[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.87,0:00:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was only nine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.17,0:00:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my grandfather first described to me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.38,0:00:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the horrors he witnessed six years earlier
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.12,0:00:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when human stampedes killed 39 people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.99,0:00:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our hometown of Nashik, India.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.74,0:00:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was during the 2003 Nashik Kumbh Mela,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.95,0:00:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the world's largest\Nreligious gatherings.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.45,0:00:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every 12 years, over 30 million\NHindu worshippers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.78,0:00:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,descend upon our city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.67,0:00:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is built only\Nfor 1.5 million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.56,0:00:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stay for 45 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.66,0:00:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main purpose is\Nto wash away all their sins
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.71,0:00:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bathing in the river Godavari,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.89,0:00:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stampedes can easily happen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.25,0:00:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a high-density crowd\Nmoves at a slow pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.23,0:00:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apart from Nashik, this event happens\Nin three other places in India
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.47,0:00:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with varying frequency,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.26,0:00:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and between 2001 and 2014,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.74,0:00:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 2,400 lives have been lost
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.87,0:00:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in stampedes at these events.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.58,0:00:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What saddened me the most
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.52,0:01:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is seeing people around me\Nresigning to the city's fate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.67,0:01:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in witnessing the seemingly\Ninevitable deaths of dozens
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.41,0:01:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at every Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.52,0:01:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sought to change this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.17,0:01:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I thought, why can't I try\Nto find a solution to this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.45,0:01:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I knew it is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.96,0:01:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having learned coding at an early age
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.64,0:01:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being a maker,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.12,0:01:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I considered the wild idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.81,0:01:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.74,0:01:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I considered the wild idea\Nof building a system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.08,0:01:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would help regulate\Nthe flow of people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.35,0:01:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it in the next Kumbh Mela in 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.26,0:01:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have fewer stampedes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.09,0:01:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopefully fewer deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.46,0:01:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed like a mission impossible,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.88,0:01:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dream too big,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.75,0:01:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for a 15-year old,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.76,0:01:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet that dream came through in 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.92,0:01:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when not only did we succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.76,0:01:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reducing the stampedes\Nand their intensity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.53,0:01:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we marked 2015
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.31,0:01:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the first Nashik Kumbh Mela
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.53,0:01:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have zero stampedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.85,0:02:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.17,0:02:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the first time in recorded history
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.65,0:02:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this event passed\Nwithout any casualties.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.77,0:02:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.80,0:02:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started when I joined\Nan innovation workshop
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.69,0:02:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by MIT Media Lab in 2014
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.70,0:02:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Kumbhathon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.49,0:02:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that aimed at solving challenging\Nfaced at the grand scale of Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.84,0:02:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we figured out to solve\Nthe stampede problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.57,0:02:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wanted to know only three things:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.40,0:02:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of people, the location,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.07,0:02:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rate of people per minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.74,0:02:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started to look for technologies\Nthat would help us get these three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.89,0:02:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we distribute radio frequency tokens
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.60,0:02:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to identify people?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.60,0:02:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We figured out that it would\Nbe too expensive and impractical
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.02,0:02:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distribute 30 million tags.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.49,0:02:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you use CCTV cameras\Nwith image-processing techniques?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.13,0:03:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, too expensive for that scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.17,0:03:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with the disadvantages\Nof being non-portable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.10,0:03:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being completely useless
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.78,0:03:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the case of rain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.100,0:03:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a common thing\Nto happen in Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.30,0:03:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we use cell phone tower data?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.07,0:03:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like the perfect solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.53,0:03:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the funny part is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.06,0:03:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the people\Ndo not carry cell phones
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.61,0:03:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in events like Kumbh Mela.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.02,0:03:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, the data wouldn't have been\Ngranular enough for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.64,0:03:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted something that was real-time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.12,0:03:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-cost, sturdy and waterproof,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.44,0:03:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was easy to get\Nthe data for processing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.52,0:03:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we built Ashioto,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.01,0:03:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning "footstep" in Japanese,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.40,0:03:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it consists of a portable mat
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.29,0:03:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has pressure sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.55,0:03:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can count the number\Nof people walking on it
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.96,0:03:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sends the data over the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.85,0:03:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the advance data analysis\Nsoftware we created.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.47,0:03:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The possible errors,\Nlike overcounting or double-stepping,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.92,0:03:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were overcome using design interventions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.18,0:04:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The optimum breadth of the mat\Nwas determined to be 18 inches,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.56,0:04:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after we tested many different versions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.61,0:04:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and observed the average\Nstride length of a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.17,0:04:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, people might step\Nover the sensor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.27,0:04:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started with a proof of concept\Nbuilt in three days
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.79,0:04:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made out of cardboard and aluminum foil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.92,0:04:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It worked for real.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.96,0:04:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We built another one\Nwith aluminum composite panels
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.83,0:04:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and piezoelectric plates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.51,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are plates that generate a small\Npulse of electricity under pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.68,0:04:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tested this at 30\Ndifferent pilots in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.38,0:04:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in crowded restaurants,\Nin malls, in temples, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.50,0:04:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how people reacted.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.05,0:04:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people let us run these pilots
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.68,0:04:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were excited to see locals\Nwork on problems for the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.89,0:04:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was 15 and my team members\Nwere in their early 20s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.42,0:04:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the sensors were colored,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.25,0:04:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would get scared\Nand would ask us questions like,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.38,0:05:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Will I get electrocuted\Nif I step on this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.30,0:05:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, if it was very obvious that it was\Nan electronic sensor on the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.95,0:05:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would just jump over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.38,0:05:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we decided to design\Na cover for the sensor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.59,0:05:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that people don't have to worry\Nwhat it is on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.79,0:05:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after some experimentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.61,0:05:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided to use an industrial sensor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.28,0:05:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used a safety trigger\Nin hazardous areas as the sensor,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.39,0:05:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we black neoprene rubber sheet
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.84,0:05:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the cover.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.63,0:05:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, another added benefit\Nof using black rubber
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.47,0:05:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that dust naturally\Naccumulates over the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.12,0:05:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually camouflaging it\Nwith the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.77,0:05:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also had to make sure that the sensor\Nis no higher than 12 millimeters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.90,0:05:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, people might trip over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.60,0:05:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in itself would cause stampedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.20,0:05:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.97,0:05:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't want that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.69,0:05:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we were able to design a sensor\Nwhich was only 10 millimeters thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.70,0:05:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the data is sent\Nto the server in real time,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.96,0:06:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a heat map is plotted,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.44,0:06:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking into account all\Nthe active devices on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.62,0:06:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The authorities could be alerted\Nif the crowd movement slowed down
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.03,0:06:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if the crowd density moved\Nbeyond a desired threshold.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.23,0:06:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We installed five of these mats
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.56,0:06:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Nashik Kumbh Mela 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.100,0:06:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and counted over half a million people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.60,0:06:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 18 hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.38,0:06:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensuring that the data was available\Nin realtime at various checkpoints,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.78,0:06:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensuring a safe flow of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.68,0:06:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this system, eventually,\Nwith other innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.01,0:06:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what helped prevent stampedes\Naltogether at that festival.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.91,0:06:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The code used by Ashioto during Kumbh Mela
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.61,0:06:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will soon be made publicly available\Nfree to use for anyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.80,0:06:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would be glad if someone used this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.74,0:06:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the code, to make\Nmany more gatherings safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.98,0:06:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having succeeded at Kumbh Mela
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.23,0:06:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has inspired me to help others\Nwho may also suffer from stampedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.03,0:06:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The design of the system\Nmakes it adaptable
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.76,0:06:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pretty much any event
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.80,0:07:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that involves an organized\Ngathering of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.62,0:07:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my new dream is to improve,\Nadapt, and deploy the system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.01,0:07:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the world to prevent loss of life\Nand ensure a safe flow of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.26,0:07:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every human soul is precious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.34,0:07:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether at concerts or sporting events,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.75,0:07:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.66,0:07:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hajj in Mecca,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.04,0:07:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Shia procession to Karbala,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.84,0:07:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at the Vatican City.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.93,0:07:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you all think, can we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.28,0:07:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Cheers)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.41,0:07:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)