1 00:00:01,569 --> 00:00:04,061 - [Voiceover] Discrimination is differential treatment 2 00:00:04,061 --> 00:00:05,939 and harmful actions against minorities, 3 00:00:05,939 --> 00:00:08,926 the key word here being actions. 4 00:00:08,926 --> 00:00:09,994 And discrimination can be based 5 00:00:09,994 --> 00:00:13,846 on a ton of different factors including race, age, religion, 6 00:00:13,846 --> 00:00:15,723 and the list goes on and on. 7 00:00:15,723 --> 00:00:18,442 And discrimination can occur at the individual level, 8 00:00:18,442 --> 00:00:20,772 but it can also happen at an organizational 9 00:00:20,772 --> 00:00:22,487 or institutional level. 10 00:00:22,487 --> 00:00:25,256 So, first, let's take a look at an example 11 00:00:25,256 --> 00:00:28,120 of individual discrimination. 12 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:29,811 So for individual discrimination you can say 13 00:00:29,811 --> 00:00:32,110 that this is a science professor, for example, 14 00:00:32,110 --> 00:00:33,329 and he does not like women 15 00:00:33,329 --> 00:00:36,266 so he will not let them in his class no matter what. 16 00:00:36,266 --> 00:00:39,128 And that's how he is. 17 00:00:39,128 --> 00:00:40,797 He says, "Hey, no women are allowed 18 00:00:40,797 --> 00:00:41,973 "to learn physics in my class." 19 00:00:41,973 --> 00:00:44,921 So because he is an individual person and he's acting 20 00:00:44,921 --> 00:00:48,184 against a certain type of people based on sex in this case, 21 00:00:48,184 --> 00:00:51,311 but it could have been on age, race, religion, whatever, 22 00:00:51,311 --> 00:00:52,755 that is individual discrimination. 23 00:00:52,755 --> 00:00:54,241 So he is taking action. 24 00:00:54,241 --> 00:00:56,366 It's him, one person. 25 00:00:56,366 --> 00:00:59,724 On the other hand, we have institutional discrimination. 26 00:00:59,724 --> 00:01:02,080 So institutional discrimination is really just 27 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:03,995 an organization discriminating. 28 00:01:03,995 --> 00:01:05,373 It's not an individual anymore. 29 00:01:05,373 --> 00:01:08,329 So this can include governments, banks, schools, 30 00:01:08,329 --> 00:01:09,891 any sort of organization. 31 00:01:09,891 --> 00:01:12,839 So the example we'll look at is Brown v. Board of Education, 32 00:01:12,839 --> 00:01:16,171 and this was a landmark court case in 1954. 33 00:01:16,171 --> 00:01:18,691 And in this court case, it overturned the fact that 34 00:01:18,691 --> 00:01:20,904 there used to be separate but equal schools. 35 00:01:20,904 --> 00:01:22,588 So African-Americans and whites 36 00:01:22,588 --> 00:01:24,608 had to go to different schools. 37 00:01:24,608 --> 00:01:26,012 Well, this in fact wasn't the case 38 00:01:26,012 --> 00:01:27,487 and that's what Brown was saying. 39 00:01:27,487 --> 00:01:29,344 He was saying, "Hey, even though you're saying 40 00:01:29,344 --> 00:01:31,469 "there are these separate but equal schools, 41 00:01:31,469 --> 00:01:34,150 "that actually is not true. We're having much more 42 00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:36,952 "inferior service to you, and we also aren't 43 00:01:36,952 --> 00:01:40,563 "receiving the same education, and we're being mistreated." 44 00:01:40,563 --> 00:01:44,076 So that is what institutional discrimination is, 45 00:01:44,076 --> 00:01:46,637 and it can be done through a couple different ways. 46 00:01:46,637 --> 00:01:48,561 And a couple types that we'll talk about 47 00:01:48,561 --> 00:01:51,053 are intentional and unintentional. 48 00:01:51,053 --> 00:01:54,275 And this is a law so this intentional, our example. 49 00:01:54,275 --> 00:01:57,241 And let's look at a couple examples of how institutional 50 00:01:57,241 --> 00:02:00,526 and organizational policies can actually 51 00:02:00,526 --> 00:02:02,074 discriminate unintentionally. 52 00:02:02,074 --> 00:02:03,584 So, first, we'll look at something called 53 00:02:03,584 --> 00:02:06,718 side-effect discrimination, and side-effect discrimination 54 00:02:06,718 --> 00:02:08,598 is an interesting thing because it talks about 55 00:02:08,598 --> 00:02:12,104 how one institution or organization or sort of sector 56 00:02:12,104 --> 00:02:14,690 can influence another negatively. 57 00:02:14,690 --> 00:02:17,411 So there's many institutions if we think about it. 58 00:02:17,411 --> 00:02:19,396 There's economics. 59 00:02:19,396 --> 00:02:24,126 There's politics, government, law, business, medicine. 60 00:02:24,126 --> 00:02:27,197 We have all sorts, and they all are interdependent 61 00:02:27,197 --> 00:02:29,032 and related in some way. 62 00:02:29,032 --> 00:02:31,435 And that is what side-effect discrimination is saying. 63 00:02:31,435 --> 00:02:35,835 So if one area is sort of discriminating or doing something, 64 00:02:35,835 --> 00:02:37,136 it can affect another. 65 00:02:37,136 --> 00:02:38,428 So let's take a look at this example. 66 00:02:38,428 --> 00:02:40,073 So let's say in a small town it seems 67 00:02:40,073 --> 00:02:41,944 that an African-American man has never gotten 68 00:02:41,944 --> 00:02:43,451 a non-guilty verdict. 69 00:02:43,451 --> 00:02:46,551 So many minorities plead guilty to a lesser charge 70 00:02:46,551 --> 00:02:48,095 even though they may have been innocent, 71 00:02:48,095 --> 00:02:50,260 and they didn't think they could get off on a fair verdict 72 00:02:50,260 --> 00:02:52,593 in this city so they just took the lesser crime. 73 00:02:52,593 --> 00:02:53,520 Well, let's fast forward. 74 00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:55,528 They're trying to apply to a job now, 75 00:02:55,528 --> 00:02:57,665 and while applying to the job their criminal record 76 00:02:57,665 --> 00:03:00,831 comes up and the employer he has nothing. 77 00:03:00,831 --> 00:03:02,905 He just uses the information about the applicant's 78 00:03:02,905 --> 00:03:05,947 criminal record, and they don't intend to discriminate 79 00:03:05,947 --> 00:03:07,166 by any means. 80 00:03:07,166 --> 00:03:09,906 There's no ill will, but they end up doing so 81 00:03:09,906 --> 00:03:12,492 whether or not the individual was guilty or not, 82 00:03:12,492 --> 00:03:14,353 and this is side-effect discrimination. 83 00:03:14,353 --> 00:03:15,862 So it's unintentional. 84 00:03:15,862 --> 00:03:18,985 So by the criminal justice system having reached 85 00:03:18,985 --> 00:03:21,840 an unjust verdict, it wasn't fair at all, 86 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:24,567 the potential employer is swayed in an unfair way. 87 00:03:24,567 --> 00:03:26,343 So that's side-effect discrimination, 88 00:03:26,343 --> 00:03:28,316 one institution affecting another. 89 00:03:28,316 --> 00:03:31,164 So a second way unintentional discrimination can occur 90 00:03:31,164 --> 00:03:35,116 is through something called past-in-present discrimination. 91 00:03:35,116 --> 00:03:38,332 And past-in-present discrimination talks about how things 92 00:03:38,332 --> 00:03:41,027 that were done in the past, even though they may no longer 93 00:03:41,027 --> 00:03:43,543 be allowed, they can have consequences 94 00:03:43,543 --> 00:03:44,943 for people in the present. 95 00:03:44,943 --> 00:03:47,258 An example would be Brown v. Board of Education. 96 00:03:47,258 --> 00:03:50,068 Before this verdict, African-Americans and white people 97 00:03:50,068 --> 00:03:52,076 had to attend different schools. 98 00:03:52,076 --> 00:03:54,468 So just after the decision, let's say that there's a girl 99 00:03:54,468 --> 00:03:56,232 and she wants to go to an integrated school now 100 00:03:56,232 --> 00:04:01,020 with white kids and black kids both in the same classroom 101 00:04:01,020 --> 00:04:04,343 but now she's clearly not, she doesn't feel welcome. 102 00:04:04,343 --> 00:04:05,749 She still feels mistreated, 103 00:04:05,749 --> 00:04:08,466 and it's still not going well for her 104 00:04:08,466 --> 00:04:10,588 so that's past-in-present discrimination. 105 00:04:10,588 --> 00:04:12,144 That's a negative attitude from the past 106 00:04:12,144 --> 00:04:14,803 coming forward to the present, and it causes a minority 107 00:04:14,803 --> 00:04:16,649 to be discriminated against unfairly.