[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.17,0:00:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you guess what this is?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.08,0:00:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I told you there's a place\Nwhere the creatures are made of glass?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.25,0:00:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or that there are life-forms\Nthat are invisible to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.29,0:00:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but astronauts see them all the time?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.33,0:00:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These invisible glass creatures\Naren't aliens on a faraway exoplanet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.58,0:00:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're diatoms:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.25,0:00:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,photosynthetic, single-celled algae\Nresponsible for producing oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.92,0:00:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helping seed clouds\Non a planetary scale
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.21,0:00:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with intricately sculpted,\Ngeometric exoskeletons made of --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.92,0:00:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.25,0:00:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see them in swirls\Nof ocean-surface colors from space.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.71,0:00:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they die,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their glass houses sink\Nto the depths of the oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.50,0:00:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking carbon out of the air
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.88,0:00:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with them to the grave,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.25,0:00:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accounting for a significant amount\Nof carbon sequestration in the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.75,0:00:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live on an alien planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.04,0:00:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is so much weird life\Nhere on Earth to study,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.54,0:00:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so much of it lives\Nat the edges of our world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.12,0:00:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our sight and of our understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.96,0:01:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those edges is Antarctica.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.08,0:01:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Typically, when we think about Antarctica,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.17,0:01:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think of a place\Nthat's barren and lifeless ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.54,0:01:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for a few penguins.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.58,0:01:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Antarctica should instead\Nbe known as a polar oasis of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.29,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,host to countless creatures\Nthat are utterly fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.88,0:01:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why haven't we seen them\Non the latest nature documentary?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.17,0:01:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, they lurk beneath the snow and ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.12,0:01:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virtually invisible to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.21,0:01:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're microbes:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.79,0:01:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiny plants and animals living\Nembedded inside of glaciers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.25,0:01:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underneath the sea ice
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.58,0:01:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and swimming in subglacial ponds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.96,0:01:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're no less charismatic\Nthan any of the megafauna
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.71,0:01:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're used to seeing\Nin a nature documentary.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.33,0:01:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do you compel people\Nto explore what they can't see?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.71,0:01:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recently led a five-week\Nexpedition to Antarctica
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.54,0:01:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to essentially become a wildlife\Nfilmmaker at the microbial scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.08,0:01:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With 185 pounds of gear,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.04,0:01:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I boarded a military aircraft
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.08,0:01:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brought microscopes into the field
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:02:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to film and investigate\Nthese microscopic extremophiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.17,0:02:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can become more familiar\Nwith a poorly understood ecosystem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.50,0:02:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we live with here on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.17,0:02:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To film these invisible\Ncreatures in action,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.58,0:02:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I needed to see where they call home --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.71,0:02:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I needed to venture under the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.88,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, the sea ice nearly doubles\Nthe entire size of Antarctica.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.50,0:02:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To get a glimpse below\Nthe nine-feet-thick ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.29,0:02:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I climbed down a long, metal tube\Ninserted into the sea ice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.92,0:02:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to witness a hidden\Necosystem full of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.50,0:02:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while being suspended between the seafloor\Nand the illuminated ceiling of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.04,0:02:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what that looked like\Nfrom the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.21,0:02:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just absolutely magical.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.67,0:02:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the critters I found\Nwere delightful things like seed shrimp
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.08,0:02:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many more beautiful,\Ngeometric diatoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.38,0:02:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I then went farther afield\Nto camp out in the Dry Valleys
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.12,0:02:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a couple of weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.04,0:02:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,98 percent of Antarctica\Nis covered with ice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.29,0:02:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Dry Valleys are the largest area\Nof Antarctica where you can actually see
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.13,0:03:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the continent itself\Nlooks like underneath all of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.67,0:03:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sampled bacteria at Blood Falls,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.54,0:03:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a natural phenomenon of a subglacial pond\Nspurting out iron oxide
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.62,0:03:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was thought to be utterly lifeless\Nuntil a little more than a decade ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.04,0:03:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hiked up a glacier\Nto drill down into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.25,0:03:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revealing countless, hardcore critters\Nliving their best lives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.75,0:03:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while embedded inside layers of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.58,0:03:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known as cryoconite holes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.92,0:03:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they form when tiny pieces\Nof darkly colored dirt
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.88,0:03:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get blown onto the glacier
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.58,0:03:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and begin to melt down into soupy holes\Nthat then freeze over,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.46,0:03:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preserving hundreds of dirt pucks\Ninside the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.42,0:03:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like little island universes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.33,0:03:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each with its own unique ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.21,0:03:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the critters I found\Nyou may recognize,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.50,0:03:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this adorable tardigrade --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.12,0:03:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I absolutely love them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.42,0:03:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're like little\Ngummy bears with claws.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.96,0:03:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also known as a water bear,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.71,0:03:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're famous for possessing superpowers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.75,0:03:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow them to survive\Nin extreme conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.54,0:03:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the vacuum of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.04,0:03:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you don't need to travel to space\Nor even Antarctica to find them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.38,0:04:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They live in moss all over this planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.04,0:04:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from sidewalk cracks to parks.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.25,0:04:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You likely walk right by tons\Nof these invisible animals every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.29,0:04:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others may look familiar,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.83,0:04:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but be stranger still, like nematodes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.54,0:04:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not a snake nor an earthworm,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.12,0:04:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nematodes are a creature all of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.62,0:04:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't regenerate like an earthworm\Nor crawl like a snake,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.04,0:04:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they have tiny, dagger-like\Nneedles inside their mouths
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some of them use to spearfish\Ntheir prey and suck out the insides.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.71,0:04:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For every single human on this planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.71,0:04:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there exist 57 billion nematodes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.88,0:04:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of the critters\Nyou may not recognize at all
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.46,0:04:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but live out equally fascinating lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.42,0:04:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as rotifers with amazing crowns\Nthat turn into Roomba-like mouths,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.21,0:04:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ciliates with digestive systems\Nso transparent that it's almost TMI,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.38,0:04:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cyanobacteria that look like party\Nconfetti exploded all over a petri dish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.83,0:04:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of times what we see\Nin popular media
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.08,0:04:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are scanning electron microscope\Nimages of microorganisms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking like scary monsters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.21,0:05:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without seeing them move\Ntheir lives remain elusive to us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.62,0:05:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite them living nearly\Neverywhere we step outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.96,0:05:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's their daily life like?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.71,0:05:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do they interact\Nwith their environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.21,0:05:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you only ever saw a photo\Nof a penguin at a zoo,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you never saw one waddle around\Nand then glide over ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.54,0:05:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you wouldn't fully understand penguins.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.25,0:05:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By seeing microcreatures in motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.04,0:05:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we gain better insights into the lives\Nof the otherwise invisible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.12,0:05:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without documenting the invisible life\Nin Antarctica and our own backyards,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.50,0:05:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't understand just how many\Ncreatures we share our world with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.12,0:05:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means we don't yet\Nhave the full picture
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.50,0:05:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our weird and whimsical home planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.54,0:05:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.