Older people are happier

In the 20th century we added an unprecedented number of years to our lifespans, but is the quality of life as good? Surprisingly, yes! At TEDxWomen psychologist Laura Carstensen shows research that demonstrates that as people get older they become happier, more content, and have a more positive outlook on the world.

People are living longer

and societies are getting grayer.

You hear about it all the time.

You read about it in your newspapers.

You hear about it on your television sets.

Sometimes I'm concerned

that we hear about it so much

that we've come to accept longer lives

with a kind of a complacency,

even ease.

But make no mistake,

longer lives can

and, I believe, will

improve quality of life

at all ages.

Now to put this in perspective,

let me just zoom out for a minute.

More years were added

to average life expectancy

in the 20th century

than all years added

across all prior millennia

of human evolution combined.

In the blink of an eye,

we nearly doubled the length of time

that we're living.

So if you ever feel like you don't have this aging thing quite pegged,

don't kick yourself.

It's brand new.

And because fertility rates fell

across that very same period

that life expectancy was going up,

that pyramid

that has always represented the distribution of age in the population,

with many young ones at the bottom

winnowed to a tiny peak of older people

who make it and survive to old age

is being reshaped

into a rectangle.

And now, if you're the kind of person

who can get chills from population statistics,

these are the ones that should do it.

Because what that means

is that for the first time in the history of the species,

the majority of babies born

in the Developed World

are having the opportunity

to grow old.

How did this happen?

Well we're no genetically hardier than our ancestors were

10,000 years ago.

This increase in life expectancy

is the remarkable product of culture --

the crucible

that holds science and technology

and wide-scale changes in behavior

that improve health and well-being.

Through cultural changes,

our ancestors

largely eliminated early death

so that people can now live out their full lives.

Now there are problems associated with aging --

diseases, poverty, loss of social status.

It's hardly time to rest on our laurels.

But the more we learn about aging,

the clearer it becomes

that a sweeping downward course

is grossly inaccurate.

Aging brings some rather remarkable improvements --

increased knowledge, expertise --

and emotional aspects of life improve.

That's right,

older people are happy.

They're happier than middle-aged people,

and younger people certainly.

Study after study

is coming to the same conclusion.

The CDC recently conducted a survey

where they asked respondents simply to tell them

whether they experienced significant psychological distress

in the previous week.

And fewer older people answered affirmatively to that question

than middle-aged people,

and younger people as well.

And a recent Gallup poll

asked participants

how much stress and worry and anger

they had experienced the previous day.

And stress, worry, anger

all decrease with age.

Now social scientists call this the paradox of aging.

After all, aging is not a piece of cake.

So we've asked all sorts of questions

to see if we could undo this finding.

We've asked whether it may be

that the current generations of older people

are and always have been

the greatest generations.

That is that younger people today

may not typically experience these improvements

as they grow older.

We've asked,

well maybe older people are just trying to put a positive spin

on an otherwise depressing existence.

(Laughter)

But the more we've tried to disavow this finding,

the more evidence we find

to support it.

Years ago, my colleagues and I embarked on a study

where we followed the same group of people over a 10-year period.

Originally the sample was aged 18 to 94.

And we studied whether and how their emotional experiences changed

as they grew older.

Our participants would carry electronic pagers

for a week at a time,

and we'd page them throughout the day and evenings at random times.

And every time we paged them

we'd ask them to answer several questions --

On a one to seven scale, how happy are you right now?

How sad are you right now?

How frustrated are you right now? --

so that we could get a sense

of the kinds of emotions and feelings they were having

in their day-to-day lives.

And using this intense study

of individuals,

we find that it's not one particular generation

that's doing better than the others,

but the same individuals over time

come to report relatively greater

positive experience.

Now you see this slight downturn

at very advanced ages.

And there is a slight downturn.

But at no point does it return

to the levels we see

in early adulthood.

Now it's really too simplistic

to say that older people are "happy."

In our study, they are more positive,

but they're also more likely than younger people

to experience mixed emotions --

sadness at the same time you experience happiness;

you know, that tear in the eye

when you're smiling at a friend.

And other research has shown

that older people seem to engage with sadness

more comfortably.

They're more accepting of sadness than younger people are.

And we suspect that this may help to explain

why older people are better than younger people

at solving hotly-charged emotional conflicts and debates.

Older people can view injustice

with compassion,

but not despair.

And all things being equal,

older people direct their cognitive resources,

like attention and memory,

to positive information more than negative.

If we show older, middle-aged, younger people images,

like the ones you see on the screen,

and we later ask them

to recall all the images that they can,

older people, but not younger people,

remember more positive images

than negative images.

We've asked older and younger people

to view faces in laboratory studies,

some frowning, some smiling.

Older people look toward the smiling faces

and away from the frowning, angry faces.

In day-to-day life,

this translates into greater enjoyment

and satisfaction.

But as social scientists, we continue to ask

about possible alternatives.

We've said, well maybe older people

report more positive emotions

because they're cognitively impaired.

(Laughter)

We've said, could it be

that positive emotions are simply easier to process than negative emotions,

and so you switch to the positive emotions?

Maybe our neural centers in our brain

are degraded such

that we're unable to process negative emotions anymore.

But that's not the case.

The most mentally sharp older adults

are the ones who show this positivity effect the most.

And under conditions where it really matters,

older people do process the negative information

just as well as the positive information.

So how can this be?

Well in our research,

we've found that these changes

are grounded fundamentally

in the uniquely human ability to monitor time --

not just clock time and calendar time,

but lifetime.

And if there's a paradox of aging,

it's that recognizing that we won't live forever

changes our perspective on life

in positive ways.

When time horizons are long and nebulous,

as they typically are in youth,

people are constantly preparing,

trying to soak up all the information they possibly can,

taking risks, exploring.

We might spend time with people we don't even like

because it's somehow interesting.

We might learn something unexpected.

(Laughter)

We go on blind dates.

(Laughter)

You know, after all,

if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow.

People over 50

don't go on blind dates.

(Laughter)

As we age,

our time horizons grow shorter

and our goals change.

When we recognize that we don't have all the time in the world,

we see our priorities most clearly.

We take less notice of trivial matters.

We savor life.

We're more appreciative,

more open to reconciliation.

We invest in more emotionally important parts of life,

and life gets better,

so we're happier day-to-day.

But that same shift in perspective

leads us to have less tolerance than ever

for injustice.

By 2015,

there will be more people in the United States

over the age of 60

than under 15.

What will happen to societies

that are top-heavy with older people?

The numbers won't determine

the outcome.

Culture will.

If we invest in science and technology

and find solutions for the real problems

that older people face

and we capitalize

on the very real strengths

of older people,

then added years of life

can dramatically improve quality of life

at all ages.

Societies with millions

of talented, emotionally stable citizens

who are healthier and better educated

than any generations before them,

armed with knowledge

about the practical matters of life

and motivated

to solve the big issues

can be better societies

than we have ever known.

My father, who is 92,

likes to say,

"Let's stop talking only about

how to save the old folks

and start talking about

how to get them to save us all."

Thank you.

(Applause)