WEBVTT 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: "Ancient Aliens" is an American 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 television series which premiered on April 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 20th, 2010 on the History Channel. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The program presents the so-called 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "ancient astronaut" theory which is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the idea that extraterrestrials 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 visited the Earth in the ancient past 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and that historical texts, archaeological 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 records, and various legends contain 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 evidence of this contact. I used to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 believe that the ancient astronaut theory 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was true. I spent years learning about it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 from the popular authors, from video 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 presentations and radio shows. I was an 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 enthusiastic promoter of this idea to my 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 friends and family. Although I no longer 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 feel that way, I want you to know that I 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have no personal reasons to reject 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this theory. My current worldview could 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 easily accommodate the existence 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of extraterrestrials. I hope you will come 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 away from this film, even if you disagree 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with it, saying that I fairly reviewed the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 claims of "Ancient Aliens" without bias 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and with respect. I hope to show you that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this is not a matter of "Ancient Aliens" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 getting a few details wrong here and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there, and their main premise remaining 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 true. That is not an option in my opinion. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I hope to demonstrate to you, that they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are wrong not on some, but on every single 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 point where they assert an ancient 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 astronaut theory to explain evidence and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that often, they are using deceptive means 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to do this and sometimes even fabricating 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 evidence to make their points, as we will 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 see. I would also like the viewer to know 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that unlike many skeptics of the ancient 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 astronaut theory, I actually concede that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 something out of the ordinary could have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 occurred in the ancient past, and that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there are certain consistent themes in 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ancient mythologies and the like that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 require good explanations, but I think 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that you will quickly see that the ancient 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 astronaut theories do not explain this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 evidence. You will notice a number that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 appears periodically on the bottom right- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hand corner of the screen throughout this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 film. This number will appear when I am 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 making a claim that requires a reference 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in order to back it up, and it will 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 correspond to a number on the companion 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 website, AncientAliensDebunked.com. This 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 film is divided into three main sections, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and each topic can be viewed independently 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 at the website, if you choose. I will 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 occasionally be joined by commentary from 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Dr. Michael Heiser, one of the few actual 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 scholars who has been willing to interact 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with the ancient astronaut theory. Dr. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Heiser has been one of the most articulate 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 proponents of the skeptical viewpoint of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this theory, and has written papers and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 books, as well as almost a dozen websites 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on the issues we will be covering in this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 film. We are happy to have him as part of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this film, and we are happy to have you, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the viewer, here as well. I encourage you 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to have an open mind, and enjoy the film. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Brien Foerster: Pumapunku is so unique, in 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the way that it was constructed and shaped 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and positioned, that it is the most 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 intriguing ancient site on the planet. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Giorgio Tsoukalos: While the pyramids at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Giza are incredible feat of achievement, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 compared to Pumapunku, the pyramids are 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 childplay. In my opinion, the most 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 significant piece of evidence that we have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in this entire ancient astronaut puzzle, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is Pumapunku in the highland of Bolivia. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: Well, if Pumapunku is considered 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 such good evidence for the ancient 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 astronaut theory, we should probably 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 start off by looking at it. After all, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it's the one that they say was built 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 directly by extraterrestrials. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tsoukalos: Pumapunku is the only site on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 planet Earth that, in my opinion, was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 built directly by extraterrestrials. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: "Ancient Aliens" starts off with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the false dilemma, by making people think 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that it was absolutely impossible for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ancient people to construct Pumapunku, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 even to the point of making outright false 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 claims. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tsoukalos: One of the most intriguing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 things there is that the stones that were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 used there aren't sandstone. They are 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite and diorite. The only stone that's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 harder than diorite is diamond so the only 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 way that this could have been achieved is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 if the tools were tipped with diamonds. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: This is funny because it's totally 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wrong. The stones are not granite or 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 diorite at Pumapunku. They are red 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sandstone and andesite. But this is also 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 funny because of the way that he says it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tsoukalos: The stones that were used there 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 aren't sandstone. They are granite and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 diorite. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: Well, actually it is sandstone. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You can't blame him, though. It becomes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 obvious that throughout the series, he 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 often just repeats things he's heard in 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Erich von Däniken's books. Von Däniken's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 books are what the Ancient Aliens series 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is based on. Later, we see Erich von 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Däniken himself make the exact same 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 totally wrong claim. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Erich von Däniken: Of course made of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones found on Earth because you don't 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 transport granite or diorite from another 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 solar system. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: Von Däniken continues building 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 up this false dilemma. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Däniken: One of these platforms is 800 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tons. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: This is very incorrect. The 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 heaviest block at Pumapunku is 130 tons 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and most of the stones are much smaller 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 than that so he's off by a whopping 670 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tons! Unfortunately, we will come to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 expect this kind of thing from von Däniken 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as we progress. "Ancient Aliens" spends 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 quite a lot of time pointing out the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 various features in the stonemasonry at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku and then declaring it impossible 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to do without power tools. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 David Hatcher Childress: Each of these 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 small drill holes are basically evenly 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 spaced along this routered groove. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 To me it's clear power tools have been 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 used on this unusual block of stone here. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Foerster: Well exactly. This surface is as 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 smooth as a table top, like in your 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 kitchen. There's no wave to it or 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 anything. This was machined. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: The sandstone and andesite 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones at Pumapunku would have been easily 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 worked with the most basis stoneworking 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tools. The idea that diamond-tipped power 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 saws were needed is ridiculous. The red 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sandstone was relatively soft and easy to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 work with and even though andesite is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pretty hard, because of the way it cooled, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it could easily be flaked-off using stones 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as soft as 5.5 on the Mohs scale. Such 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pounding stones where found all over the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 andesite quarries in the area. Contrary to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" claims that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 archaeologists are baffled by Pumapunku, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 archaeologists know the basics about how 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku's stones were cut and shaped. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This is partly because there is evidence 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 for this all over the site itself. They 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 actually used a method that almost all 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ancient stoneworkers used. They used hard 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pounding stones to pound-out troughs-like 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 depressions. Later on, they used flat 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones and sand to grind the stone to make 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a polished surface. We will see later on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that this also how the Egyptians thousands 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of years before this made their flat 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 surfaced granite monuments like obelisks. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sand, as we will see later when we look at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Egypt, has extremely hard particles in it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and if placed between a flat surface and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a rock, can polish even the hardest stones 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 known to man. In fact, the harder the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stone is, the better it can be polished 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 using sand. We will also see how sand can 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 turn a piece of copper into a very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 efficient granite saw or granite drill, a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 method which the Egyptians utilized quite 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 well. Some stones as Pumapunku that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" would never show the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 cameras are the ones that are in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 middle of this process. They show that at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 same time a stone was being pounded with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stone hammers, which created these trough- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 like depressions, the grinding and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 polishing was taking place on the other 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 end of the stone. Unfinished stones like 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this one clearly show how they were shaped 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and it wasn't with lasers. There is also 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 unmistakable evidence of stone hammers 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 having been used in places that were never 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 meant to be visible, like where certain 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones would be connected with one another 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And because of that, it's hard for me to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 believe Erich von Däniken in this next 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 clip because it would mean that the alien 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 toolbox had a laser gun right next to a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stone hammer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Däniken: Extraterrestrials arrive, the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 spaceship stands in orbit. Only a smaller 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 space vehicle comes down like a space 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 shuttle. So, just to protect the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 instruments, they make overnight, with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 their technology, what we call a "base 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 camp." Of course made out of stones found 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on Earth, because you don't transport 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite or diorite from another solar 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 system. And then they disappeared, but the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wall of their base camp is still there. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: It is true that stone tools 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would not be enough to construct Pumapunku 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 especially for some of the finer points. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 For that, they would need metal chisels 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and the equivalent of a carpenter's square 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Entire studies have been done detailing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 how these cuts were made, and nothing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 spectacular is required except some metal 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tools like chisels. The arguments against 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this are usually either that a particular 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 culture did not yet know how to cast 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 metals, or that copper chisels would have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 been too weak. On the first point, we know 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that the pre-Incan Andean culture was very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 skilled at fashioning metals and creating 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 metal alloys. In fact, the people who 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 built Pumapunku were even pouring copper 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 alloys into molds right on site, showing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that they had more than enough capability 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to form all kinds of metal tools. But the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 question is, what about the tools' 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 strength? Well, even if they were pouring 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pure copper into a mold, it would still 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 work, but it would need sharpening often. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But because archaeologists actually found 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a few of these metal cramps used by them 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on site, we now know they were using a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 very strong copper-arsenic-nickel alloy, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which made a much stronger final product. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Arsenic acts as a deoxidant, preventing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the metal from becoming too brittle, and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 nickel was used in copper alloys, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 specifically to make strong chisels. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Once you understand that they had the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ability to make strong metal tools in a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 huge variety of shapes, there is no part 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of Pumapunku's stonework that would have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 been too difficult for them. Well, what 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 about these 90 degree right angles that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" makes so much about? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Childress: One of the amazing things here 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 at Pumapunku is the precision of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blocks. You can see with this block of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite, that it's really been cut at very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 accurate right angles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: To make flat surfaces with right 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 angles, you don't need alien technology. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You only need a square or a simple 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 equivalent. It's important to keep in mind 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that Pumapunku would have been built 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 thousands of years after the Egyptians, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who had all kinds of squares and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 plumb-bobs and levels and so on. It's a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pretty basic stoneworking tool. That being 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 said, despite what "Ancient Aliens" says, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku is not all perfect right angles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You can even see this, ironically enough, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as the "Ancient Aliens" crew goes around 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with carpenter's squares. You can see that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 some of them are simply not square. Also, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they make claims like "all the H-blocks 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are the same dimensions," which they say 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 suggests that they were made by a big 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 machine. But not only would that not be 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the only conclusion if it were true. It's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not even true. The dimensions of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 H-blocks are not all the same, though they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are close. It's probably the case that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they were made using the same plans. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Speaking of plans, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tsoukalos: Mainstream archaeologists say 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that Pumapunku was built by the Aymara 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Indians, and we would all have to agree 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that in order to build something like 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku, you need writing, you need 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 planning, and you need some sort of a idea 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 where which piece goes and how it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ultimately all fits together. But there is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 one thing that all the mainstream 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 archaeologists agree upon, that the Aymara 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 didn't have any writing. So how is it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 possible that they built all of this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 without plans? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: The builders of Pumapunku may 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not have had an alphabet, but they did use 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the common iconography or artwork of their 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 culture called "Yaya-Mama." All the icons 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on the site are Yaya-Mama, not secret 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 alien code, and this is but one of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 many indications of the culture and time 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that it was built. But my point is, that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 like many cultures, they used pictures 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 instead of an alphabet and most building 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 plans are done through pictures like 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blueprints, for example. So saying that no 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 alphabet means no planning is pretty 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ridiculous in my opinion. Well, what about 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 moving the stones and lifting them into 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 place? Surely that would have required 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 levitation. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Childress: How these massive blocks of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite were moved from their quarries 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and brought here to Pumapunku would have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 required some kind of super technology: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 levitation and anti-gravity, huge lifting 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 vehicles, something that ancient aliens 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would have had. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: If they did know how to levitate 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 these stones, then they put far too much 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 effort into creating places in the stones 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to attach ropes to. Many stones at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku have grooves several 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 centimeters in width and depth on two 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 adjacent faces for holding ropes. They 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 even had special places cut into the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones that Pumapunku scholars call 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "hoisting grips," all very strange things 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to do if they could simply levitate these 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blocks. And to make matters worse for the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ancient astronaut theory here, according 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to archaeologist Jean-Pierre Protzen, who 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is an expert on Pumapunku, there is almost 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 no stone at the Pumapunku site that does 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not have what he calls "drag marks" on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 one of its faces where it has been, well, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dragged to the site. "Ancient Aliens" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 throws up another false dilemma here. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tsoukalos: What nobody talks about here 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is the irrefutable fact that we are at an 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 altitude of 12,800 feet which means we are 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 above the natural tree line. No trees ever 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 grew in that area, meaning no trees were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 cut down in order to use wooden rollers. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The wooden roller theory falls by the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wayside. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: This is like saying that there 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is not way the Egyptians used wood because 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 trees didn't grow in Egypt, which is true. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The difference is is that while the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Egyptians had to import wood from places 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 like Lebanon, it would have been far 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 easier for those at Pumapunku to solve 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this problem. All they would have had to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 do is simply walk down the hill a little 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 bit. OK, well what about this claim: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tsoukalos: Logic does not exist at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku because there, we have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 megalithic structures which just lie about 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this entire site as if ripped apart by 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 some sort of a great force. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: I propose that logic still 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 exists at Pumapunku and that the scattered 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 state of the complex can easily be 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 explained. Quoting from archaeologist 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Alexei Vranich "the high quality of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones made it attractive building 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 material for houses, churches, plazas, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 bridges, even railways." In other words, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the stones were pulled down and hauled off 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 by locals for building material. In fact, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we have the 400 year old writings of a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 visitor to Pumapunku who said that the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 looting was in full swing even back then. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He wrote that if the site was closer to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 town, he didn't think that there would 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have been any stones left at all. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" says that Pumapunku is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 17,000 years old. This is what Vranich 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 said of this claim: "The idea that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tiwanaku is 14,000 years old is based on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a rather faulty study done in 1926. Since 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then, there has been a huge quantity of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 work both on the archaeology and geology 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the area and all data indicates that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tiwanaku existed from around A.D. 300 to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 500." For more information on the faulty 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 study he is referring to here, I will 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 quote at length from Jason Colavito, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who has been debunking ancient astronaut 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 theories for years in his books and blogs. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He said the following about this claim: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Tiwanaku is not 17,000 years old. This 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 date derives from the work of Arthur 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Posnansky, who tried to apply 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 archaeolastronomy to the site but did so 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in ways that modern scholars do not 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 recognize as legitimate. Posnansky 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 proposed a date of 15,000 B.P. (before 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 present, i.e. 13,000 BCE), which the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 geniuses on "Ancient Aliens" misread as 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 15,000 BCE, adding an extra 2,000 years 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 onto Posnansky's already flawed dates. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Here's what he did wrong. Posnansky 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 assumed that the Kalasasaya temple at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tiwanaku was laid out with perfect 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 accuracy to align to the equinoxes and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 solstices that he felt (but could not 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 prove) were important to the Tiwanaku 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 people. Thus, on a certain day the sun was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 supposed to rise above one rock at the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 temple and set behind another. (Ah, but 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which rock should we choose?) Since the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 current ruins do not align with these 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 celestial events accurately, he concluded 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that the ruins must have been built at a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 time when they would have aligned with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that event. Since the sun and sky change 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 positions at a predictable rate due to the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 gradual changes in the angle of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Earth's axis, he concluded that the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Kalasasaya temple was built in 13,000 BCE 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as a solar observatory, despite no other 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 evidence of solar astronomy at the site. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The long and the short of it is that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Posnansky assumed celestial alignments and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 assumed flawless construction and then 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 used his assumptions to "prove" that his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 assumptions were correct." Colavito also 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 has this picture of the site with the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 caption, "Pick a rock, any rock. One of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 them must align with something." This 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 site has been dated using a huge variety 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of methods, things like carbon dating, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the type of metals they used, the debris 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 found in certain places, the type of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 iconography they used. Literally every 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 kind of dating method applied comes to the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 same conclusion. It was constructed in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 early Middle Ages. Before we conclude this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 section on Pumapunku, there are two other 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 claims I wanted to address. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Däniken: The Spanish conqueror asked the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Inca, the people living there, including 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the king of the Inca, 'What is this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku?' And they all said 'It's not 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 us. Its not our forefather who make this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This were made by the gods in one single 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 night.' Usually a king is proud about 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what his people did, about the precision 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and so on. In that case, the chief of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 people said 'No, it was not us. It was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the gods who made it.' 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: If you understand a little about 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Incan imperial system and religion, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 you will understand why the Incans didn't 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 claim the site, and even why they claimed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that it had a supernatural origin. Part 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the Incan state religion was that the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Incan empire was the first civilization 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and it was created by God Himself. It was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a very convenient idea for bolstering the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Incan case for the right to rule everyone 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 else. When the Incans arrived at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku, the site had already been 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 abandoned for at least a hundred years. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Admitting that there was a pre-Incan 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 culture at all, let alone one with more 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 skill than them, would have been 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 detrimental to the whole scheme. So they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 slightly modified their already existing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mythology to include Pumapunku. So instead 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of Viracocha creating the Incan capital, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he also created Pumapunku. And just like 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that, the Incans were still the oldest and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 greatest civilization, even though 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 everyone probably knew it wasn't true. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And finally, "Ancient Aliens" says the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 following about what the ancient local 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 people believed regarding who constructed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" Narrator: Local legends 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 suggest that Tiwanaku was built as a site 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of religious pilgrimage to celebrate the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 arrival of sky gods. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: But this is a total lie. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Viracocha came from the sea, not from the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sky. This is a very sneaky move by 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" in my opinion. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So in conclusion, the stones are not made 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of granite and diorite, the stones were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 easily workable with the tools available 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to the Andean culture, tools which we 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 know included high-quality metal alloy 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 chisels. These tools would have been more 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 than sufficient to make the angles seen at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku. The faces of the rocks have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 been finished using a polishing technique 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 after being rough cut using stone hammers 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 evidenced by the unfinished stones and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hidden areas of the finished stones. The 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 moving of the stones was not as difficult 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as "Ancient Aliens" makes it seem, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 especially when you take into account that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they are telling people that the stones 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 weigh 600 tons more that they actually do. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The stones have telltale drag marks and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hoisting holes for ropes, all showing that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they were not levitated as "Ancient Aliens 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would have us believe. We know the culture 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which built this monument and all the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 iconography and sculptures are consistent 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with that culture. And the various methods 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of dating that scientists use all point 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to the same time period. The idea that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Pumapunku was from Atlantean times we 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 now know is based on a very transparently 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 flawed presupposition. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 AA Narrator: Perhaps the most familiar 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and most mysterious megalithic structure 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in all the world is the Great Pyramid of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Giza. The enormous size and weight of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones, multiplied by the sheer number of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 them, makes one thing certain: the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 construction of the Great Pyramid remains 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 one of the greatest marvels and mysteries 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of architectural engineering. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: The Pyramids at Giza are marvels 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of engineering, and there are many 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 theories about how they were constructed, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 from the mundane to the fantastic. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 George Noory: There are all kinds of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 theories on how the Great Pyramid of Giza 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was built. So many theories, you just sit 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 back and shake your head. And that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 includes E.T. visitations, levitating the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blocks with some kind of sound system. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: One place we can learn a lot 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 about Egyptian stone cutting methods is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 from the so-called "unfinished obelisk." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Here we have a 1,000 ton obelisk made of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite, which was abandoned midway 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 through the project because of a crack 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that developed. This stone, because it is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 unfinished, gives us direct insight into 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 how they cut and shaped granite, as well 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as other stones. On the sides we can see 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 how these stones were separated from the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 quarry. A team of workers would line up 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 side-by-side and pound their sections 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with a diorite pounding stone. Such 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pounding stones can be found all over this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and other quarries in Egypt. This pounding 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 only broke off millimeters of granite at a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 time, but eventually these trough-like 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sections emerged at each worker's station. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 After that, they would do the same thing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on the bottom of the block, until it was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 supported only by a thin spine in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 middle. Then it would be snapped off using 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 levers. The people who created the Moai 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 statues at Easter Island used very similar 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 methods for quarrying stone, as did many 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 other groups around the world, as we will 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 see. After the stones had been roughly 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 shaped using pounding stones, they would 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then begin to polish them with grinders. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There have been many types of stone 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 grinders or polishers found in ancient 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Egypt. They usually had a handle with a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 flat surface, which they would use to rub 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 against the stone with sand as the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 abrasive. They were, well, sanding the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stone. The various mineral particles found 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in sand are hard enough not only to polish 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hard stones like granite, but also to do 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what "Ancient Aliens" tries to make people 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 think is utterly impossible. That is, to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 cut granite. The Egyptians had a variety 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of ways to cut granite, mostly involving 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 copper and sand. There are plenty of saw 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 marks on granite stones in Egypt. At the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite quarries, of course, as well as 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 certain notable ones like the famous 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 granite sarcophagus in the Great Pyramid. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The person who is doing the sawing on the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sarcophagus sawed for a while at the wrong 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 angle before realizing his mistake and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 going in the right direction, which left 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a pretty big mark for us to study. These 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 copper saws came in three basic styles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 One was a two-person saw, like an old-time 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 lumber saw. Another type was a small hand- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 held saw with a wooden handle. And finally 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there was a tubular saw for making holes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in granite and other stones. These saws 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are depicted in several Egyptian reliefs. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Interestingly, they didn't require saw 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 teeth to work. They only required sand to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 be placed between the saw and the stones. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The sand was what did the cutting. This 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 particular method of stone cutting has 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 been tested by ancient Egyptian tool 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 experts, and not only was it done, but it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was apparently quite easy to do. However, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sawing granite with copper was expensive 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 because the copper would wear out somewhat 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 quickly. Therefore, you mostly see granite 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in ancient Egypt being worked with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pounding stones, finished with grinders 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and chisels. The saw work was reserved 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 primarily for royal projects like that of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the sarcophagus. All of this really makes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ancient Aliens" lose credibility because 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 all throughout the series, they make it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sound like working with granite was only 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 possible using diamond-tipped alien power 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tools. But, as all this related to the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Great Pyramid's construction, it's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 important to remember that almost none of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the pyramid is made from granite, except 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 for a few things like the roof supports 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 for the King's Chamber. Most of the stone 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was sandstone and limestone. About 85% 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the stone used in the construction of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the pyramids was relatively soft sandstone 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which was quarried right on site. That's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 right, the Great Pyramid was built right 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the middle of a massive sandstone 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 quarry, which was no doubt at least one 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 factor in choosing the location to build 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it. The other 15% of the stones, like that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of limestone and granite, would have to be 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 brought in from a slightly further away 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 location. So, this raises another question 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 What about moving these stones? Surely, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the only way is by levitation, as "Ancient 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Aliens" claims. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Childress: In order to really move massive 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 amounts of stone like that, they would 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have had to been levitated. Somehow made 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 weightless and then just moved through the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 air by some kind of device, perhaps even a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hand-held kind of device, like some beam 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 weapon. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Narrator: If levitation was the way that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the ancient Egyptians moved stones, they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had a funny way of showing it because 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there are plenty of depictions of them 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 using wooden sleds to move everything from 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blocks the size and shape of the ones used 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 for the pyramid, to massive 1,000 ton 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 monuments and obelisks, all using wooden 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sleds. They even had a hieroglyph for the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 word "sled," which they used often. In 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 fact, three such sleds have been found 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 intact by archaeologists and they have all 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 kinds of places to attach ropes to. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Speaking of ropes, ropes made out of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 papyrus and other materials have been 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 found in Egypt, some of them with a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 massive circumference, suggesting they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 were used for extremely heavy objects. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Boats were used for stones that needed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to be imported. In fact, a channel was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dug from the Nile to the construction site 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so no stone had to be dragged very far 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 anyway. So, what about the construction 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the pyramids, how exactly was it done? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Part of the reason the "Ancient Aliens" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 perspective is attractive is because some 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the other popular theories concerning 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the pyramid's construction have problems, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 such as the single ramp theory, which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would have had to extend out more than a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mile and would have had to have more 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones in it than the pyramid itself. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Another one is the spiral ramp theory. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This one is problematic because some of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the ledges only had about 2 feet or less 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to work with, certainly not enough to hold 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a ledge that would carry workers and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stones the size of the ones used. Also, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a structure like the pyramid would have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had to have been constantly monitored for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 geometric accuracy as it progressed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 upwards, because being even a few inches 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 off on a lower level could cause the top 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to be off by a huge amount, and a spiral 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ramp would have made it impossible to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 survey the geometric accuracy of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pyramid as it progressed. Add to this that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there is no actual evidence for either of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 those theories, and you can see why people 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are looking for alternative. While doing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 research for this documentary, I came 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 across a new theory about the pyramid's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 construction that I had not heard before. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At first I planned to mention it only 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 briefly, but the more I heard of this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 theory, the more convinced I became of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 its validity. It was proposed not by an 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Egyptologist, but by an eccentric French 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 architect named Jean-Pierre Houdin, and if 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Jean-Pierre is correct, knowing how the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blocks were raised in the pyramid also 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 happens to explain some of the other 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mysteries, like the purpose for the odd 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 shaped Grand Gallery, as well as the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 purpose of the granite blocks above the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 King's Chamber, and why there were 3 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 burial chambers cut at different levels 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the pyramid, 2 of which were unused. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I will very briefly explain this theory 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but I highly encourage you to visit the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 links at the website on your screen 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 because the specifics of this theory are 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 something that any pyramid enthusiast 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 should be very familiar with, in my 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 opinion. The basic idea is that there was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 an internal ramp in the Great Pyramid and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 workers dragged the blocks through it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 until they reached the corners, at which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 point the the block was repositioned for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 another team to pull it up the next ramp. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Also, the exterior limestone blocks with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the polished finish would have been 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 positioned and aligned first to ensure 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 geometric accuracy and then the sandstone 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 blocks would have been positioned behind 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 them as filler. This would mean that all 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the internal chambers like the Queen and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 King's Chamber were built as the pyramid 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 progressed upward in the light of day. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This internal ramp theory, unlike some of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the others, is actually supported quite a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 lot of physical evidence. For example, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the 1980's, a French team looking for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hidden chambers conducted a full-scale 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 gravimetric survey of the Great Pyramid, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 kind of like a giant x-ray map of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 entire pyramid. They actually found 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 evidence of this internal ramp through 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 their study, but they had no idea what to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 think of the spiral pattern they saw at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the time, so they