How we can start winning the war against cancer | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford
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0:12 - 0:14"We're declaring war against cancer,
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0:14 - 0:16and we will win this war by 2015."
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0:17 - 0:21This is what the US Congress
and the National Cancer Institute declared -
0:21 - 0:24just a few years ago, in 2003.
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0:25 - 0:28Now, I don't know about you,
but I don't buy that. -
0:28 - 0:30I don't think we quite won this war yet,
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0:30 - 0:32and I don't think
anyone here will question that. -
0:33 - 0:35Now, I will argue that a primary reason
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0:35 - 0:37why we're not winning
this war against cancer -
0:37 - 0:40is because we're fighting blindly.
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0:40 - 0:43I'm going to start by sharing with you
a story about a good friend of mine. -
0:43 - 0:45His name is Ehud,
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0:45 - 0:48and a few years ago,
Ehud was diagnosed with brain cancer. -
0:48 - 0:50And not just any type of brain cancer:
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0:50 - 0:53he was diagnosed with one
of the most deadly forms of brain cancer. -
0:53 - 0:54In fact, it was so deadly
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0:54 - 0:57that the doctors told him
that they only have 12 months, -
0:57 - 1:00and during those 12 months,
they have to find a treatment. -
1:00 - 1:02They have to find a cure,
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1:02 - 1:04and if they cannot
find a cure, he will die. -
1:05 - 1:06Now, the good news, they said,
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1:06 - 1:09is that there are tons
of different treatments to choose from, -
1:09 - 1:10but the bad news is
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1:10 - 1:14that in order for them to tell
if a treatment is even working or not, -
1:14 - 1:17well, that takes them
about three months or so. -
1:17 - 1:19So they cannot try that many things.
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1:19 - 1:22Well, Ehud is now going
into his first treatment, -
1:22 - 1:25and during that first treatment,
just a few days into that treatment, -
1:25 - 1:29I'm meeting with him, and he tells me,
"Adam, I think this is working. -
1:29 - 1:32I think we really lucked out here.
Something is happening." -
1:32 - 1:34And I ask him, "Really?
How do you know that, Ehud?" -
1:34 - 1:36And he says, "Well,
I feel so terrible inside. -
1:36 - 1:38Something's gotta be working up there.
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1:38 - 1:39It just has to."
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1:39 - 1:44Well, unfortunately, three months later,
we got the news, it didn't work. -
1:45 - 1:47And so Ehud goes
into his second treatment. -
1:47 - 1:48And again, the same story.
-
1:48 - 1:51"It feels so bad, something's
gotta be working there." -
1:51 - 1:54And then three months later,
again we get bad news. -
1:54 - 1:58Ehud is going into his third treatment,
and then his fourth treatment. -
1:58 - 2:00And then, as predicted, Ehud dies.
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2:01 - 2:05Now, when someone really close to you
is going through such a huge struggle, -
2:05 - 2:07you get really swamped with emotions.
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2:07 - 2:09A lot of things
are going through your head. -
2:09 - 2:11For me, it was mostly outrage.
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2:11 - 2:16I was just outraged that, how come
this is the best that we can offer? -
2:16 - 2:18And I started looking
more and more into this. -
2:18 - 2:21As it turns out, this is not just
the best that doctors could offer Ehud. -
2:21 - 2:25It's not just the best doctors could offer
patients with brain cancer generally. -
2:25 - 2:28We're actually not doing that well
all across the board with cancer. -
2:29 - 2:31I picked up one of those statistics,
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2:31 - 2:34and I'm sure some of you
have seen those statistics before. -
2:34 - 2:37This is going to show you here
how many patients actually died of cancer, -
2:37 - 2:39in this case females in the United States,
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2:39 - 2:41ever since the 1930s.
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2:41 - 2:44You'll notice that there aren't
that many things that have changed. -
2:44 - 2:45It's still a huge issue.
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2:45 - 2:47You'll see a few changes though.
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2:47 - 2:50You'll see lung cancer,
for example, on the rise. -
2:50 - 2:51Thank you, cigarettes.
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2:51 - 2:54And you'll also see that,
for example, stomach cancer -
2:54 - 2:57once used to be one
of the biggest killers of all cancers, -
2:57 - 2:59is essentially eliminated.
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2:59 - 3:02Now, why is that?
Anyone knows, by the way? -
3:02 - 3:05Why is it that humanity is no longer
struck by stomach cancer? -
3:05 - 3:10What was the huge, huge
medical technology breakthrough -
3:10 - 3:13that came to our world
that saved humanity from stomach cancer? -
3:14 - 3:18Was it maybe a new drug,
or a better diagnostic? -
3:18 - 3:19You guys are right, yeah.
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3:19 - 3:22It's the invention of the refrigerator,
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3:22 - 3:25and the fact that we're
no longer eating spoiled meats. -
3:25 - 3:27So the best thing
that happened to us so far -
3:27 - 3:29in the medical arena in cancer research
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3:29 - 3:31is the fact that
the refrigerator was invented. -
3:31 - 3:32(Laughter)
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3:32 - 3:34And so -- yeah, I know.
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3:34 - 3:35We're not doing so well here.
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3:35 - 3:37I don't want to miniaturize the progress
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3:37 - 3:41and everything that's been done
in cancer research. -
3:41 - 3:44Look, there is like 50-plus years
of good cancer research -
3:44 - 3:48that discovered major, major things
that taught us about cancer. -
3:48 - 3:49But all that said,
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3:50 - 3:52we have a lot of heavy lifting
to still do ahead of us. -
3:54 - 3:57Again, I will argue that the primary
reason why this is the case, -
3:57 - 3:59why we have not done that remarkably well,
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3:59 - 4:01is really we're fighting blindly here.
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4:01 - 4:03And this is where
medical imaging comes in. -
4:03 - 4:05This is where my own work comes in.
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4:05 - 4:08And so to give you a sense
of the best medical imaging -
4:08 - 4:11that's offered today
to brain cancer patients, -
4:11 - 4:13or actually generally
to all cancer patients, -
4:13 - 4:15take a look at this PET scan right here.
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4:15 - 4:16Let's see. There we go.
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4:17 - 4:18So this is a PET/CT scan,
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4:18 - 4:21and what you'll see in this PET/CT scan
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4:21 - 4:24is the CT scan will show you
where the bones are, -
4:24 - 4:26and the PET scan will show you
where tumors are. -
4:27 - 4:29Now, what you can see here
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4:29 - 4:32is essentially a sugar molecule
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4:32 - 4:33that was added a small little tag
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4:33 - 4:36that is signaling to us
outside of the body, -
4:36 - 4:37"Hey, I'm here."
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4:37 - 4:41And those sugar molecules are injected
into these patients by the billions, -
4:41 - 4:42and they're going all over the body
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4:42 - 4:45looking for cells
that are hungry for sugar. -
4:45 - 4:48You'll see that the heart,
for example, lights up there. -
4:48 - 4:50That's because the heart
needs a lot of sugar. -
4:50 - 4:53You'll also see that the bladder
lights up there. -
4:53 - 4:55That's because the bladder
is the thing that's clearing -
4:55 - 4:57the sugar away from our body.
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4:57 - 4:59And then you'll see a few other hot spots,
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4:59 - 5:01and these are in fact the tumors.
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5:01 - 5:03Now, this is a really
a wonderful technology. -
5:03 - 5:06For the first time it allowed us
to look into someone's body -
5:06 - 5:08without picking up
each and every one of the cells -
5:08 - 5:10and putting them under the microscope,
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5:10 - 5:13but in a noninvasive way
allowing us to look into someone's body -
5:13 - 5:16and ask, "Hey,
has the cancer metastasized? -
5:16 - 5:17Where is it?"
-
5:17 - 5:19And the PET scans here
are showing you very clearly -
5:19 - 5:22where are these hot spots,
where is the tumor. -
5:22 - 5:26So as miraculous as this might seem,
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5:26 - 5:29unfortunately, well, it's not that great.
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5:29 - 5:31You see, those
small little hot spots there. -
5:32 - 5:36Can anyone guess how many cancer cells
are in any one of these tumors? -
5:38 - 5:40So it's about 100 million cancer cells,
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5:40 - 5:43and let me make sure
that this number sunk in. -
5:43 - 5:45In each and every one
of these small little blips -
5:45 - 5:47that you're seeing on the image,
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5:47 - 5:51there needs to be
at least 100 million cancer cells -
5:51 - 5:52in order for it to be detected.
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5:52 - 5:55Now, if that seemed to you
like a very large number, -
5:55 - 5:56it is a very large number.
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5:58 - 6:00This is in fact
an incredibly large number, -
6:00 - 6:03because what we really need
in order to pick up something early enough -
6:03 - 6:06to do something about it,
to do something meaningful about it, -
6:06 - 6:09well, we need to pick up tumors
that are a thousand cells in size, -
6:09 - 6:11and ideally just
a handful of cells in size. -
6:11 - 6:13So we're clearly
pretty far away from this. -
6:13 - 6:16So we're going to play
a little experiment here. -
6:16 - 6:18I'm going to ask each of you
to now play and imagine -
6:18 - 6:20that you are brain surgeons.
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6:20 - 6:24And you guys are now at an operating room,
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6:24 - 6:26and there's a patient in front of you,
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6:26 - 6:30and your task is to make sure
that the tumor is out. -
6:30 - 6:34So you're looking down at the patient,
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6:34 - 6:36the skin and the skull
have already been removed, -
6:36 - 6:38so you're looking at the brain.
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6:38 - 6:39And all you know about this patient
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6:39 - 6:42is that there's a tumor
about the size of a golf ball or so -
6:42 - 6:45in the right frontal lobe
of this person's brain. -
6:45 - 6:46And that's more or less it.
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6:46 - 6:50So you're looking down, and unfortunately
everything looks the same, -
6:50 - 6:53because brain cancer tissue
and healthy brain tissue -
6:53 - 6:54really just look the same.
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6:54 - 6:56And so you're going in with your thumb,
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6:56 - 6:59and you start to press
a little bit on the brain, -
6:59 - 7:01because tumors tend to be
a little harder, stiffer, -
7:01 - 7:04and so you go in and go
a little bit like this and say, -
7:04 - 7:06"It seems like the tumor is right there."
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7:06 - 7:08Then you take out your knife
and start cutting the tumor -
7:08 - 7:10piece by piece by piece,
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7:10 - 7:11and as you're taking the tumor out,
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7:11 - 7:14then you're getting
to a stage where you think, -
7:14 - 7:16"All right, I'm done.
I took out everything." -
7:16 - 7:17And at this stage, if that's --
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7:17 - 7:20so far everything sounded,
like, pretty crazy -- -
7:20 - 7:24you're now about to face the most
challenging decision of your life here. -
7:24 - 7:25Because now you need to decide,
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7:25 - 7:28should I stop here
and let this patient go, -
7:28 - 7:31risking that there might be
some leftover cancer cells behind -
7:31 - 7:33that I just couldn't see,
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7:33 - 7:36or should I take away some extra margins,
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7:36 - 7:38typically about an inch or so
around the tumor -
7:39 - 7:41just to be sure that I removed everything?
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7:42 - 7:46So this is not a simple decision to make,
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7:47 - 7:49and unfortunately this is the decision
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7:49 - 7:52that brain cancer surgeons
have to take every single day -
7:52 - 7:54as they're seeing their patients.
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7:54 - 7:57And so I remember talking
to a few friends of mine in the lab, -
7:57 - 8:00and we say, "Boy,
there's got to be a better way." -
8:00 - 8:03But not just like you tell a friend
that there's got to be a better way. -
8:03 - 8:05There's just got to be a better way here.
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8:05 - 8:07This is just incredible.
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8:07 - 8:08And so we looked back.
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8:08 - 8:11Remember those PET scans I told you about,
the sugar and so on. -
8:11 - 8:14We said, hey, how about
instead of using sugar molecules, -
8:14 - 8:17let's maybe take tiny, tiny
little particles made of gold -
8:17 - 8:21and let's program them with some
interesting chemistry around them. -
8:21 - 8:23Let's program them
to look for cancer cells. -
8:23 - 8:25And then we will inject
these gold particles -
8:25 - 8:28into these patients by the billions again,
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8:28 - 8:30and we'll have them go all over the body,
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8:30 - 8:32and just like secret agents, if you will,
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8:32 - 8:35go and walk by
every single cell in our body -
8:35 - 8:36and knock on the door of that cell,
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8:36 - 8:39and ask, "Are you a cancer cell
or are you a healthy cell? -
8:39 - 8:41If you're a healthy cell, we're moving on.
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8:41 - 8:44If you're a cancer cell,
we're sticking in and shining out -
8:44 - 8:46and telling us,
"Hey, look at me, I'm here." -
8:46 - 8:48And they'll do it
through some interesting cameras -
8:48 - 8:50that we developed in the lab.
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8:50 - 8:53And once we see that,
maybe we can guide brain cancer surgeons -
8:53 - 8:56towards taking only the tumor
and leaving the healthy brain alone. -
8:57 - 9:00And so we've tested that,
and boy, this works well. -
9:00 - 9:02So I'm going to show you an example now.
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9:02 - 9:04What you're looking at here
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9:04 - 9:08is an image of a mouse's brain,
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9:08 - 9:11and we've implanted
into this mouse's brain -
9:11 - 9:12a small little tumor.
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9:12 - 9:15And so this tumor is now
growing in this mouse's brain, -
9:15 - 9:17and then we've taken a doctor
and just asked this doctor -
9:17 - 9:20to please operate on the mouse
as if that was a patient, -
9:20 - 9:23and take out piece by piece
out of the tumor, -
9:23 - 9:24and while he's doing that,
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9:24 - 9:27we're going to take images
to see where the gold particles are. -
9:27 - 9:29And so we're going to first start
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9:29 - 9:31by injecting these gold particles
into this mouse, -
9:31 - 9:34and we're going to see
right here at the very left there -
9:34 - 9:36that image at the bottom
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9:36 - 9:38is the image that shows
where the gold particles are. -
9:38 - 9:40The nice thing
is that these gold particles -
9:40 - 9:42actually made it all the way to the tumor,
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9:42 - 9:46and then they shine out and tell us,
"Hey, we're here. Here's the tumor." -
9:46 - 9:47So now we can see the tumor,
-
9:47 - 9:50but we're not showing this
to the doctor yet. -
9:50 - 9:53We're asking the doctor,
now please start cutting away the tumor, -
9:53 - 9:56and you'll see here the doctor
just took the first quadrant of the tumor -
9:56 - 9:58and you see that first quadrant
is now missing. -
9:58 - 10:01The doctor then took
the second quadrant, the third, -
10:01 - 10:03and now it appears to be everything.
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10:03 - 10:05And so at this stage,
the doctor came back to us and said, -
10:05 - 10:08"All right, I'm done.
What do you want me to do? -
10:08 - 10:09Should I keep things as they are
-
10:09 - 10:12or do you want me to take
some extra margins around?" -
10:12 - 10:13And then we said, "Well, hang on."
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10:13 - 10:16We told the doctor,
"You've missed those two spots, -
10:16 - 10:18so rather than taking huge margins around,
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10:18 - 10:20only take out those tiny little areas.
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10:20 - 10:22Take them out,
and then let's take a look." -
10:22 - 10:25And so the doctor took them away,
and lo and behold, -
10:25 - 10:27the cancer is now completely gone.
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10:27 - 10:28Now, the important thing
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10:28 - 10:31is that it's not just
that the cancer is completely gone -
10:31 - 10:32from this person's brain,
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10:32 - 10:33or from this mouse's brain.
-
10:34 - 10:35The most important thing
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10:35 - 10:38is that we did not have to take
huge amounts of healthy brain -
10:38 - 10:40in the process.
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10:40 - 10:42And so now we can actually imagine a world
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10:42 - 10:46where doctors and surgeons,
as they take away a tumor, -
10:46 - 10:49they actually know what to take out,
and they no longer have to guess. -
10:51 - 10:54Now, here's why it's extremely important
to take those tiny little leftover tumors. -
10:54 - 10:57Those leftover tumors,
even if it's just a handful of cells, -
10:57 - 11:00they will grow to recur the tumor,
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11:00 - 11:02for the tumor to come back.
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11:02 - 11:04In fact, the reason why 80 to 90 percent
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11:04 - 11:06of those brain cancer surgeries
ultimately fail -
11:06 - 11:10is because of those small little
extra margins that were left positive, -
11:10 - 11:13those small little leftover tumors
that were left there. -
11:14 - 11:17So this is clearly very nice,
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11:17 - 11:21but what I really want to share with you
is where I think we're heading from here. -
11:21 - 11:23And so in my lab at Stanford,
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11:23 - 11:28my students and I are asking,
what should we be working on now? -
11:29 - 11:31And I think where
medical imaging is heading to -
11:31 - 11:34is the ability to look into the human body
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11:34 - 11:37and actually see each and every one
of these cells separately. -
11:38 - 11:40The ability like this would allow us
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11:40 - 11:43to actually pick up tumors
way, way earlier in the process, -
11:43 - 11:47way before it's 100 million cells inside,
so we can actually do something about it. -
11:47 - 11:51An ability to see each and every one
of the cells might also allow us -
11:51 - 11:52to ask insightful questions.
-
11:52 - 11:54So in the lab,
we are now getting to a point -
11:54 - 11:57where we can actually start asking
these cancer cells real questions, -
11:57 - 12:01like, for example, are you responding
to the treatment we are giving you or not? -
12:01 - 12:05So if you're not responding, we'll know
to stop the treatment right away, -
12:05 - 12:07days into the treatment, not three months.
-
12:07 - 12:10And so also for patients like Ehud
-
12:10 - 12:14that are going through these
nasty, nasty chemotherapy drugs, -
12:14 - 12:15for them not to suffer
-
12:15 - 12:18through those horrendous
side effects of the drugs -
12:18 - 12:21when the drugs are
in fact not even helping them. -
12:21 - 12:24So to be frank here,
-
12:24 - 12:27we're pretty far away
from winning the war against cancer, -
12:27 - 12:29just to be realistic.
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12:29 - 12:31But at least I am hopeful
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12:31 - 12:35that we should be able to fight this war
with better medical imaging techniques -
12:35 - 12:37in the way that is not blind.
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12:37 - 12:38Thank you.
-
12:38 - 12:40(Applause)
- Title:
- How we can start winning the war against cancer | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford
- Description:
-
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 13:19
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for New imaging lights the way for brain surgeons | Adam de la Zerda | TEDxStanford |