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[ Music ]
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[ Applause ]
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>> Alright.
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Let's get up our picture of the earth.
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The earth is pretty awesome.
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I'm a geologist, so I get pretty psyched about this,
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but the earth is great.
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It's powerful, it's dynamic, it's constantly changing,
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it's a pretty exciting place to live.
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But I want to share with you guys today my perspective
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as a geologist and how understanding earth's past can help
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inform and guide decisions that we make today,
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about how to sustainably live on earth's surface.
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So, there's a lot of exciting things that go
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on the surface of the earth.
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If we zoom in here a little bit,
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I want to talk to you guys a little bit about one
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of the things that happens is material gets shuffled
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around earth's surface all the time,
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and one of the big things that happens is material
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from high mountains gets eroded and transported
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and deposited in the sea.
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And this process is ongoing all the time
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and it has huge effects on how the landscape works.
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So this example here in South India,
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we have some of the biggest mountains in the world,
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and you can see in this satellite photo,
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rivers transporting material
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from those mountains out to the sea.
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You can think of these rivers like bulldozers.
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They're basically taking these mountains and pushing them
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down towards the sea.
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If we zoom in a little bit, we can see that,
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I'll give you guys an example here, right?
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So if we zoom in a little bit,
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I want to talk to you guys specifically about a river.
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You can see these beautiful patterns that the rivers make
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as they're pushing material down to the sea,
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but these patterns are not static.
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These rivers are wiggling and jumping around quite a bit,
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and it can have big impacts on, on our lives.
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So an example of this is, this is the Kosi River.
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So the Kosi River has this nice C-shaped pathway,
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and it exits the big mountains of Nepal carrying
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with it a ton of material,
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a lot of sediment that's being eroded
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from the high mountains and it spreads out across India
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and moves this material.
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So we're going to zoom in to this area,
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and I'm going to tell you a little bit about what happened
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with the, with the Kosi.
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It's an example of how dynamic these systems can be.
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So this is a satellite image from August of 2008,
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and this is satellite image is colored so that vegetation
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or plants show up as green and water shows up as blue.
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So, here again, you can see that C-shaped pathway
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that this river takes as it exits Nepal,
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and now this is monsoon season, August is monsoon season
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in this region of the world, and,
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and anyone that lives near a river is no stranger
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to flooding and the hazards and inconveniences at minimum
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that are associated with that.
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But something interesting happened in 2008
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and this river moved in a way that's very different,
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it flooded in a way that's very different
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than it normally does.
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So the Kosi River is flowing down here,
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but sometimes as these rivers are bulldozing sediment they
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kind of get clogged, and these clogs can actually cause the
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rivers to shift their course dramatically.
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So this satellite image is from just two weeks later.
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Here's the previous pathway, that C-shaped pathway,
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and you notice it's not blue anymore,
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but now what we have is this blue pathway that cuts
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down the middle of the field of view here.
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What happened is the Kosi River jumped its banks,
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and for reference, this scale bar here is 40 miles.
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This river moved over 30 miles very abruptly.
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So this river got clogged and it jumped its banks.
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Here's an image from an, about a week later,
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and you can see these are the previous pathways,
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and you can see this process of river jumping continues
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as this river moves father away from its major course.
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So you can imagine in landscapes like this where rivers move
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around frequently, it's really important to understand when,
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where, and how they're going to jump.
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But these kinds of processes also happen a lot closer
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to home as well.
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So, in the United States we have the Mississippi River
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that drains most of the Continental U.S. It pushes material
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from the Rocky Mountains and from the Great Plains,
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it drains and it moves it all the way across America
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and dumps it out in the Gulf of Mexico.
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So this is the course of the Mississippi that we're familiar
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with today, but it didn't always flow in this direction.
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If we use the geologic record,
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we can reconstruct where it went in the past.
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So, for example, this red area here is
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where know the Mississippi flowed and deposited material
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about 4,600 years ago.
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Then about 3,500 years ago,
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it moved to follow the course outlined here in orange,
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and it kept moving, and it keeps moving,
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so here's about 2,000 years ago, 1,000 years, 700 years ago,
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and it was only as recently as 500 years ago
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that it occupied the pathway that we're familiar with today.
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So these processes are really important and especially here,
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this delta area, where these river-jumping events
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in the Mississippi are building land at the interface
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of the land and the sea.
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This is really valuable real estate,
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and they're some of the most, deltas, like this,
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are some of the most densely populated areas on our planet.
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So understanding the dynamics of these landscapes,
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how they formed and how they will continue to change
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in the future is really important
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for the people that live there.
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So rivers also wiggle.
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These are sort of bigger jumps
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that we've been talking about,
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I want to show you guys some river wiggles here.
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So we're going to fly down to the Amazon River basin,
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and here, again, we have a big river system that is draining
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and moving and plowing material from the Andes Mountains,
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transporting it across South America,
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and dumping it out into the Atlantic Ocean.
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So if we zoom in here, you guys can see these nice,
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curvy river pathways, right?
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Again, they're really beautiful, but,
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again, they're not static.
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These rivers wiggle around.
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We can use satellite imagery, over the last 30 or so years,
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to actually monitor how these changed.
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So take a minute and just watch any bend
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or curve in this river, and you'll see it doesn't stay
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in the same place for very long, it changes and evolves,
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and warps its pattern.
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If you look in this area, in particular,
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I want you guys to notice there's a sort of a loop
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in the river that gets completely cutoff.
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It's almost like a whip cracking and snaps off the pathway
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of the river at a certain spot.
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So, just for reference, again, so in this location,
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that river changed its course over 4 miles
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over the course of a season or two.
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So, the landscapes that we live in, on earth,
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as this material is being eroded from mountains
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and transported to sea, are wiggling around all the time,
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they're changing all the time,
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and we need to be able to understand these processes
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so we can manage and live sustainably on these landscapes.
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But it's hard to do if the only information we have is
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what's going on today at earth's surface.
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Alright, we don't have a lot of observations, we only hear,
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only have 30, you know,
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30 years' worth of satellite photos for example.
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We need more observations
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to understand these processes more.
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And additionally, we need
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to know how these landscapes are going to respond
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to changing climate and to changing land use as we continue
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to occupy and modify earth's surface.
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So this, this is where the rocks come in.
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So, as rivers flow, as they're bulldozing material
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from the mountains to the sea, sometimes bits of sand
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and clay and rock get stuck in the ground,
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and that stuff that gets stuck in the ground gets buried,
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and through time, we get big,
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thick accumulations of sediments
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that eventually turn into rocks.
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What this means is that we can go to places like this
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where we see big, thick stacks of sedimentary rocks,
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and go back in time and see what the landscapes look
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like in the past.
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We can do this to help reconstruct and understand how,
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how earth landscapes evolve.
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This is pretty convenient too,
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because the earth has had sort of an epic history, right?
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So, this video here is a reconstruction of paleogeography
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for the first, just the first 600 million years
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of earth's history, so, just a little bit of time here.
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So as, as the plates move around,
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we know climate has changed, sea level has changed,
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we have a lot of different types of landscapes
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and different types of environment that we can go back,
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if we have a time machine, we can go back and look at.
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And we do, indeed, have a time machine,
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because we can look at the rocks
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that were deposited at these times.
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So I'm going to give you an example of this,
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I'm going to take you to a special time in earth's past,
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about 55 million years ago,
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there was a really abrupt warming event,
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and what happened was a whole bunch
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of carbon dioxide was released into earth's atmosphere
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and it caused a rapid, and,
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and pretty extreme global warming event, and,
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and when I say warm, I mean pretty warm.
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That there were things like crocodiles and palm trees
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as far north as Canada and as far south as Patagonia.
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So this is a pretty warm time,
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and it happened really abruptly.
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So what we can do is we can go back and find rocks
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that were deposited at this time
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and we reconstruct how the landscape changed in response
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to this warming event.
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So, here, yay, rocks! So [laughter], here,
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here's a pile of rocks.
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This yellow blob here, this is actually a fossil river.
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So just like this cartoon I showed,
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these are deposits that were laid down 55 million years ago.
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As geologists, we can go and look at these up close
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and reconstruct the landscape.
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So here's another example
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of the yellow blob here is a, is a fossil river.
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Here's another one above it.
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We can go and look in detail and make measurements
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and observations, and we can measure features, for example,
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the features I just highlighted there tell us
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that this particular river was probably
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about three feet deep.
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You could wade across this cute,
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little stream if you were walking
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around 55 million years ago.
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The reddish stuff that's above and below those channels,
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those are ancient soil deposits.
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So we can look at those to tell us what lived
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and grew on the landscape,
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and to understand how these rivers were interacting
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with their flood plains.
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So we can look in detail and we can reconstruct with some,
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some specificity how these rivers flowed
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and what the landscapes looked like.
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So when we do this, for this particular place, at this time,
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if we look what happened before this abrupt warming event,
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the rivers kind of carved their way down from the mountains
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to the sea and they did so, they looked maybe similar
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to what we, what I showed you in the Amazon River basin,
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but right at the onset of this climate change event,
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the rivers changed dramatically.
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All of a sudden they got much broader,
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and they started to slide back
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and forth across the landscape more readily.
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Eventually, the rivers reverted back to a state
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that was more similar to what they would have looked
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like before this climate event,
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but it took a long, long time.
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So we can go back in earth's time and do these kinds
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of reconstructions and understand how earth's landscape has
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changed in response to a climate event like this
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or a land use event.
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So some of the ways that rivers that change,
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or the reasons that rivers change their pattern and their,
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and their movements, is because of things
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like with extra water falling on the land's surface, when,
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when climate is hotter, we can move more sediment
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and erode more sediment and that changes how rivers behave.
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So, ultimately, as long as earth's surface is our home,
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we need to carefully manage the resources
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and risks associated with living in dynamic environments.
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And I think the only way we can really do
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that sustainably is if we include information
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about how landscapes evolved and behaved in earth's past.
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Thank you.
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[ Applause ]