[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.69,0:00:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was only nine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.99,0:00:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my grandfather first described to me\Nthe horrors he witnessed six years earlier
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.94,0:00:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when human stampedes killed 39 people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.87,0:00:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our hometown of Nashik, India.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.46,0:00:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was during the 2003 Nashik Kumbh Mela,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.77,0:00:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the world's largest\Nreligious gatherings.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.21,0:00:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every 12 years,\Nover 30 million Hindu worshippers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.97,0:00:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,descend upon our city --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.57,0:00:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is built\Nonly for 1.5 million people --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.43,0:00:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stay for 45 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.60,0:00:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main purpose\Nis to wash away all their sins
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.70,0:00:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by bathing in the river Godavari.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.81,0:00:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And stampedes may easily happen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.07,0:00:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a high-density crowd\Nmoves at a slow pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apart from Nashik, this event happens\Nin three other places in India,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.34,0:00:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with varying frequency,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.08,0:00:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and between 2001 and 2014,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.87,0:00:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 2,400 lives have been lost\Nin stampedes at these events.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.36,0:00:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What saddened me the most
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.24,0:01:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is seeing people around me\Nresigning to the city's fate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.78,0:01:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in witnessing the seemingly\Ninevitable deaths of dozens
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.63,0:01:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at every Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.45,0:01:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sought to change this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.90,0:01:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I thought, why can't I try\Nto find a solution to this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.90,0:01:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I knew it is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.70,0:01:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having learned coding at an early age\Nand being a maker,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.18,0:01:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I considered the wild idea --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.87,0:01:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.08,0:01:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Makers always find a way]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.49,0:01:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I considered the wild idea\Nof building a system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.58,0:01:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would help regulate\Nthe flow of people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.06,0:01:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it in the next Kumbh Mela in 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.08,0:01:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have fewer stampedes\Nand, hopefully, fewer deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.18,0:01:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed like a mission impossible,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.67,0:01:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dream too big,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.46,0:01:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for a 15-year-old,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.67,0:01:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet that dream came true in 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.23,0:01:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when not only did we succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.95,0:01:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reducing the stampedes\Nand their intensity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.92,0:01:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we marked 2015
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.13,0:01:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the first Nashik Kumbh Mela\Nto have zero stampedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.60,0:02:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.96,0:02:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the first time in recorded history
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.47,0:02:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this event\Npassed without any casualties.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.89,0:02:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.62,0:02:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started when I joined\Nan innovation workshop
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.68,0:02:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by MIT Media Lab in 2014
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.38,0:02:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Kumbhathon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.37,0:02:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that aimed at solving challenges\Nfaced at the grand scale of Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.78,0:02:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we figured out to solve\Nthe stampede problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.32,0:02:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wanted to know only three things:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.50,0:02:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of people, the location,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.27,0:02:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rate of the flow\Nof people per minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.24,0:02:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started to look for technologies\Nthat would help us get these three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.09,0:02:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we distribute radio-frequency tokens\Nto identify people?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.37,0:02:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We figured out that it would\Nbe too expensive and impractical
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.81,0:02:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distribute 30 million tags.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.54,0:02:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you use CCTV cameras\Nwith image-processing techniques?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.95,0:02:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, too expensive for that scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.02,0:03:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with the disadvantages\Nof being non-portable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.92,0:03:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being completely useless\Nin the case of rain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.76,0:03:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a common thing\Nto happen in Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.12,0:03:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we use cell phone tower data?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.81,0:03:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like the perfect solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.30,0:03:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the funny part is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.09,0:03:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the people\Ndo not carry cell phones
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.86,0:03:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in events like Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.89,0:03:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, the data wouldn't have been\Ngranular enough for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.62,0:03:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted something that was real-time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.10,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-cost, sturdy and waterproof,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.44,0:03:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was easy to get\Nthe data for processing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.67,0:03:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we built Ashioto,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.05,0:03:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning "footstep" in Japanese,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.16,0:03:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it consists of a portable mat\Nwhich has pressure sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.37,0:03:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can count the number\Nof people walking on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.88,0:03:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sends the data over the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.34,0:03:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the advanced data analysis\Nsoftware we created.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.48,0:03:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The possible errors,\Nlike overcounting or double-stepping,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.80,0:03:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were overcome using design interventions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.80,0:04:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The optimum breadth of the mat\Nwas determined to be 18 inches,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.35,0:04:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after we tested many different versions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.62,0:04:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and observed the average\Nstride length of a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.11,0:04:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, people might step\Nover the sensor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.04,0:04:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started with a proof of concept\Nbuilt in three days,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.64,0:04:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made out of cardboard and aluminum foil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.53,0:04:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.56,0:04:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It worked, for real.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.96,0:04:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We built another one\Nwith aluminum composite panels
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.67,0:04:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and piezoelectric plates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.33,0:04:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are plates that generate a small\Npulse of electricity under pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.96,0:04:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tested this at 30 different\Npilots in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.25,0:04:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in crowded restaurants,\Nin malls, in temples, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.100,0:04:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how people reacted.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.72,0:04:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people let us run these pilots
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.77,0:04:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were excited to see localites\Nwork on problems for the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was 15 and my team members\Nwere in their early 20s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.74,0:04:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the sensors were colored,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.25,0:04:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would get scared\Nand would ask us questions like,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.12,0:04:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Will I get electrocuted\Nif I step on this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.35,0:05:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.37,0:05:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, if it was very obvious that it was\Nan electronic sensor on the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.77,0:05:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would just jump over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.28,0:05:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.38,0:05:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we decided to design\Na cover for the sensor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.47,0:05:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that people don't have to worry\Nwhat it is on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.55,0:05:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after some experimentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.55,0:05:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided to use an industrial sensor,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.39,0:05:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used as a safety trigger\Nin hazardous areas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.38,0:05:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the sensor,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.56,0:05:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a black neoprene rubber sheet
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.66,0:05:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the cover.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.37,0:05:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, another added benefit\Nof using black rubber
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.22,0:05:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that dust naturally\Naccumulates over the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.87,0:05:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually camouflaging it\Nwith the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.54,0:05:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also had to make sure that the sensor\Nis no higher than 12 millimeters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.21,0:05:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, people might trip over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.46,0:05:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in itself would cause stampedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.79,0:05:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.60,0:05:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't want that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.99,0:05:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.80,0:05:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we were able to design a sensor\Nwhich was only 10 millimeters thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.47,0:05:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the data is sent\Nto the server in real time,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.73,0:06:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a heat map is plotted,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.40,0:06:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking into account\Nall the active devices on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.77,0:06:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The authorities could be alerted\Nif the crowd movement slowed down
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.08,0:06:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if the crowd density\Nmoved beyond a desired threshold.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.99,0:06:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We installed five of these mats\Nin the Nashik Kumbh Mela 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.01,0:06:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and counted over half a million people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.42,0:06:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 18 hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.13,0:06:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensuring that the data was available\Nin real time at various checkpoints,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.53,0:06:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensuring a safe flow of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.43,0:06:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this system, eventually,\Nwith other innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.90,0:06:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what helped prevent stampedes\Naltogether at that festival.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.58,0:06:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The code used by Ashioto during Kumbh Mela
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.48,0:06:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will soon be made publicly available,\Nfree to use for anyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.92,0:06:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would be glad if someone used this code
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.92,0:06:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make many more gatherings safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.88,0:06:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having succeeded at Kumbh Mela
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.83,0:06:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has inspired me to help others\Nwho may also suffer from stampedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.76,0:06:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The design of the system\Nmakes it adaptable
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.60,0:06:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pretty much any event
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.62,0:07:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that involves an organized\Ngathering of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.44,0:07:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my new dream is to improve,\Nadapt and deploy the system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.77,0:07:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the world to prevent loss of life\Nand ensure a safe flow of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.26,0:07:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every human soul is precious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.07,0:07:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether at concerts or sporting events,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.48,0:07:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.39,0:07:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hajj in Mecca,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.86,0:07:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Shia procession to Karbala
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.78,0:07:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at the Vatican City.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.89,0:07:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you all think, can we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.79,0:07:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience) Yes!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.97,0:07:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.14,0:07:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Cheers)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.17,0:07:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)