[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.96,0:00:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.42,0:00:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneath a shimmering blue sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.29,0:00:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of fish are having sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.12,0:00:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Cheers)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.50,0:00:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way they're doing it\Nand strategies they're using
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.96,0:00:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks nothing like what we see on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.92,0:00:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take parrotfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.58,0:00:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this species, all fish are born female,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.46,0:00:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.42,0:00:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then later in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.75,0:00:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she can transition into a male\Nand she'll look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.17,0:00:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just\Na spectacular wardrobe change.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.62,0:00:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her body can reabsorb her ovaries\Nand grow testes in their place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.71,0:00:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just a few weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.54,0:00:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she'll go from making eggs\Nto producing sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.50,0:00:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty impressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.29,0:00:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the ocean it's also pretty common.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.83,0:00:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I bet nearly all of you\Nhave at some point had a seafood dish
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.29,0:01:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made up of an individual\Nthat started life as one sex
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.42,0:01:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transitioned to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.46,0:01:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oysters?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.08,0:01:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grouper?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.54,0:01:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shrimp?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.29,0:01:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing some heads nodding, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.79,0:01:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not all fish that change sex\Nstart as females.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.67,0:01:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those clown fish we know\Nfrom "Finding Nemo"?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.50,0:01:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all born male.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.04,0:01:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the real world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.46,0:01:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Nemo's mother died,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.17,0:01:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nemo's dad Marlin\Nwould have transitioned into Marlene --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.50,0:01:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.79,0:01:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Nemo would have likely mated\Nwith his father turned mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.88,0:01:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.08,0:01:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.38,0:01:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.58,0:01:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.12,0:01:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see why Pixar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.58,0:01:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a little creative license\Nwith the plotline, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.25,0:01:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.62,0:01:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex change in the ocean\Ncan happen in either direction
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.96,0:01:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.25,0:01:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just one of the many\Namazing strategies animals use
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.50,0:02:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reproduce in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.29,0:02:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And trust me when I say
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.92,0:02:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one of the least surprising.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.50,0:02:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sex in the sea is fascinating,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.62,0:02:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's also really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.21,0:02:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just to nerdy\Nmarine biologists like me
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.62,0:02:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are obsessed with understanding\Nthese salty affairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.71,0:02:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It matters for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.79,0:02:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we depend on wild caught fish
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.83,0:02:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help feed over two billion people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.58,0:02:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.25,0:02:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need millions of oysters and corals\Nto build the giant reefs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.42,0:02:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that protect our shorelines\Nfrom rising seas and storms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.38,0:02:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We depend on medicines that are found\Nin marine animals to fight cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.54,0:02:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.29,0:02:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for many of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.71,0:02:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diversity and beauty of the oceans\Nis where we turn for recreation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.04,0:02:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and relaxation and our cultural heritage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.75,0:02:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for us to continue\Nto benefit from the abundance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.58,0:02:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ocean life provides,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.58,0:02:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fish and coral and shrimp of today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.83,0:03:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to be able to make fish\Nand shrimp and coral for tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.62,0:03:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do that, they have to have\Nlots and lots of sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.08,0:03:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And until recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.46,0:03:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really didn't know\Nhow sex happened in the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.42,0:03:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty hard to study.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But thanks to new science and technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.29,0:03:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now know so much more\Nthan even just a few years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.92,0:03:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these new discoveries\Nare showing two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.29,0:03:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, sex in the sea is really funky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.96,0:03:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, our actions are wreaking havoc\Non the sex lives of everything
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.62,0:03:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from shrimp to salmon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.17,0:03:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know. It can be hard to believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.29,0:03:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I'm going to share a few details\Nabout how animals do it in the deep,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.71,0:03:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we may be interrupting\Nthese intimate affairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.33,0:03:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we can do to change that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.71,0:03:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, remember those sex-changing fish?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.17,0:03:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many places in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.08,0:03:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have fishing rules\Nthat set a minimum catch size.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.50,0:04:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fishers are not allowed\Nto target tiny fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.21,0:04:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This allows baby fish to grow\Nand reproduce before they're caught.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.25,0:04:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a good thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.92,0:04:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So fishers go after the biggest fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.21,0:04:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in parrotfish, for example,\Nor any sex changer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.08,0:04:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,targeting the biggest fish means\Nthat they're taking out all the males.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.83,0:04:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes it hard for a female fish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.92,0:04:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find a mate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.54,0:04:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it forces her to change sex sooner
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.75,0:04:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a smaller size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of these things can result\Nin fewer fish babies in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.62,0:04:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for us to properly care\Nfor these species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.12,0:04:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to know if they change sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.38,0:04:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how, and when.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.38,0:04:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only then can we create rules\Nthat can support these sexual strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.17,0:04:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as setting a maximum size limit\Nin addition to a minimum one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.54,0:04:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge isn't that we can't think\Nof these sex-friendly solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.38,0:04:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge is knowing\Nwhich solutions to apply to which species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.21,0:04:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because even animals we know really well
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.38,0:04:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surprise us when it comes\Nto their sex lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.33,0:05:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take Maine lobster.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.25,0:05:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't look that romantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.67,0:05:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that kinky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.25,0:05:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are both.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.83,0:05:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.33,0:05:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During mating season,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.71,0:05:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female lobsters want to mate\Nwith the biggest, baddest males,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.50,0:05:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these guys are really aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.33,0:05:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll attack any lobster\Nthat approaches, male or female.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.54,0:05:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the best time\Nfor her to mate with the male
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.21,0:05:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is right after she's molted,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.12,0:05:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she's lost her hard shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.67,0:05:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she has to approach this aggressive guy\Nin her most vulnerable state.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.54,0:05:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's a girl to do?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.21,0:05:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her answer?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.04,0:05:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spray him in the face\Nrepeatedly with her urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.71,0:05:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.58,0:05:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the sea, pee\Nis a very powerful love potion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.96,0:05:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conveniently, lobsters' bladders\Nsit just above their brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.92,0:06:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have two nozzles\Nunder their eye stalks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.50,0:06:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which they can shoot\Ntheir urine forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.58,0:06:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the female approaches the male's den
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.92,0:06:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as he charges out\Nshe lets loose a stream of urine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.88,0:06:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then gets the hell out of there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.71,0:06:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few days of this daily dosing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.67,0:06:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is all it takes for her scent\Nto have a transformative effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.96,0:06:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The male turns from an aggressive\Nto a gentle lover.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.54,0:06:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the week's end,\Nhe invites her into his den.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.83,0:06:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, the sex is easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.75,0:06:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how are we interrupting\Nthis kind of kinky courtship?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the female's urine\Ncarries a critical chemical signal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.71,0:06:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that works because\Nit can pass through seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.67,0:06:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lobsters have a smell receptor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.46,0:06:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can detect and receive the message.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.38,0:06:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change is making\Nour oceans more acidic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.88,0:06:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the result of too much\Ncarbon dioxide entering seawater.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.92,0:07:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This changing chemistry\Ncould scramble that message,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.25,0:07:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it could damage\Nthe lobsters' smell receptors.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.88,0:07:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pollution from land\Ncan have similar impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.88,0:07:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just imagine the consequence\Nfor that female
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.25,0:07:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if her love potion should fail.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.08,0:07:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the kinds of subtle\Nbut significant impacts we're having
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.12,0:07:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the love lives of these marine life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.71,0:07:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a species we know well:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.46,0:07:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lobsters live near shore in the shallows.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.21,0:07:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dive deeper, and sex gets even stranger.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.50,0:07:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fanfin anglerfish live at about\N3,000 feet below the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.17,0:07:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pitch-black waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.08,0:07:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the males are born\Nwithout the ability to feed themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.54,0:07:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To survive, he has to find a female fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the female,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is 10 times bigger than the male,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.04,0:07:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.46,0:07:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she lets out a very strong pheromone\Nwith which to attract mates to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.38,0:08:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this tiny male is swimming\Nthrough the black waters
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.12,0:08:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smelling his way to a female,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.42,0:08:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when he finds her,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.75,0:08:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he gives her a love bite.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.67,0:08:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is when things get really weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.25,0:08:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That love bite triggers\Na chemical reaction
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.17,0:08:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereby his jawbone\Nstarts to disintegrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.62,0:08:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His face melts into her flesh,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.04,0:08:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their two bodies start to fuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.92,0:08:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their circulatory systems intwine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.83,0:08:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all his internal organs\Nstart to dissolve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.12,0:08:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for his testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.46,0:08:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.08,0:08:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His testes mature just fine\Nand start producing sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.25,0:08:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, he's basically\Na permanently attached
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.29,0:08:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on-demand sperm factory for the female.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.83,0:08:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.08,0:08:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very efficient system,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.71,0:08:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is not the kind\Nof mating strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.04,0:08:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we see on a farm, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.83,0:08:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this is weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.17,0:09:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.83,0:09:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we don't know\Nthat these kinds of strategies exist
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.62,0:09:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how they work,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.21,0:09:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't know what kind of impacts\Nwe may be having, even in the deep sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.21,0:09:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just three years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.67,0:09:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discovered a new species\Nof deep sea octopus
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.67,0:09:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the females lay their eggs\Non sponges attached to rocks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.67,0:09:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are over two and a half miles deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.75,0:09:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These rocks contain rare earth minerals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.17,0:09:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right now there are companies\Nthat are building bulldozers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.42,0:09:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be capable of mining\Nthe deep sea floor for those rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.96,0:09:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the bulldozers\Nwould scrape up all the sponges
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.21,0:09:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the eggs with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.58,0:09:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowingly, and in many cases unknowingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.04,0:09:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are preventing successful sex\Nand reproduction in the deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.58,0:09:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's be honest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.96,0:09:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating and mating is hard enough\Nwithout somebody coming in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.83,0:09:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interrupting all the time, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.71,0:09:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.04,0:09:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, while I hope you will leave here
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.33,0:10:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some excellent bar trivia\Non fish sex --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.79,0:10:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.08,0:10:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also ask that you remember this:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.88,0:10:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are all far more intimately connected\Nwith the oceans than we realize,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.29,0:10:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter where we live.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.33,0:10:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this level of intimacy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.25,0:10:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires a new kind\Nof relationship with the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.29,0:10:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that recognizes and respects\Nthe enormous diversity of life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.54,0:10:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its limitations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.42,0:10:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can no longer think of the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.25,0:10:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just something out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.33,0:10:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every day we depend on them\Nfor our food security,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.33,0:10:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own health and wellness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.12,0:10:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every other breath we take.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.04,0:10:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is a two-way relationship,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.58,0:10:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the oceans can only continue\Nto provide for us
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.38,0:10:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we in turn safeguard\Nthat fundamental force of life in the sea:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.17,0:10:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sex and reproduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.29,0:10:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, like any relationship,\Nwe have to embrace some change
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.79,0:11:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the partnership to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.54,0:11:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next time you're thinking\Nabout having seafood,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.25,0:11:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look for sustainably caught\Nor farmed species
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.62,0:11:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are local and low on the food chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.54,0:11:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are animals\Nlike oysters, clams, mussels,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.67,0:11:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small fish like mackerel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.12,0:11:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These all reproduce like crazy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.04,0:11:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with good management\Nthey can handle a bit of fishing pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.12,0:11:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also rethink\Nwhat we use to wash our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.96,0:11:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean our homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.29,0:11:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and care for our lawns.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of those chemicals\Neventually wash out to sea
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.33,0:11:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and disrupt the natural chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.33,0:11:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.12,0:11:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industry also has to play its part
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.25,0:11:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take a precautionary approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.46,0:11:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protecting sexual activity\Nwhere we know it exists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.88,0:11:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preventing harm in the cases\Nwhere we just don't yet know enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.46,0:11:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the deep sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the communities where we live,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.62,0:11:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places we work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.33,0:11:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the country in which we vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.58,0:12:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must take bold action\Non climate change now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.12,0:12:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.46,0:12:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.75,0:12:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)