[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.77,0:00:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.28,0:00:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneath a shimmering blue sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.47,0:00:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of fish are having sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.10,0:00:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Cheers)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.71,0:00:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way they're doing it\Nand strategies they're using
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.10,0:00:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks nothing like what we see on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.94,0:00:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take parrotfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.57,0:00:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this species, all fish are born female,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.62,0:00:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.03,0:00:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then later in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.27,0:00:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she can transition into a male\Nand she'll look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.42,0:00:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just\Na spectacular wardrobe change.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.75,0:00:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her body can reabsorb her ovaries\Nand grow testes in their place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.84,0:00:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just a few weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.70,0:00:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she'll go from making eggs\Nto producing sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.22,0:00:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty impressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.53,0:00:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the ocean it's also pretty common.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.05,0:00:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I'll bet nearly all of you\Nhave at some point had a seafood dish
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.26,0:01:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made up of an individual\Nthat started life as one sex
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.42,0:01:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transitioned to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.37,0:01:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oysters?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.07,0:01:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grouper?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.69,0:01:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shrimp?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.65,0:01:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing some heads nodding, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.98,0:01:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not all fish that change sex\Nstart as females.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.30,0:01:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those clownfish we know\Nfrom "Finding Nemo"?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.68,0:01:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all born male.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.26,0:01:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the real world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.58,0:01:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Nemo's mother died,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.24,0:01:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nemo's dad Marlin would\Nhave transitioned into Marlene
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.100,0:01:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.10,0:01:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Nemo would have likely mated\Nwith his father turned mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.69,0:01:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.77,0:01:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see -- (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.83,0:01:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.30,0:01:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see why Pixar
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.84,0:01:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a little creative license\Nwith the plot line, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.79,0:01:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.93,0:01:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex change in the ocean\Ncan happen in either direction
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.33,0:01:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.18,0:01:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just one of the many\Namazing strategies animals use
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.01,0:02:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reproduce in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.36,0:02:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And trust me when I say
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.08,0:02:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one of the least surprising.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.56,0:02:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sex in the sea is fascinating,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.57,0:02:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's also really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.13,0:02:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just to nerdy\Nmarine biologists like me
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.95,0:02:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are obsessed with understanding\Nthese salty affairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It matters for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.21,0:02:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we depend on wild caught fish
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.10,0:02:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help feed over two billion people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.92,0:02:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.48,0:02:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need millions of oysters and corals\Nto build the giant reefs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.98,0:02:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that protect our shorelines\Nfrom rising seas and storms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.59,0:02:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We depend on medicines that are found\Nin marine animals to fight cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.52,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.56,0:02:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for many of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.24,0:02:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diversity and beauty of the oceans\Nis where we turn for recreation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.49,0:02:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and relaxation and our cultural heritage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.17,0:02:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for us to continue\Nto benefit from the abundance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.20,0:02:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ocean life provides,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.78,0:02:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fish and coral and shrimp of today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.60,0:03:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to be able to make fish\Nand shrimp and coral for tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.97,0:03:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do that, they have to have\Nlots and lots of sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.02,0:03:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And until recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.47,0:03:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really didn't know how sex\Nhappened in the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.64,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty hard to study.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But thanks to new science and technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.58,0:03:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now know so much more\Nthan even just a few years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.22,0:03:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these new discoveries\Nare showing two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.53,0:03:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, sex in the sea is really funky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.72,0:03:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, our actions are wreaking havoc\Non the sex lives of everything
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.90,0:03:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from shrimp to salmon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.50,0:03:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know. It can be hard to believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.87,0:03:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I'm going to share a few details\Nabout how animals do it in the deep,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.54,0:03:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we may be interrupting\Nthese intimate affairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.55,0:03:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we can do to change that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.42,0:03:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, remember those sex-changing fish?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.49,0:03:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many places in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.40,0:03:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have fishing rules that set\Na minimum catch size.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.63,0:04:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fishers are not allowed\Nto target tiny fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.50,0:04:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This allows baby fish to grow\Nand reproduce before they're caught.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.46,0:04:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a good thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.14,0:04:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So fishers go after the biggest fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.63,0:04:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in parrotfish, for example,\Nor any sex changer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.87,0:04:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,targeting the biggest fish means\Nthat they're taking out all the males.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.88,0:04:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes it hard for a female fish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.75,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find a mate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it forces her to change sex sooner
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.94,0:04:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a smaller size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.73,0:04:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of these things can result\Nin fewer fish babies in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.11,0:04:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for us to properly care\Nfor these species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.28,0:04:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to know if they change sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.63,0:04:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how, and when.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.65,0:04:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only then can we create rules\Nthat can support these sexual strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.50,0:04:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as setting a maximum size limit\Nin addition to a minimum one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.81,0:04:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge isn't that we can't think\Nof these sex-friendly solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.37,0:04:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge is knowing\Nwhich solutions to apply to which species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.97,0:04:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because even animals we know really well
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.26,0:05:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surprise us when it comes\Nto their sex lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.47,0:05:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take Maine lobster.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.77,0:05:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't look that romantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.21,0:05:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that kinky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.48,0:05:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are both.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.86,0:05:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.92,0:05:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During mating season,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.87,0:05:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female lobsters want to mate\Nwith the biggest, baddest males,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.97,0:05:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these guys are really aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.70,0:05:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll attack any lobster\Nthat approaches, male or female.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.72,0:05:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the best time\Nfor her to mate with the male
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.73,0:05:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is right after she's molted,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.63,0:05:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she's lost her hard shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.60,0:05:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she has to approach this aggressive guy\Nin her most vulnerable state.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.78,0:05:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's a girl to do?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.18,0:05:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her answer?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.100,0:05:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spray him in the face\Nrepeatedly with her urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.78,0:05:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.86,0:05:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the sea, pee\Nis a very powerful love potion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.93,0:05:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conveniently, lobsters' bladders\Nsit just above their brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.93,0:06:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have two nozzles\Nunder their eye stalks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.06,0:06:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which they can shoot\Ntheir urine forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.18,0:06:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the female approaches the male's den
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.08,0:06:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as he charges out\Nshe lets loose a stream of urine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.05,0:06:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then gets the hell out of there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.65,0:06:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few days of this daily dosing\Nis all it takes for her scent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.11,0:06:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have a transformative effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.98,0:06:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The male turns from an aggressive\Nto a gentle lover.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.03,0:06:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the week's end,\Nhe invites her into his den.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.61,0:06:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, the sex is easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.70,0:06:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how are interrupting\Nthis kind of kinky courtship?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.81,0:06:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the female's urine carries\Na critical chemical signal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.81,0:06:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that works because\Nit can pass through seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.17,0:06:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lobsters have a smell receptor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.74,0:06:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can detect and receive the message.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.09,0:06:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change is making\Nour oceans more acidic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.12,0:06:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the result of too much\Ncarbon dioxide entering seawater.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.05,0:07:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This changing chemistry\Ncould scramble that message,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.55,0:07:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it could damage\Nthe lobsters' smell receptors.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.82,0:07:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pollution from land\Ncan have similar impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.29,0:07:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just imagine the consequence\Nfor that female
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.98,0:07:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if her love potion should fail.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.96,0:07:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the kinds of subtle\Nbut significant impacts we're having
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.20,0:07:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the love lives of these marine life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.71,0:07:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a species we know well:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.29,0:07:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lobsters live near shore in the shallows.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.10,0:07:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dive deeper, and sex gets even stranger.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.73,0:07:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fanfin anglerfish live at about\N3,000 feet below the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.60,0:07:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pitch-black waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.12,0:07:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the males are born\Nwithout the ability to feed themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.42,0:07:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To survive, he has to find a female fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.18,0:07:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the female,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.60,0:07:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is 10 times bigger than the male,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.30,0:07:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.23,0:07:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she lets out a very strong pheromone\Nwith which to attract mates to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.21,0:08:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this tiny male is swimming\Nthrough the black waters
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.34,0:08:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smelling his way to a female,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.01,0:08:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when he finds her,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.62,0:08:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he gives her a love bite.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.70,0:08:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is when things get really weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.47,0:08:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That love bite triggers\Na chemical reaction
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.44,0:08:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereby his jawbone\Nstarts to disintegrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.84,0:08:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His face melts into her flesh,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.32,0:08:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their two bodies start to fuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.28,0:08:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their circulatory systems intwine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.09,0:08:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all his internal organs\Nstart to dissolve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.20,0:08:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for his testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.37,0:08:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.15,0:08:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His testes mature just fine\Nand start producing sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.16,0:08:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, he's basically\Na permanently attached
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.31,0:08:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on-demand sperm factory for the female.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.82,0:08:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.19,0:08:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very efficient system,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.87,0:08:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is not the kind\Nof mating strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.68,0:08:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we see on a farm, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.22,0:08:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this is weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.60,0:09:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.10,0:09:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we don't know that\Nthese kinds of strategies exist
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.21,0:09:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how they work,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.37,0:09:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't know what kind of impacts\Nwe may be having, even in the deep sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.60,0:09:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just three years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.62,0:09:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discovered a new species\Nof deep sea octopus
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.89,0:09:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the females lay their eggs\Non sponges attached to rocks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.90,0:09:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are over two and a half miles deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.97,0:09:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These rocks contain rare earth minerals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.60,0:09:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right now there are companies\Nthat are building bulldozers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.67,0:09:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be capable of mining\Nthe deep sea floor for those rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.37,0:09:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the bulldozers\Nwould scrape up all the sponges
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.81,0:09:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the eggs with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.92,0:09:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowingly, and in many cases unknowingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.30,0:09:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are preventing successful sex\Nand reproduction in the deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.80,0:09:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's be honest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.52,0:09:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating and mating is hard enough\Nwithout somebody coming in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.12,0:09:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interrupting all the time, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.95,0:09:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.59,0:10:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, while I hope you will leave here\Nwith some excellent bar trivia on fish sex
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.32,0:10:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.60,0:10:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also ask that you remember this:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.14,0:10:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are all far more intimately connected\Nwith the oceans than we realize,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.80,0:10:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter where we live.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.67,0:10:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this level of intimacy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.61,0:10:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires a new kind\Nof relationship with the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.74,0:10:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that recognizes and respects\Nthe enormous diversity of life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.87,0:10:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its limitations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.74,0:10:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can no longer think of the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.09,0:10:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just something out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.69,0:10:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every day we depend on them\Nfor our food security,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.67,0:10:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own health and wellness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.34,0:10:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every other breath we take.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.03,0:10:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is a two-way relationship,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.94,0:10:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the oceans can only continue\Nto provide for us
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.89,0:10:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we in turn safeguard\Nthat fundamental force of life in the sea:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.36,0:10:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sex and reproduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.19,0:11:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, like any relationship,\Nwe have to embrace some change
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.46,0:11:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the partnership to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.92,0:11:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next time you're thinking\Nabout having seafood,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.62,0:11:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look for sustainable caught\Nor farmed species
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.06,0:11:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are local and low on the food chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.95,0:11:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are animals\Nlike oysters, clams, mussels,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.97,0:11:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small fish like mackerel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.21,0:11:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These all reproduce like crazy,\Nand with good management
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.47,0:11:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can handle a bit of fishing pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.05,0:11:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also rethink what we use\Nto wash our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.85,0:11:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean our homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.80,0:11:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and care for our lawns.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.79,0:11:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of those chemicals\Neventually wash out to sea
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.36,0:11:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and disrupt the natural chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.64,0:11:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.94,0:11:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industry also has to play its part
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.59,0:11:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take a precautionary approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.63,0:11:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protecting sexual activity\Nwhere we know it exists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.89,0:11:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preventing harm in the cases\Nwhere we just don't yet know enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.81,0:11:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the deep sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.01,0:11:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the communities where we live,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.84,0:11:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places we work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.65,0:11:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the country in which we vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.97,0:12:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must take bold action\Non climate change now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.93,0:12:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.45,0:12:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.52,0:12:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)