Tiny robots with giant potential
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0:02 - 0:04Mark Miskin: This is a rotifer.
-
0:04 - 0:07It's a microorganism
about a hair's width in size. -
0:07 - 0:10They live everywhere on earth --
saltwater, freshwater, everywhere -- -
0:10 - 0:13and this one is out looking for food.
-
0:14 - 0:16I remember the first time
I saw this thing, -
0:16 - 0:18I was like eight years old
and it completely blew me away. -
0:18 - 0:21I mean, here is this
incredible little creature, -
0:21 - 0:22it's hunting, swimming,
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0:22 - 0:24going about its life,
-
0:24 - 0:27but its whole universe fits
within a drop of pond water. -
0:28 - 0:32Paul McEuen: So this little rotifer
shows us something really amazing. -
0:32 - 0:34It says that you can build a machine
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0:34 - 0:37that is functional, complex, smart,
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0:37 - 0:40but all in a tiny little package,
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0:40 - 0:43one so small that
it's impossible to see it. -
0:44 - 0:47Now, the engineer in me
is just blown away by this thing, -
0:48 - 0:50that anyone could make such a creature.
-
0:50 - 0:54But right behind that wonder,
I have to admit, is a bit of envy. -
0:55 - 0:58I mean, nature can do it. Why can't we?
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0:59 - 1:00Why can't we build tiny robots?
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1:01 - 1:04Well, I'm not the only one
to have this idea. -
1:04 - 1:06In fact, in the last, oh, few years,
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1:06 - 1:09researchers around the world
have taken up the task -
1:09 - 1:11of trying to build robots
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1:11 - 1:14that are so small that they can't be seen.
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1:15 - 1:17And what we're going
to tell you about today -
1:17 - 1:19is an effort at Cornell University
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1:19 - 1:21and now at the University of Pennsylvania
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1:21 - 1:23to try to build tiny robots.
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1:24 - 1:26OK, so that's the goal.
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1:27 - 1:28But how do we do it?
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1:29 - 1:31How do we go about building tiny robots?
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1:31 - 1:35Well, Pablo Picasso, of all people,
gives us our first clue. -
1:36 - 1:37Picasso said --
-
1:37 - 1:39["Good artists copy,
great artists steal."] -
1:39 - 1:40(Laughter)
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1:40 - 1:42"Good artists copy. Great artists steal."
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1:42 - 1:44(Laughter)
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1:44 - 1:46OK. But steal from what?
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1:46 - 1:48Well, believe it or not,
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1:48 - 1:52most of the technology you need
to build a tiny robot already exists. -
1:52 - 1:55The semiconductor industry
has been getting better and better -
1:55 - 1:57at making tinier and tinier devices,
-
1:57 - 2:01so at this point they could put
something like a million transistors -
2:01 - 2:04into the size of a package
that is occupied by, say, -
2:04 - 2:06a single-celled paramecium.
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2:07 - 2:09And it's not just electronics.
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2:09 - 2:11They can also build little sensors,
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2:11 - 2:12LEDs,
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2:12 - 2:16whole communication packages
that are too small to be seen. -
2:17 - 2:19So that's what we're going to do.
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2:19 - 2:20We're going to steal that technology.
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2:21 - 2:22Here's a robot.
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2:22 - 2:24(Laughter)
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2:24 - 2:26Robot's got two parts, as it turns out.
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2:26 - 2:28It's got a head, and it's got legs.
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2:28 - 2:29[Steal these: Brains]
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2:29 - 2:32(Laughter)
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2:33 - 2:35We're going to call this a legless robot,
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2:35 - 2:37which may sound exotic,
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2:37 - 2:40but they're pretty cool all by themselves.
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2:40 - 2:43In fact, most of you have
a legless robot with you right now. -
2:44 - 2:48Your smartphone is the world's
most successful legless robot. -
2:48 - 2:52In just 15 years, it has
taken over the entire planet. -
2:52 - 2:53And why not?
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2:53 - 2:56It's such a beautiful little machine.
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2:56 - 2:57It's incredibly intelligent,
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2:57 - 2:59it's got great communication skills,
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2:59 - 3:02and it's all in a package
that you can hold in your hand. -
3:03 - 3:05So we would like to be able
to build something like this, -
3:05 - 3:07only down at the cellular scale,
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3:07 - 3:09the size of a paramecium.
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3:09 - 3:11And here it is.
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3:11 - 3:13This is our cell-sized smartphone.
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3:13 - 3:15It even kind of looks like a smartphone,
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3:15 - 3:18only it's about 10,000 times smaller.
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3:18 - 3:20We call it an OWIC.
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3:20 - 3:23[Optical Wireless Integrated Circuits]
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3:23 - 3:25OK, we're not advertisers, all right?
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3:25 - 3:28(Laughter)
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3:28 - 3:30But it's pretty cool all by itself.
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3:30 - 3:32In fact, this OWIC has a number of parts.
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3:32 - 3:34So up near the top,
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3:34 - 3:38there are these cool little solar cells
that you shine light on the device -
3:38 - 3:40and it wakes up a little circuit
that's there in the middle. -
3:40 - 3:43And that circuit can drive
a little tiny LED -
3:43 - 3:46that can blink at you and allows
the OWIC to communicate with you. -
3:46 - 3:47So unlike your cell phone,
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3:47 - 3:49the OWIC communicates with light,
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3:49 - 3:52sort of like a tiny firefly.
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3:52 - 3:55Now, one thing that's pretty cool
about these OWICs -
3:55 - 3:57is we don't make them one at a time,
-
3:57 - 3:58soldering all the pieces together.
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3:59 - 4:01We make them in massive parallel.
-
4:01 - 4:03For example, about a million
of these OWICs -
4:03 - 4:06can fit on a single four-inch wafer.
-
4:06 - 4:08And just like your phone
has different apps, -
4:08 - 4:10you can have different kinds of OWICs.
-
4:10 - 4:12There can be ones that, say,
measure voltage, -
4:12 - 4:14some that measure temperature,
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4:14 - 4:18or just have a little light that can blink
at you to tell you that it's there. -
4:18 - 4:21So that's pretty cool,
these tiny little devices. -
4:21 - 4:24And I'd like to tell you about them
in a little more detail. -
4:24 - 4:27But first, I have to tell you
about something else. -
4:27 - 4:31I'm going to tell you a few things
about pennies that you might not know. -
4:31 - 4:33So this one is a little bit older penny.
-
4:33 - 4:35It's got a picture of
the Lincoln Memorial on the back. -
4:35 - 4:37But the first thing you might not know,
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4:37 - 4:40that if you zoom in, you'll find
in the center of this thing -
4:40 - 4:42you can actually see Abraham Lincoln,
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4:42 - 4:45just like in the real Lincoln Memorial
not so far from here. -
4:45 - 4:47What I'm sure you don't know,
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4:47 - 4:49that if you zoom in even further --
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4:49 - 4:51(Laughter)
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4:51 - 4:55you'll see that there's actually
an OWIC on Abe Lincoln's chest. -
4:55 - 4:57(Laughter)
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4:57 - 4:59But the cool thing is,
-
4:59 - 5:02you could stare at this all day long
and you would never see it. -
5:03 - 5:05It's invisible to the naked eye.
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5:05 - 5:07These OWICs are so small,
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5:07 - 5:09and we make them in such parallel fashion,
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5:09 - 5:12that each OWIC costs actually
less than a penny. -
5:13 - 5:17In fact, the most expensive thing
in this demo is that little sticker -
5:17 - 5:18that says "OWIC."
-
5:18 - 5:21(Laughter)
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5:23 - 5:25That cost about eight cents.
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5:25 - 5:27(Laughter)
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5:28 - 5:32Now, we're very excited about
these things for all sorts of reasons. -
5:32 - 5:35For example, we can use them
as little tiny secure smart tags, -
5:35 - 5:37more identifying than a fingerprint.
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5:37 - 5:40We're actually putting them inside
of other medical instruments -
5:40 - 5:41to give other information,
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5:41 - 5:44and even starting to think about
putting them in the brain -
5:44 - 5:46to listen to neurons one at a time.
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5:46 - 5:48In fact, there's only one thing
wrong with these OWICs: -
5:50 - 5:51it's not a robot.
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5:51 - 5:52It's just a head.
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5:52 - 5:53(Laughter)
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5:53 - 5:55And I think we'll all agree
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5:55 - 5:58that half a robot
really isn't a robot at all. -
6:00 - 6:02Without the legs,
we've got basically nothing. -
6:03 - 6:06MM: OK, so you need the legs, too,
if you want to build a robot. -
6:06 - 6:09Now, here it turns out
you can't just steal -
6:09 - 6:11some preexisting technology.
-
6:11 - 6:15If you want legs for your tiny robot,
you need actuators, parts that move. -
6:15 - 6:17They have to satisfy
a lot of different requirements. -
6:17 - 6:19They need to be low voltage.
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6:19 - 6:21They need to be low power, too.
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6:21 - 6:23But most importantly,
they have to be small. -
6:23 - 6:27If you want to build a cell-sized robot,
you need cell-sized legs. -
6:27 - 6:29Now, nobody knows how to build that.
-
6:29 - 6:32There was no preexisting technology
that meets all of those demands. -
6:32 - 6:34To make our legs for our tiny robots,
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6:34 - 6:36we had to make something new.
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6:36 - 6:38So here's what we built.
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6:38 - 6:41This is one of our actuators,
and I'm applying a voltage to it. -
6:41 - 6:44When I do, you can see
the actuator respond by curling up. -
6:44 - 6:45Now, this might not look like much,
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6:45 - 6:49but if we were to put a red blood cell
up on the screen, it'd be about that big, -
6:49 - 6:51so these are unbelievably tiny curls.
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6:51 - 6:52They're unbelievably small,
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6:52 - 6:56and yet this device can just bend
and unbend, no problem, nothing breaks. -
6:56 - 6:57So how do we do it?
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6:57 - 7:00Well, the actuator is made
from a layer of platinum -
7:00 - 7:01just a dozen atoms or so thick.
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7:01 - 7:04Now it turns out, if you take
platinum and put it in water -
7:04 - 7:05and apply a voltage to it,
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7:05 - 7:08atoms from the water
will attach or remove themselves -
7:08 - 7:10from the surface of the platinum,
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7:10 - 7:11depending on how much voltage you use.
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7:11 - 7:13This creates a force,
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7:13 - 7:16and you can use that force
for voltage-controlled actuation. -
7:16 - 7:18The key here was to make
everything ultrathin. -
7:18 - 7:20Then your actuator is flexible enough
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7:20 - 7:22to bend to these small
sizes without breaking, -
7:22 - 7:24and it can use the forces that come about
-
7:24 - 7:27from just attaching or removing
a single layer of atoms. -
7:27 - 7:30Now, we don't have to build these
one at a time, either. -
7:30 - 7:31In fact, just like the OWICs,
-
7:31 - 7:33we can build them massively
in parallel as well. -
7:34 - 7:36So here's a couple thousand
or so actuators, -
7:36 - 7:38and all I'm doing is applying a voltage,
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7:38 - 7:40and they all wave,
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7:40 - 7:43looking like nothing more than the legs
of a future robot army. -
7:43 - 7:46(Laughter)
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7:46 - 7:49So now we've got the brains
and we've got the brawn. -
7:49 - 7:51We've got the smarts and the actuators.
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7:51 - 7:53The OWICs are the brains.
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7:53 - 7:55They give us sensors,
they give us power supplies, -
7:55 - 7:58and they give us a two-way
communication system via light. -
7:58 - 8:00The platinum layers are the muscle.
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8:00 - 8:02They're what's going
to move the robot around. -
8:02 - 8:04Now we can take those two pieces,
put them together -
8:04 - 8:07and start to build our tiny, tiny robots.
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8:07 - 8:10The first thing we wanted to build
was something really simple. -
8:10 - 8:12This robot walks around
under user control. -
8:12 - 8:15In the middle are some solar cells
and some wiring attached to it. -
8:15 - 8:16That's the OWIC.
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8:16 - 8:19They're connected to a set of legs
which have a platinum layer -
8:19 - 8:21and these rigid panels that we put on top
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8:21 - 8:24that tell the legs how to fold up,
which shape they should take. -
8:24 - 8:27The idea is that by shooting a laser
at the different solar cells, -
8:27 - 8:29you can choose which leg you want to move
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8:29 - 8:31and make the robot walk around.
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8:31 - 8:33Now, of course, we don't build those
one at a time, either. -
8:33 - 8:36We build them massively
in parallel as well. -
8:36 - 8:39We can build something like one million
robots on a single four-inch wafer. -
8:39 - 8:42So, for example, this image
on the left, this is a chip, -
8:42 - 8:44and this chip has something like
10,000 robots on it. -
8:44 - 8:46Now, in our world, the macro world,
-
8:46 - 8:49this thing looks like it might be
a new microprocessor or something. -
8:49 - 8:52But if you take that chip
and you put it under a microscope, -
8:52 - 8:56what you're going to see are
thousands and thousands of tiny robots. -
8:56 - 8:58Now, these robots are still stuck down.
-
8:58 - 9:01They're still attached to the surface
that we built them on. -
9:01 - 9:04In order for them to walk around,
we have to release them. -
9:04 - 9:07We wanted to show you how we do that live,
how we release the robot army, -
9:07 - 9:10but the process involves
highly dangerous chemicals, -
9:10 - 9:13like, really nasty stuff,
-
9:13 - 9:16and we're like a mile
from the White House right now? -
9:16 - 9:18Yeah. They wouldn't let us do it.
-
9:18 - 9:19So --
-
9:19 - 9:21(Laughter)
-
9:21 - 9:24so we're going to show you
a movie instead. (Laughs) -
9:25 - 9:28What you're looking at here
are the final stages of robot deployment. -
9:28 - 9:30We're using chemicals
-
9:30 - 9:32to etch the substrate
out from underneath the robots. -
9:32 - 9:36When it dissolves, the robots are free
to fold up into their final shapes. -
9:36 - 9:38Now, you can see here,
the yield's about 90 percent, -
9:38 - 9:41so almost every one of those
10,000 robots we build, -
9:41 - 9:44that's a robot that we can
deploy and control later. -
9:44 - 9:47And we can take those robots
and we can put them places as well. -
9:47 - 9:50So if you look at the movie on the left,
that's some robots in water. -
9:50 - 9:52I'm going to come along with a pipette,
-
9:52 - 9:54and I can vacuum them all up.
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9:55 - 9:57Now when you inject the robots
back out of that pipette, -
9:57 - 9:58they're just fine.
-
9:58 - 10:00In fact, these robots are so small,
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10:00 - 10:03they're small enough to pass through
the thinnest hypodermic needle -
10:03 - 10:04you can buy.
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10:05 - 10:06Yeah, so if you wanted to,
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10:06 - 10:09you could inject yourself full of robots.
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10:09 - 10:10(Laughter)
-
10:11 - 10:12I think they're into it.
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10:12 - 10:14(Laughter)
-
10:15 - 10:18On the right is a robot
that we put in some pond water. -
10:18 - 10:20I want you to wait for just one second.
-
10:20 - 10:22Ooop!
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10:22 - 10:26You see that? That was no shark.
That was a paramecium. -
10:26 - 10:29So that's the world
that these things live in. -
10:29 - 10:31OK, so this is all well and good,
-
10:31 - 10:33but you might be wondering at this point,
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10:33 - 10:34"Well, do they walk?"
-
10:34 - 10:39Right? That's what they're supposed to do.
They better. So let's find out. -
10:39 - 10:42So here's the robot and here
are its solar cells in the middle. -
10:42 - 10:43Those are those little rectangles.
-
10:43 - 10:47I want you to look at the solar cell
closest to the top of the slide. -
10:47 - 10:49See that little white dot?
That's a laser spot. -
10:49 - 10:52Now watch what happens
when we start switching that laser -
10:52 - 10:54between different
solar cells on the robot. -
10:58 - 10:59Off it goes!
-
10:59 - 11:01(Applause)
-
11:02 - 11:03Yeah!
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11:03 - 11:07(Applause)
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11:08 - 11:11Off goes the robot
marching around the microworld. -
11:12 - 11:14Now, one of the things
that's cool about this movie is: -
11:14 - 11:17I'm actually piloting
the robot in this movie. -
11:17 - 11:22In fact, for six months, my job was
to shoot lasers at tiny cell-sized robots -
11:22 - 11:24to pilot them around the microworld.
-
11:24 - 11:26This was actually my job.
-
11:26 - 11:29As far as I could tell, that is
the coolest job in the world. -
11:29 - 11:30(Laughter)
-
11:30 - 11:32It was just the feeling
of total excitement, -
11:32 - 11:34like you're doing the impossible.
-
11:35 - 11:38It's a feeling of wonder like that first
time I looked through a microscope -
11:38 - 11:40as a kid staring at that rotifer.
-
11:40 - 11:44Now, I'm a dad, I have a son of my own,
and he's about three years old. -
11:44 - 11:47But one day, he's going to look
through a microscope like that one. -
11:48 - 11:49And I often wonder:
-
11:50 - 11:51What is he going to see?
-
11:52 - 11:54Instead of just watching the microworld,
-
11:54 - 11:57we as humans can now build
technology to shape it, -
11:57 - 12:00to interact with it, to engineer it.
-
12:00 - 12:04In 30 years, when my son is my age,
what will we do with that ability? -
12:05 - 12:09Will microrobots live in our bloodstream,
-
12:09 - 12:10as common as bacteria?
-
12:11 - 12:13Will they live on our crops
and get rid of pests? -
12:14 - 12:18Will they tell us when we have infections,
or will they fight cancer cell by cell? -
12:20 - 12:21PM: And one cool part is,
-
12:21 - 12:24you're going to be able to participate
in this revolution. -
12:24 - 12:25Ten years or so from now,
-
12:25 - 12:30when you buy your new iPhone 15x Moto
or whatever it's called -- -
12:30 - 12:31(Laughter)
-
12:31 - 12:34it may come with a little jar
with a few thousand tiny robots in it -
12:34 - 12:37that you can control
by an app on your cell phone. -
12:37 - 12:41So if you want to ride
a paramecium, go for it. -
12:41 - 12:45If you want to -- I don't know --
DJ the world's smallest robot dance party, -
12:46 - 12:47make it happen.
-
12:47 - 12:48(Laughter)
-
12:48 - 12:52And I, for one, am very excited
about that day coming. -
12:52 - 12:53MM: Thank you.
-
12:53 - 12:57(Applause)
- Title:
- Tiny robots with giant potential
- Speaker:
- Paul McEuen, Marc Miskin
- Description:
-
Take a trip down the microworld as roboticists Paul McEuen and Marc Miskin explain how they design and mass-produce microrobots the size of a single cell, powered by atomically thin legs -- and show how these machines could one day be "piloted" to battle crop diseases or study your brain at the level of individual neurons.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:10
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Erin Gregory approved English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Erin Gregory edited English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Camille Martínez accepted English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for Tiny robots with giant potential |