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in this lecture and a subsequent few we are
going to go through some of the basics on

the networking aspects of internet of things
so the first thing that we need to understand

is that iot has evolved a lot so starting
from basic research basic fundamental research

and innovation there has been different other
types of innovation which are dik through

ah which are disruptive and some of the other
innovations which are sustaining in nature

so in terms of basic research there has been
lot of research on ah the nanotechnology the

use of nanotechnology the use of quantum [teletransport/ah
teleportation] ah teleportation quantum teleportation

basically means that how ah the different
information at the atomic level is sent from

one point to another
so is transported from one point to another

at the atomic level and nanotechnology ah
it involves things like nanoiot nanonodes

nanonetworking nodes ah nanosensor nodes and
ah nanonetworks that means at the nanoscale

forming a network which can be for different
purposes nanonetworks are used for different

purposes ah in the human inside the human
body at the molecular level nanonetworks can

be used so like this at the nanoscale and
ah for quantum ah ah ah communication there

has been lot of ah advertisements ah that
has been done ah for ah involving ah basic

innovations basic research innovations
so this is one likewise ah for ah semantic

interoperability there has been lot of research
on semantic in for interoperability for example

let us see that a temperature sensor it might
be given the data as temp another temperature

sensor as temperature another temperature
sensor the third one st so there has to be

interoperability between all these different
colossians but they are all different to the

same temperature right so this is basically
taken care of by things like semantic interoperability

there has been lot of research on this one
this particular aspect then energy harvesting

again there has been lot of research ah you
know energy harvesting through different renewable

ah sources ah such as wind energy solar etcetera
etcetera how these can harvest you know how

these deferent renewable sources ah from these
how energy can be harvested to power the different

nodes and iot these are very small powered
you know small sized nodes with very [la/limited]

limited power
so energy harvesting is very crucial it plays

a crucial role in the sustenance of these
networks so ah there has been lot of work

on this one also and this has been like you
know these aspects for example there has been

lot of brick through innovation on these ah
then disruptive innovation ah for example

virtual reality augmented reality you know
so these are all like ah you know involvement

of these an incorporation into the iot network
ah there has been lot of ah ah research ah

on on this particular front and ah things
like cloud ah big data these are like sustaining

technologies for iot again there has been
lot of work on ah these technologies ah as

well ah now when we talk about iot if we think
about iot what we have we have these different

things ah ah which as i said in one of the
previous lectures is these things are fitted

ah ah these are basically physical objects
once again so these physical objects are fitted

with different sensors and these sensors basically
ah sense different physical phenomena that

are occurring around them
so these sensor fitted things sensors actuators

and different other emirate devices ah these
these are one component of the iot so but

these become the different nodes in the network
these are the individual nodes in the network

so then what we have is these nodes they have
to communicate with one another and the information

that is sensed by one of these sensors fitted
to this nodes this information from the sensor

and the other sensors these are taken and
are sent to the other sensor nodes the destination

nodes so how is that turn first these information
have to flow through the local network and

then if the destination intended destination
is outside this local network then it is sent

through the internet typically if it is if
we are talking about an iot which is basically

internet ah based iot then basically it is
going to flow through the internet or some

other wide area network and finally it is
going to arrive at the intended destination

node and from there may be there can be some
there can be some ah at that point actually

there can be some analytic engine which is
running on some backend server ah those could

be there and from that point from the decision
from these analytics they can run on this

servers ah decisions about actuation could
be made

so what we see is from sensors to actuators
through the local area network the internet

involving ah you know [black/backend] backend
services analytics ah which includes again

some you know high end processing at deferent
servers ah and different [complec/complex]

complex algorithms execution of different
[call/complex] algorithms ah which are based

on may be machine learning ah neural networks
and so on and so forth these are all required

so so basically you know what happens is we
basically can conceive ah of an iot as a very

complex system involving sensors actuators
ah networks local area wide area internet

and ah ah different servers different algorithms
machine learning and so on all executing ah

together to make the system function as as
one single entity so going back we have ah

in this local network as you are saying then
we have the internet we have the backend ah

services and finally the applications that
i have been served

so these are the different basic components
of iot so this is the scenario that i was

referring to earlier so what we have we have
these different things we have these different

things these things could be ah like you know
different ah physical objects which are fitted

with different sensors these things could
be telephones ah lightning systems ah could

be cameras could be different other scanner
sensors like ah the temperature sensor and

so on and these things are able to communicate
with one another with the help of wireless

technologies like zigbee bluetooth wifi and
so on so as you can see that this wireless

basically helps these different devices to
talk to one another and this information from

these devices they will fro through a local
network and from a local network they will

go through the internet to ah ah to the ah
you know these data are basically sent to

the backend services involving different servers
processors and so on and so forth for running

different analytics and then based on that
different devices can be actuated ah um ah

you know ah may be a pump ah this is an example
that i gave earlier in a previous lecture

basically for agricultural purposes the use
of iot a pump might be started might be actuated

based on the data that is received from the
sensor nodes and based on analytics are run

at the different servers ah a ah in a that
are involved in the backend service processing

so in terms of the functional components of
iot so one of the very important things is

basically interaction interaction not only
with the physical environment by this different

sensors but also interaction and communication
with the different devices ah ah ah that means

a different nodes in the iot in the iot network
then comes the processing so processing and

analysis of the different functioning and
the operations that taken place so processing

of that ah data the processing of operations
ah so this is another component ah the third

functional component is basically the interaction
interaction typically with the internet ah

and because you know at present most of the
times the most of the iot implementations

are still using the internet so it is all
you know internet powered iot implementations

so ah internet interaction is a ah is one
of the very important ah ah components of

ah building iot then we have the web services
web services machine to machine communication

and so on so basically it what is going to
happen earlier most of the so when you talk

about a web technology typically we are talking
about human to machine communication you know

web service we are talking about ah you know
ah some machine ah ah sending ah or some ah

some ah equipment basically sensing and sending
that data to another machine for further processing

or machine to machine communication is involved
and offering different services so one machine

offer some services to another machine and
so on so so like this ah and this is basically

you know this sort of thing in a iot scenario
is taken care of ah ah um ah typically and

then we have ah the integration of different
applications services and the user interface

to access the iot that is another component
so there has to be is a user interface a human

interface to accessing the iot network or
the iot ah you know mega network so looking

at this particular figure i would like to
try to clarify how the iot implementation

is typically done and it can be done to achieve
different application needs so this is a figure

which shows that we have different sensors
processors and radio it refitted to each of

this devices or the sensor nodes or the sensor
motes or the iot motes as you may want to

call them so these motes they talk to one
another but these different sensor nodes these

different sensor nodes they are basically
within the jurisdiction or the domain of the

gateway so the gateway is basically tasked
to assign different local locally unique addresses

to these different nodes to these different
iot nodes and the gateway basically takes

care of the local addressing within that particular
local area network so from the that point

all the data can flow through a proxy server
if internet access is required so it will

go through the internet then a web socket
and from the web socket it goes through a

cloud server that means this is where lot
of analytics and backend processing takes

place and based on that the actuation based
on the analytics and the infer ant says that

and run from the sensed data actuation of
different devices can take place

for example lighting a particular lamp could
be the actuation of that particular lamp we

have different interdependencies that are
evolved in the implementation of iot so we

have if we look at iot from another prospective
or we have we have sensors we have actuators

and a bunch of other things that are they
are in between has shown in this particular

figure so this is basically the entire spend
of these different embedded devices so the

sensors basically sense the data and that
data is basically serving the application

requirements and then we have an operating
system and a power management unit which basically

you know does things like duty cycling of
the sensors the how much the sensors ah you

know how much time we are going to be active
or how much time they are going to be in the

sleep state how to power them how to power
them because these are very small sized you

know very resource staved sensors so ah and
the the basically the power unit in these

sensor nodes these are very small ah in size
so basically consequently what happens is

these embedded devices they themselves are
very resource staved so we have ah a very

power management unit which basically takes
care of power management as a whole how much

power is require for how long it is going
to power then what are the ways to harvest

energy if at all it can be harvested and ah
how much power consumption is going to take

place at different points of time can it be
can it be optimized ah different points of

ah operation ah on so on and so forth and
a as you can see over here there after we

have these different radios involving bluetooth
zigbee six low pan wifi ethernet and ah low

range ah basically wifi ah
so these are the different you know radios

that can help ah in communicating the data
ah that is sensed ah ah ah onward to other

nodes these these basically these [di/different]
different radio technologies can help in the

[com/for] for the communication purpose so
alongside we also have things like virtual

machines which the takes care of the virtualization
of the nodes we have the web ah we have ah

you know different things like http client
mqtt client coap client so these are the once

mqtt coap we are going to talk next in in
the ah subsequent lectures so ah ah that will

make our understanding clearance but these
are like no different application level ah

protocols that are used for functioning of
these different iot devices and finally comes

the actuator verticals
so we have the sensors we have different applications

operating system power management radios virtual
machines web and then we have these actuators

all together which forms the embedded systems
the embedded devices now you let us now look

at the service orientation the service oriented
architecture of ah ah iot so in the iot if

here what we have at these different layers
the sensing layer the network layer the service

layer and the interface layer so we have four
different layers and as the name suggests

sensing layer basically takes care of sensing
through different rfid tags sensors and so

on so fourth and then data are sensed are
acquired and so on are sent to the next layer

higher up which is the network layer the network
layer basically ah serves sensor networks

social networks you know different other networks
and data bases internet and so on that is

the network layer then what we have we have
the service layer which deals [mo/mostly]

mostly with the service delivery ah such as
ah service ah division service integration

ah service ah ah you know service repository
ah service ah logic ah by business logic and

so on so all these different things that i
involved with the offering of the services

to support the business functions
then we have the interface layer we have the

application frontend we have ah a contract
interface and application apis so so [these/this]

this becomes the interface layer and when
we have the security issues which basically

span all these different ah layer verticals
ah sorry layer horizontals so in terms of

ah ah the categorization of iot it can be
categorized into two one is the consumer iot

which is what typically most of the people
tempt to use and these are ah here basically

these different devices they communicate ah
with another ah ah ah through these local

networks and it can be you know find a further
communication you can also take place over

the internet as well so depending on the requirements
either local or ah through the internet then

we have the local communication which is typically
done via bluetooth zigbee or wifi and ah so

basically this local communication is constraint
within the bounds of or within the domain

of the iot gateway so ah this is consumer
iot then ah we have the industrial iot which

is basically ah ah quite similar to the consumer
iot but ah the application ah ah uh the application

interest is in the industrial sector
so we are talking about manufacturing industries

with different machines with these machines
are fitted with different iot devices they

together become the iot device they have different
sensors and so on feature there which can

the node as a whole can communicate with other
machines and so on so this becomes the industrial

iot and ah basically there are different communication
that takes place between the different nodes

as well as different industry specific technologies
now we talk about iot gateways ah so this

is what i told you that ah in a local network
you have this locally unique addresses ah

and that are they are ah within that local
area network iot network and so ah ah

so these local addresses basically they take
care of ah ah the addressing of the ah the

different nodes now so what are these gateways
doing so the gateways basically take care

of the addressing but then ah in this is what
the gateway structure looks like so this is

ah what ah is here so we have the local network
on one side of the gateway we have the global

network on the other side of the gateway and
this is where the the gateway this is how

the gateway looks like so the gateway has
ah and functions different tasks such as switching

ah routing protocol conversion firewall and
vpn services security as a whole and processing

so this is what a gateway does and the gateway
with the local network and the global network

communicate via the wired or wireless channels
ah and so on so this is how the iot gateways

function different associated technologies
of iot ah involving big data cloud smart grid

internet of vehicles ah that means you know
different vehicles on the road ah ah are fitted

with different iot devices which can communicate
with one another and different intelligence

about the route traffic conditions about the
offering different ah road side services ah

ah can be make possible with the help of internet
of vehicles then we have the machine to machine

communication where one machine talks to another
without any human intervention

we have telemedicine ah offering ah you know
offering health care services to the demote

hospitals demote health care centers and so
on ah cps server physical systems we have

three g four g five g we have ah sdn ah and
so on so these are the different associated

technologies which together ah make ah ah
ah iot which together are used to ah deliver

iot solutions now you know if we try to to
make a side by side comparison between ah

the iot stack and web stack we will see that
more or less the application layers remain

the same for both iot as well as the as well
as the web so conceptually these application

layers these different layers communication
layers and application layers that communication

layers remaining the same between iot and
web but what is different is that we have

a new set of protocols that are used over
here so the new set of protocols and additionally

in iot unlike in the case of web things such
as different types of management management

of the network management of the power management
of different other resources these are all

additionally taken care of in the iot node
ah in the iot stack ah which is not available

in the case of the web and this is very much
required because you know in the case of iot

we are talking about heavily resource constraint
nodes and this heavily resource constraint

nodes basically required management network
management in terms of energy in terms of

processing in terms of data and so on and
so forth

so there are different key technologies that
basically help iot survive we have the future

internet knowledge aggregation yeah obtain
through data assignation data data collection

processing and ah analysis then we have the
different standards we have the sensor networks

we have the communication we have cloud computing
we have discovery services nanoelectronics

embedded systems software system integration
and last but not the least what is over here

on top is the security on privacy issues so
security on privacy issues are per amount

in iot because there are heavy concerns ah
because you know we are dealing with resource

constraint nodes with communication constraints
bandwidth constraints processing constraints

energy constraints and so on so these nodes
become very much valuably valuable to different

type of attacks different types of security
breaches and also because iot systems are

very much detail intensive there is lot of
information that frozen through the network

as a consequence of which the privacy of the
individuals of the organizations might be

at stack so security and privacy and trust
also which is not mentioned over here these

are very much important ah to power iot technologies
there are different types of challenges securities

scalability energy efficiency bandwidth management
interfacing interoperability

so when we are talking about interfacing it
is typically we are referring to device interfacing

so different you know one device ah talking
to another device may be these devices do

not belong to the same vender they are not
running the same stack they are not following

the same standard and so on so then comes
consequently then comes the interoperability

issue how to make these devices talk to one
another how the different protocols the different

devices the different algorithms they are
going to hand shake with one another so like

this this is another challenge which is typical
of iot implementations then we have data storage

an analytics and complexity management with
tools such as sdn so asdn basically helps

in ah addressing the com ah the complexity
of ah systems by decupling ah the control

plane from the detect plane of the networks
different considerations and they are for

building iot one is that will to have a straight
network architecture which can be used by

different iot implementations so there has
to be a governing network architecture number

two hardware requirements and cost are important
ah you know what type of communication hardware

are going to be used ah and different devices
in the costs that are involved and due to

the presence of numerous applications of iot
enabled devices a single networking platform

may not be sufficient to address and the needs
of the consumer or the iot device

so this is another the third consideration
that has to be taken into ah ah account while

building the iot systems then we have the
complexity of the networks ah you know if

the number of nodes in the network increases
then whether the in the solution because if

the system is going to be ah ah you know sustainable
whether it can be scaled up or not ah then

we have the interface among ah interference
among the different devices this is very watch

in vital in ah in any network interference
is ah a crucial issue and particularly iot

networks involve lot of large number of typically
densely deployed nodes and these nodes because

the at you know typically ah wireless power
ah by wifi or bluetooth or zigbee and so on

so interference between these different ah
ah communication between these different nodes

that at the ah corresponding radios and so
on is possible so how do you handle it network

management as a whole as i was tell in earlier
involving ah you know energy management involving

computation management involving communication
management involving service management and

infrastructure management and so on so network
management as a whole then heterogeneity in

the networks heterogeneity in terms of the
devices standards the protocols the algorithms

and so on so how do you handle
because iot devices unlike traditional internet

iot networks come in different ah you know
come from different venders different devices

coming from different venders different devices
using different algorithms these different

protocols being used and so on so so all these
ah basically invite ah dealing with the issue

of heterogeneity lot of heterogeneity is involves
so how heterogeneity is taken care of and

protocol organization and standardization
so ah within the network so how the different

protocols can be standardized ah so that a
device running one protocol can talk to another

device and so on the different wireless networks
are used issues such as traffic management

load management ah then variations in the
different wireless network forms for example

wireless [pa/personal] personal area network
w turn versus wireless body area network interoperability

i have already mentioned just a while back
then network management and overlay network

so ah ah so basically you know the overlay
network takes care of some kind of a virtualization

of the physical devices on you know so ah
and and one type of this physical virtual

devices and the networks and overlay is created
this is basically the overlay network

scalability in involving flexibility within
the internet ah then integration of different

iot devices there are many manufactured using
different standards may be in the using different

ah you know vender specific ah ah protocols
ah so iot integration ah is ah a very complex

issue ah which basically dictates the scalability
of the system large scale deployment issues

ah and real time connectivity of billion centurions
of devices with this we come to an end of

ah this lecture on ah ah on the basics of
iot networking ah um ah but this is just a

first part we are going to cover ah many other
ah issues involving ah the networking aspects

of iot in the subsequent lectures and from
ah there we can understand from this subsequent

lectures we can understand how forming an
iot is very complex what are the different

protocols individual protocols that are how
they are did may not be a single isolated

or or a single ah thread head let us say ah
um ah one protocol ah for iot as a whole but

there as all these individual protocols settled
there so how that can be taken care of and

for how can architecture be sent up between
these different iot devices manufactured by

different venders so these like this actually
there are different complexities that i have

involved so we have really talk about that
in the subsequent lectures

thank you