1 00:00:04,488 --> 00:00:05,626 Χμμμ. 2 00:00:05,626 --> 00:00:07,451 Με συγχωρείτε. 3 00:00:07,451 --> 00:00:09,226 Συγγνώμη. 4 00:00:09,226 --> 00:00:11,573 Όχι,όχι,όχι. Όχι εκεί πάνω. 5 00:00:11,573 --> 00:00:13,430 I'm down here. 6 00:00:13,430 --> 00:00:15,293 Yup. 7 00:00:15,293 --> 00:00:16,646 Hello! 8 00:00:16,646 --> 00:00:21,870 I am a scientist. And I've come to improve your situation just a bit. 9 00:00:21,870 --> 00:00:26,128 See that fire over there? 10 00:00:26,128 --> 00:00:31,408 Have you ever really wondered what the flames are from that fire? I mean look at all of those colors. 11 00:00:31,408 --> 00:00:34,148 And you feel that heat. It's hot, right? 12 00:00:34,148 --> 00:00:38,373 Well gee, it must be torture being around all these flames and not knowing what they are. 13 00:00:38,373 --> 00:00:40,269 Here, take a look at this cupcake. 14 00:00:40,269 --> 00:00:43,315 You see a flame on top of this delicious looking cupcake? 15 00:00:43,315 --> 00:00:45,172 You do like cupcakes, don't you? 16 00:00:45,172 --> 00:00:46,814 Let's take a closer look, shall we? 17 00:00:46,814 --> 00:00:48,775 Fantastic! 18 00:00:48,775 --> 00:00:55,240 If we look at the flame on top of this cupcake, we first notice a few things, like all the colors 19 00:00:55,240 --> 00:00:58,600 At the bottom, we have this blue-ish color. 20 00:00:58,642 --> 00:01:01,326 On the top, it's more yellow, orange, redish. 21 00:01:01,326 --> 00:01:02,764 Also the flame is hot. 22 00:01:02,764 --> 00:01:05,037 Why is it so flaming hot? 23 00:01:05,037 --> 00:01:09,124 Well, to answer these questions, you need to know something very important. 24 00:01:09,124 --> 00:01:11,298 You see everything is made up of tiny things 25 00:01:11,298 --> 00:01:13,700 called atoms. And these things are the building 26 00:01:13,700 --> 00:01:16,202 blocks that make up everything! 27 00:01:16,202 --> 00:01:17,739 And they're really small. 28 00:01:17,739 --> 00:01:19,083 Smaller. 29 00:01:19,083 --> 00:01:20,715 Smaller! 30 00:01:20,715 --> 00:01:22,185 Even smaller! 31 00:01:22,185 --> 00:01:24,152 Hey, look, you can't even see 32 00:01:24,152 --> 00:01:25,910 them, they're so small. 33 00:01:25,910 --> 00:01:27,177 Exactly! 34 00:01:27,177 --> 00:01:29,946 Anything you can think of is made up of atoms. 35 00:01:30,484 --> 00:01:34,492 Yup, this air condition is made up of atoms. 36 00:01:34,492 --> 00:01:36,722 This delicious popsicle is made up of atoms. 37 00:01:36,722 --> 00:01:39,531 This ice water is made up of atoms. 38 00:01:39,531 --> 00:01:42,804 Everything is made up of billions and billions of atoms. 39 00:01:42,804 --> 00:01:46,665 Now, this candle and flame are made up of three kinds of atoms 40 00:01:46,665 --> 00:01:50,152 carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 41 00:01:50,152 --> 00:01:53,060 The carbon and the hydrogen are locked together 42 00:01:53,060 --> 00:01:54,646 to form the solid wax and wick. 43 00:01:54,646 --> 00:01:57,771 The oxygen is a gas all around us. 44 00:01:57,771 --> 00:02:01,784 Normally, the oxygen doesn't do much to the candle 45 00:02:01,784 --> 00:02:05,514 It just bounces off of the surface, not doing any real damage. 46 00:02:05,514 --> 00:02:07,948 But when we add heat, the oxygen 47 00:02:07,948 --> 00:02:09,468 atoms go bananas! 48 00:02:09,468 --> 00:02:11,704 And they shake the wax, like crazy! 49 00:02:11,704 --> 00:02:13,504 Until finally, with enough force, they snap apart. 50 00:02:13,504 --> 00:02:17,885 They leave the candle as a gas. 51 00:02:17,885 --> 00:02:20,439 where they mix with the oxygen. 52 00:02:20,439 --> 00:02:22,073 Uh oh, I smell trouble. 53 00:02:22,073 --> 00:02:25,620 Well the fancy science word for all of this is 54 00:02:25,620 --> 00:02:27,452 pyrolysis. 55 00:02:27,452 --> 00:02:29,721 It is the first thing that needs to happen to get a flame. 56 00:02:29,721 --> 00:02:33,204 It's when the fuel turns to a gas. 57 00:02:33,620 --> 00:02:36,678 Now let's see what happens when these hot gasses combine. 58 00:02:36,678 --> 00:02:39,114 Announcer: Ladies and gentlemen, in this corner 59 00:02:39,114 --> 00:02:44,263 he was once a solid, now he's a gas. He's the fuel from the West! 60 00:02:44,263 --> 00:02:48,503 And in this corner, not one, but two groups of oxygen 61 00:02:48,503 --> 00:02:49,359 Ready? 62 00:02:49,359 --> 00:02:51,563 React! 63 00:02:51,563 --> 00:02:55,536 Narrator: Any time certain atoms get hit hard enough, 64 00:02:55,536 --> 00:02:57,899 they spit out blue light. 65 00:02:58,022 --> 00:03:00,975 And because there are lots of atoms getting hit hard 66 00:03:00,975 --> 00:03:03,456 and lots of atoms spitting out blue light 67 00:03:03,456 --> 00:03:06,531 we get a blue flame. 68 00:03:06,531 --> 00:03:08,997 Here comes another science word. Ready? 69 00:03:08,997 --> 00:03:11,146 Chemiluminescence. 70 00:03:11,146 --> 00:03:12,643 I know, it's a big one. 71 00:03:12,643 --> 00:03:13,501 One more time. 72 00:03:13,501 --> 00:03:15,064 Chemiluminescence. 73 00:03:15,064 --> 00:03:16,495 It's when atoms shine light 74 00:03:16,495 --> 00:03:17,696 when they rearrange. 75 00:03:17,696 --> 00:03:19,259 It's why flames are blue 76 00:03:19,259 --> 00:03:21,513 Now the blue light is not hot. 77 00:03:21,513 --> 00:03:23,471 Wait! 78 00:03:23,471 --> 00:03:26,046 But the blue flame is really hot! 79 00:03:26,046 --> 00:03:28,569 So if the blue light is not the hot part, 80 00:03:28,569 --> 00:03:31,239 then what does make a flame so hot? 81 00:03:31,239 --> 00:03:33,924 Well, remember our fuel atom? 82 00:03:33,924 --> 00:03:35,464 and our oxygen atoms? 83 00:03:35,464 --> 00:03:37,881 They rearranged to make new stuff like water 84 00:03:37,881 --> 00:03:39,644 and carbon dioxide. 85 00:03:39,644 --> 00:03:40,967 And as they rearrange, they snap together. 86 00:03:40,967 --> 00:03:43,110 And with each 87 00:03:43,110 --> 00:03:44,026 snap 88 00:03:44,026 --> 00:03:46,982 the new thing shakes like crazy! 89 00:03:46,982 --> 00:03:49,053 So when the rearranging is done, we have 90 00:03:49,053 --> 00:03:50,505 lots of new stuff 91 00:03:50,505 --> 00:03:52,167 all shaking really fast! 92 00:03:52,167 --> 00:03:54,477 If we put something close to those raging atoms 93 00:03:54,477 --> 00:03:57,591 then those atoms begin shaking like crazy too, 94 00:03:57,591 --> 00:04:00,168 like the atoms in our fingers -- that's heat. 95 00:04:00,368 --> 00:04:03,808 This is called oxidation. 96 00:04:03,808 --> 00:04:07,522 It's when the oxygen atoms combine with other atoms to make new stuff. 97 00:04:07,522 --> 00:04:10,157 It's why flames are so hot. 98 00:04:10,157 --> 00:04:12,258 Alright then, why are most flames 99 00:04:12,258 --> 00:04:14,162 yellow, orange, red? 100 00:04:14,162 --> 00:04:16,059 Well, remember our first reaction? 101 00:04:16,059 --> 00:04:19,565 We had one group of fuel atoms and two groups of oxygen. 102 00:04:19,565 --> 00:04:21,798 They made a flame that was very hot. 103 00:04:21,798 --> 00:04:23,589 And only blue. 104 00:04:23,589 --> 00:04:26,197 But watch what happens if there's not enough oxygen 105 00:04:26,197 --> 00:04:27,681 and we take some away. 106 00:04:27,681 --> 00:04:30,407 Announcer: Ladies and gentlemen what happens when there's 107 00:04:30,407 --> 00:04:32,834 not enough oxygen? 108 00:04:32,834 --> 00:04:33,967 *audience gasp* 109 00:04:33,967 --> 00:04:37,550 Announcer: what's this? A single carbon atom left all alone! 110 00:04:37,550 --> 00:04:40,087 Narrator: It's okay, because all of his left-over carbon 111 00:04:40,087 --> 00:04:41,396 friends come to join him 112 00:04:41,396 --> 00:04:44,656 and they form large, black particles we call soot. 113 00:04:44,656 --> 00:04:46,445 Okay, they're not so large. They're so small 114 00:04:46,445 --> 00:04:48,205 we can't even see them. 115 00:04:48,205 --> 00:04:50,002 But to a single atom, they are enormouse! 116 00:04:50,002 --> 00:04:52,972 Announcer: Enormous! 117 00:04:52,972 --> 00:04:54,358 Narrator: I know what you're thinking. 118 00:04:54,358 --> 00:04:57,413 How do black particles make yellow flames? 119 00:04:57,413 --> 00:04:59,026 Well let me show you. 120 00:04:59,026 --> 00:05:00,893 But first, I need something big and black 121 00:05:00,893 --> 00:05:02,726 like this pitch fork. 122 00:05:02,726 --> 00:05:04,451 Excuse me sir, Your Evilness, 123 00:05:04,451 --> 00:05:06,552 could you please place your pitch fork in 124 00:05:06,552 --> 00:05:08,483 those scorching flames? Thank you. 125 00:05:08,483 --> 00:05:11,776 Big black objects are like sponges that soak up heat. 126 00:05:11,776 --> 00:05:13,789 They have to get rid of this energy, so they spit it out 127 00:05:13,789 --> 00:05:15,465 by glowing. 128 00:05:15,465 --> 00:05:17,847 The hotter they get, the more brightly they glow. 129 00:05:17,847 --> 00:05:21,257 Now the same thing happens with our soot particles. 130 00:05:21,257 --> 00:05:23,984 They drink in heat from all those hot atoms. 131 00:05:23,984 --> 00:05:25,056 And they glow brighter and brighter! 132 00:05:25,056 --> 00:05:28,143 Until they look like this! 133 00:05:28,143 --> 00:05:31,717 And because there are millions and millions of soot particles 134 00:05:31,717 --> 00:05:32,747 all glowing hot 135 00:05:32,747 --> 00:05:34,927 we get this yellow flame. 136 00:05:34,927 --> 00:05:35,640 Audience: ooh! 137 00:05:35,640 --> 00:05:36,973 This is called incandescence. 138 00:05:36,973 --> 00:05:39,151 It's when the soot particles glow because they're hot. 139 00:05:39,151 --> 00:05:41,631 it's the reason why flames are yellow. 140 00:05:41,631 --> 00:05:44,113 Well, that's it. That's what flames are. 141 00:05:44,113 --> 00:05:46,598 I mean, who knew cupcakes could be so much fun. 142 00:05:46,598 --> 00:05:49,101 Remember, first the fuel loses mass and turns into a gas. 143 00:05:49,101 --> 00:05:53,253 Before the next change is through, atoms shine blue. 144 00:05:53,253 --> 00:05:56,208 When the process is complete, it gives off heat. 145 00:05:56,208 --> 00:05:59,440 Extra carbon will grow red, orange, and yellow. 146 00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:01,697 Hey, those are just like the lyrics from that 147 00:06:01,697 --> 00:06:04,664 really awesome song about flames. 148 00:06:04,664 --> 00:06:06,792 You know, the one that goes: 149 00:06:06,792 --> 00:06:08,634 The fuel loses mass 150 00:06:08,634 --> 00:06:10,309 it turns to gas. 151 00:06:10,309 --> 00:06:12,302 Before the next change is through 152 00:06:12,302 --> 00:06:14,640 some atoms shine blue. 153 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:16,436 When the process is complete 154 00:06:16,436 --> 00:06:18,560 it gives off heat. 155 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:20,377 Extra carbon will glow 156 00:06:20,377 --> 00:06:22,408 red, orange, yellow. 157 00:06:22,408 --> 00:06:24,142 The fuel loses mass 158 00:06:24,142 --> 00:06:26,387 it turns to a gas 159 00:06:26,387 --> 00:06:28,186 Before the next change is through 160 00:06:28,186 --> 00:06:30,219 some atoms turn blue. 161 00:06:30,219 --> 00:06:31,488 When the process is complete 162 00:06:31,488 --> 00:06:34,840 it gives off heat. 163 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:36,179 Extra carbon will glow 164 00:06:36,179 --> 00:06:38,435 red, orange, yellow. 165 00:06:38,435 --> 00:06:39,964 *chorus repeats* 166 00:06:39,964 --> 00:06:43,678 vocal backing: Pyrolysis 167 00:06:43,678 --> 00:06:47,600 Chemiluminescence 168 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:51,486 Oxidation 169 00:06:51,486 --> 00:06:54,795 Incandescence 170 00:06:54,795 --> 00:07:15,151 repeat 171 00:07:15,151 --> 00:07:19,067 *song finishes* 172 00:07:19,067 --> 99:59:59,999 *credits song*