history’s first empire builder, -
0:53 - 0:58who conquered the independent city-states
of Mesopotamia under a unified banner. -
0:58 - 1:02Sargon was a northern Semite
who spoke Akkadian, -
1:02 - 1:06and the older Sumerian cities in the south
viewed him as a foreign invader. -
1:06 - 1:09They frequently revolted to regain
their independence, -
1:09 - 1:12fracturing his new dynasty.
-
1:12 - 1:14To bridge the gap between cultures,
-
1:14 - 1:18Sargon appointed his only daughter,
Enheduanna, as high priestess -
1:18 - 1:20in the empire’s most important temple.
-
1:20 - 1:23Female royalty traditionally
served religious roles, -
1:23 - 1:28and she was educated to read
and write in both Sumerian and Akkadian, -
1:28 - 1:30and make mathematical calculations.
-
1:30 - 1:34The world's first writing started in Sumer
as a system of accounting, -
1:34 - 1:39allowing merchants to communicate
over long distances with traders abroad. -
1:39 - 1:43Their pictogram system of record keeping
developed into a script -
1:43 - 1:46about 300 years
before Enheduanna’s birth. -
1:46 - 1:49This early writing style,
called cuneiform, -
1:49 - 1:54was written with a reed stylus pressed
into soft clay to make wedge-shaped marks. -
1:54 - 1:56But until Enheduanna,
-
1:56 - 2:00this writing mostly took the form
of record keeping and transcription, -
2:00 - 2:05rather than original works attributable
to individual writers. -
2:05 - 2:10Enheduanna’s Ur was a city
of 34,000 people with narrow streets, -
2:10 - 2:14multi-storied brick homes, granaries,
and irrigation. -
2:14 - 2:17As high priestess, Enheduanna
managed grain storage for the city, -
2:17 - 2:21oversaw hundreds of temple workers,
interpreted sacred dreams, -
2:21 - 2:24and presided over the monthly
new moon festival -
2:24 - 2:27and rituals celebrating the equinoxes.
-
2:27 - 2:31Enheduanna set about unifying
the older Sumerian culture -
2:31 - 2:33with the newer Akkadian civilization.
-
2:33 - 2:36To accomplish this,
she wrote 42 religious hymns -
2:36 - 2:39that combined both mythologies.
-
2:39 - 2:42Each Mesopotamian city
was ruled by a patron deity, -
2:42 - 2:46so her hymns were dedicated
to the ruling god of each major city. -
2:46 - 2:50She praised the city’s temple,
glorified the god’s attributes, -
2:50 - 2:54and explained the god’s relationship
to other deities within the pantheon. -
2:54 - 2:58In her writing,
she humanized the once aloof gods— -
2:58 - 3:04now they suffered, fought, loved,
and responded to human pleading. -
3:04 - 3:06Enheduanna’s most valuable
literary contribution -
3:06 - 3:11was the poetry she wrote to Inanna,
goddess of war and desire, -
3:11 - 3:15the divinely chaotic energy
that gives spark to the universe. -
3:15 - 3:18Inanna delighted in all forms
of sexual expression -
3:18 - 3:22and was considered so powerful that
she transcended gender boundaries, -
3:22 - 3:28as did her earthly attendants, who could
be prostitutes, eunuchs or cross-dressers. -
3:28 - 3:33Enheduanna placed Inanna at the top of
the pantheon as the most powerful deity. -
3:33 - 3:38Her odes to Inanna mark the first time
an author writes using the pronoun “I,” -
3:38 - 3:43and the first time writing is used
to explore deep, private emotions. -
3:43 - 3:47After the death of Enheduanna’s father,
King Sargon, -
3:47 - 3:51a general took advantage
of the power vacuum and staged a coup. -
3:51 - 3:56As a powerful member of the ruling family,
Enheduanna was a target, -
3:56 - 3:58and the general exiled her from Ur.
-
3:58 - 4:02Her nephew,
the legendary Sumerian king Naram-Sin, -
4:02 - 4:07ultimately crushed the uprising
and restored his aunt as high priestess. -
4:07 - 4:12In total, Enheduanna served
as high priestess for 40 years. -
4:12 - 4:14After her death,
she became a minor deity, -
4:14 - 4:19and her poetry was copied, studied,
and performed throughout the empire -
4:19 - 4:21for over 500 years.
-
4:21 - 4:24Her poems influenced
the Hebrew Old Testament, -
4:24 - 4:27the epics of Homer, and Christian hymns.
-
4:27 - 4:31Today, Enheduanna’s legacy still exists,
-
4:31 - 4:33on clay tablets that have
stood the test of time.
- Title:
- Who was the world's first author? - Soraya Field Fiorio
- Speaker:
- Soraya Field Fiorio
- Description:
-
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-was-the-world-s-first-author-soraya-field-fiorio
4,300 years ago in ancient Sumer, the most powerful person in the city of Ur was banished to wander the vast desert. Her name was Enheduanna, and by the time of her exile, she had written forty-two hymns and three epic poems— and Sumer hadn't heard the last of her. Who was this woman, and why was she exiled? Soraya Field Fiorio details the life of history's first author.
Lesson by Soraya Field Fiorio, directed by Laura White.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:34
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