[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneath a shimmering blue sea,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of fish are having sex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Cheers)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way they're doing it\Nand strategies they're using
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks nothing like what we see on land.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take parrotfish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this species, all fish are born female,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they look like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then later in life,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she can transition into a male\Nand she'll look like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just\Na spectacular wardrobe change.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her body can reabsorb her ovaries\Nand grow testes in their place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just a few weeks,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she'll go from making eggs\Nto producing sperm.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty impressive,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the ocean it's also pretty common.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I'll bet nearly all of you\Nhave at some point had a seafood dish
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made up of an individual\Nthat started life as one sex
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transitioned to another.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oysters?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grouper?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shrimp?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing some heads nodding, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not all fish that change sex\Nstart as females.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those clownfish we know\Nfrom "Finding Nemo"?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all born male.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the real world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Nemo's mother died,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nemo's dad Marlin would\Nhave transitioned into Marlene
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Nemo would have likely mated\Nwith his father turned mother.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see -- (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see why Pixar
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a little creative license\Nwith the plot line, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex change in the ocean\Ncan happen in either direction
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes even back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just one of the many\Namazing strategies animals use
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reproduce in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And trust me when I say
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one of the least surprising.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sex in the sea is fascinating,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's also really important,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just to nerdy\Nmarine biologists like me
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are obsessed with understanding\Nthese salty affairs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It matters for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we depend on wild caught fish
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help feed over two billion people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need millions of oysters and corals\Nto build the giant reefs
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that protect our shorelines\Nfrom rising seas and storms.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We depend on medicines that are found\Nin marine animals to fight cancer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other diseases.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for many of us,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diversity and beauty of the oceans\Nis where we turn for recreation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and relaxation and our cultural heritage.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for us to continue\Nto benefit from the abundance
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ocean life provides,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fish and coral and shrimp of today
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to be able to make fish\Nand shrimp and coral for tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do that, they have to have\Nlots and lots of sex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And until recently,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really didn't know how sex\Nhappened in the sea.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty hard to study.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But thanks to new science and technology,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now know so much more\Nthan even just a few years ago,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these new discoveries\Nare showing two things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, sex in the sea is really funky.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, our actions are wreaking havoc\Non the sex lives of everything
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from shrimp to salmon.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know. It can be hard to believe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I'm going to share a few details\Nabout how animals do it in the deep,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we may be interrupting\Nthese intimate affairs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we can do to change that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, remember those sex-changing fish?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many places in the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have fishing rules that set\Na minimum catch size.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fishers are not allowed\Nto target tiny fish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This allows baby fish to grow\Nand reproduce before they're caught.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a good thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So fishers go after the biggest fish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in parrotfish, for example,\Nor any sex changer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,targeting the biggest fish means\Nthat they're taking out all the males.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes it hard for a female fish
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find a mate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it forces her to change sex sooner
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a smaller size.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of these things can result\Nin fewer fish babies in the future.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for us to properly care\Nfor these species,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to know if they change sex,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how, and when.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only