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Narrator: "Ancient Aliens" is an American

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television series which premiered on April

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20th, 2010 on the History Channel.

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The program presents the so-called

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"ancient astronaut" theory which is

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the idea that extraterrestrials

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visited the Earth in the ancient past

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and that historical texts, archaeological

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records, and various legends contain

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evidence of this contact. I used to

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believe that the ancient astronaut theory

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was true. I spent years learning about it

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from the popular authors, from video

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presentations and radio shows. I was an

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enthusiastic promoter of this idea to my

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friends and family. Although I no longer

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feel that way, I want you to know that I

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have no personal reasons to reject

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this theory. My current worldview could

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easily accommodate the existence

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of extraterrestrials. I hope you will come

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away from this film, even if you disagree

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with it, saying that I fairly reviewed the

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claims of "Ancient Aliens" without bias

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and with respect. I hope to show you that

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this is not a matter of "Ancient Aliens"

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getting a few details wrong here and

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there, and their main premise remaining

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true. That is not an option in my opinion.

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I hope to demonstrate to you, that they

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are wrong not on some, but on every single

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point where they assert an ancient

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astronaut theory to explain evidence and

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that often, they are using deceptive means

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to do this and sometimes even fabricating

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evidence to make their points, as we will

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see. I would also like the viewer to know

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that unlike many skeptics of the ancient

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astronaut theory, I actually concede that

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something out of the ordinary could have

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occurred in the ancient past, and that

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there are certain consistent themes in

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ancient mythologies and the like that

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require good explanations, but I think

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that you will quickly see that the ancient

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astronaut theories do not explain this

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evidence. You will notice a number that

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appears periodically on the bottom right-

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hand corner of the screen throughout this

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film. This number will appear when I am

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making a claim that requires a reference

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in order to back it up, and it will

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correspond to a number on the companion

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website, AncientAliensDebunked.com. This

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film is divided into three main sections,

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and each topic can be viewed independently

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at the website, if you choose. I will

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occasionally be joined by commentary from

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Dr. Michael Heiser, one of the few actual

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scholars who has been willing to interact

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with the ancient astronaut theory. Dr.

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Heiser has been one of the most articulate

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proponents of the skeptical viewpoint of

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this theory, and has written papers and

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books, as well as almost a dozen websites

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on the issues we will be covering in this

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film. We are happy to have him as part of

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this film, and we are happy to have you,

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the viewer, here as well. I encourage you

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to have an open mind, and enjoy the film.

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Brien Foerster: Pumapunku is so unique, in

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the way that it was constructed and shaped

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and positioned, that it is the most

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intriguing ancient site on the planet.

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Giorgio Tsoukalos: While the pyramids at

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Giza are incredible feat of achievement,

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compared to Pumapunku, the pyramids are

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childplay. In my opinion, the most

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significant piece of evidence that we have

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in this entire ancient astronaut puzzle,

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is Pumapunku in the highland of Bolivia.

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Narrator: Well, if Pumapunku is considered

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such good evidence for the ancient

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astronaut theory, we should probably

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start off by looking at it. After all,

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it's the one that they say was built

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directly by extraterrestrials.

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Tsoukalos: Pumapunku is the only site on

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planet Earth that, in my opinion, was

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built directly by extraterrestrials.

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Narrator: "Ancient Aliens" starts off with

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the false dilemma, by making people think

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that it was absolutely impossible for

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ancient people to construct Pumapunku,

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even to the point of making outright false

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claims.

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Tsoukalos: One of the most intriguing

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things there is that the stones that were

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used there aren't sandstone. They are

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granite and diorite. The only stone that's

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harder than diorite is diamond so the only

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way that this could have been achieved is

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if the tools were tipped with diamonds.

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Narrator: This is funny because it's totally

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wrong. The stones are not granite or

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diorite at Pumapunku. They are red

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sandstone and andesite. But this is also

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funny because of the way that he says it.

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Tsoukalos: The stones that were used there

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aren't sandstone. They are granite and

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diorite.

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Narrator: Well, actually it is sandstone.

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You can't blame him, though. It becomes

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obvious that throughout the series, he

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often just repeats things he's heard in

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Erich von Däniken's books. Von Däniken's

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books are what the Ancient Aliens series

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is based on. Later, we see Erich von

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Däniken himself make the exact same

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totally wrong claim.

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Erich von Däniken: Of course made of

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stones found on Earth because you don't

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transport granite or diorite from another

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solar system.

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Narrator: Von Däniken continues building

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up this false dilemma.

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Däniken: One of these platforms is 800

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tons.

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Narrator: This is very incorrect. The

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heaviest block at Pumapunku is 130 tons

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and most of the stones are much smaller

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than that so he's off by a whopping 670

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tons! Unfortunately, we will come to

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expect this kind of thing from von Däniken

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as we progress. "Ancient Aliens" spends

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quite a lot of time pointing out the

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various features in the stonemasonry at

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Pumapunku and then declaring it impossible

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to do without power tools.

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David Hatcher Childress: Each of these

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small drill holes are basically evenly

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spaced along this routered groove.

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To me it's clear power tools have been

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used on this unusual block of stone here.

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Foerster: Well exactly. This surface is as

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smooth as a table top, like in your

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kitchen. There's no wave to it or

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anything. This was machined.

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Narrator: The sandstone and andesite

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stones at Pumapunku would have been easily

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worked with the most basis stoneworking

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tools. The idea that diamond-tipped power

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saws were needed is ridiculous. The red

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sandstone was relatively soft and easy to

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work with and even though andesite is

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pretty hard, because of the way it cooled,

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it could easily be flaked-off using stones

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as soft as 5.5 on the Mohs scale. Such

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pounding stones where found all over the

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andesite quarries in the area. Contrary to

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"Ancient Aliens" claims that

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archaeologists are baffled by Pumapunku,

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archaeologists know the basics about how

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Pumapunku's stones were cut and shaped.

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This is partly because there is evidence

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for this all over the site itself. They

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actually used a method that almost all

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ancient stoneworkers used. They used hard

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pounding stones to pound-out troughs-like

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depressions. Later on, they used flat

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stones and sand to grind the stone to make

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a polished surface. We will see later on

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that this also how the Egyptians thousands

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of years before this made their flat

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surfaced granite monuments like obelisks.

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Sand, as we will see later when we look at

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Egypt, has extremely hard particles in it

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and if placed between a flat surface and

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a rock, can polish even the hardest stones

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known to man. In fact, the harder the

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stone is, the better it can be polished

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using sand. We will also see how sand can

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turn a piece of copper into a very

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efficient granite saw or granite drill, a

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method which the Egyptians utilized quite

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well. Some stones as Pumapunku that

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"Ancient Aliens" would never show the

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cameras are the ones that are in the

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middle of this process. They show that at

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same time a stone was being pounded with

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stone hammers, which created these trough-

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like depressions, the grinding and

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polishing was taking place on the other

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end of the stone. Unfinished stones like

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this one clearly show how they were shaped

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and it wasn't with lasers. There is also

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unmistakable evidence of stone hammers

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having been used in places that were never

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meant to be visible, like where certain

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stones would be connected with one another

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And because of that, it's hard for me to

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believe Erich von Däniken in this next

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clip because it would mean that the alien

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toolbox had a laser gun right next to a

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stone hammer.

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Däniken: Extraterrestrials arrive, the

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spaceship stands in orbit. Only a smaller

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space vehicle comes down like a space

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shuttle. So, just to protect the

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instruments, they make overnight, with

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their technology, what we call a "base

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camp." Of course made out of stones found

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on Earth, because you don't transport

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granite or diorite from another solar

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system. And then they disappeared, but the

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wall of their base camp is still there.

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Narrator: It is true that stone tools

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would not be enough to construct Pumapunku

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especially for some of the finer points.

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For that, they would need metal chisels

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and the equivalent of a carpenter's square

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Entire studies have been done detailing

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how these cuts were made, and nothing

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spectacular is required except some metal

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tools like chisels. The arguments against

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this are usually either that a particular

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culture did not yet know how to cast

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metals, or that copper chisels would have

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been too weak. On the first point, we know

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that the pre-Incan Andean culture was very

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skilled at fashioning metals and creating

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metal alloys. In fact, the people who

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built Pumapunku were even pouring copper

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alloys into molds right on site, showing

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that they had more than enough capability

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to form all kinds of metal tools. But the

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question is, what about the tools'

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strength? Well, even if they were pouring

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pure copper into a mold, it would still

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work, but it would need sharpening often.

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But because archaeologists actually found

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a few of these metal cramps used by them

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on site, we now know they were using a

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very strong copper-arsenic-nickel alloy,

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which made a much stronger final product.

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Arsenic acts as a deoxidant, preventing

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the metal from becoming too brittle, and

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nickel was used in copper alloys,

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specifically to make strong chisels.

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Once you understand that they had the

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ability to make strong metal tools in a

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huge variety of shapes, there is no part

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of Pumapunku's stonework that would have

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been too difficult for them. Well, what

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about these 90 degree right angles that

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"Ancient Aliens" makes so much about?

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Childress: One of the amazing things here

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at Pumapunku is the precision of the

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blocks. You can see with this block of

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granite, that it's really been cut at very

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accurate right angles.

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Narrator: To make flat surfaces with right

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angles, you don't need alien technology.

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You only need a square or a simple

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equivalent. It's important to keep in mind

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that Pumapunku would have been built

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thousands of years after the Egyptians,

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who had all kinds of squares and

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plumb-bobs and levels and so on. It's a

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pretty basic stoneworking tool. That being

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said, despite what "Ancient Aliens" says,

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Pumapunku is not all perfect right angles.

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You can even see this, ironically enough,

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as the "Ancient Aliens" crew goes around

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with carpenter's squares. You can see that

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some of them are simply not square. Also,

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they make claims like "all the H-blocks

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are the same dimensions," which they say

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suggests that they were made by a big

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machine. But not only would that not be

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the only conclusion if it were true. It's

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not even true. The dimensions of the

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H-blocks are not all the same, though they

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are close. It's probably the case that

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they were made using the same plans.

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Speaking of plans,

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Tsoukalos: Mainstream archaeologists say

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that Pumapunku was built by the Aymara

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Indians, and we would all have to agree

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that in order to build something like

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Pumapunku, you need writing, you need

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planning, and you need some sort of a idea

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where which piece goes and how it

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ultimately all fits together. But there is

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one thing that all the mainstream

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archaeologists agree upon, that the Aymara

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didn't have any writing. So how is it

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possible that they built all of this

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without plans?

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Narrator: The builders of Pumapunku may

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not have had an alphabet, but they did use

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the common iconography or artwork of their

303
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culture called "Yaya-Mama." All the icons

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on the site are Yaya-Mama, not secret

305
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
alien code, and this is but one of the

306
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
many indications of the culture and time

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that it was built. But my point is, that

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like many cultures, they used pictures

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instead of an alphabet and most building

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plans are done through pictures like

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blueprints, for example. So saying that no

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alphabet means no planning is pretty

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ridiculous in my opinion. Well, what about

314
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moving the stones and lifting them into

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place? Surely that would have required

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levitation.

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Childress: How these massive blocks of

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granite were moved from their quarries

319
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and brought here to Pumapunku would have

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required some kind of super technology:

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levitation and anti-gravity, huge lifting

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vehicles, something that ancient aliens

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would have had.

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Narrator: If they did know how to levitate

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these stones, then they put far too much

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effort into creating places in the stones

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to attach ropes to. Many stones at

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Pumapunku have grooves several

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centimeters in width and depth on two

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adjacent faces for holding ropes. They

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even had special places cut into the

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stones that Pumapunku scholars call

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"hoisting grips," all very strange things

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to do if they could simply levitate these

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
blocks. And to make matters worse for the

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ancient astronaut theory here, according

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to archaeologist Jean-Pierre Protzen, who

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
is an expert on Pumapunku, there is almost

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no stone at the Pumapunku site that does

340
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not have what he calls "drag marks" on

341
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
one of its faces where it has been, well,

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dragged to the site. "Ancient Aliens"

343
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throws up another false dilemma here.

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Tsoukalos: What nobody talks about here

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is the irrefutable fact that we are at an

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altitude of 12,800 feet which means we are

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above the natural tree line. No trees ever

348
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
grew in that area, meaning no trees were

349
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cut down in order to use wooden rollers.

350
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The wooden roller theory falls by the

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wayside.

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Narrator: This is like saying that there

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is not way the Egyptians used wood because

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trees didn't grow in Egypt, which is true.

355
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The difference is is that while the

356
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Egyptians had to import wood from places

357
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
like Lebanon, it would have been far

358
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easier for those at Pumapunku to solve

359
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
this problem. All they would have had to

360
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
do is simply walk down the hill a little

361
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
bit. OK, well what about this claim:

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Tsoukalos: Logic does not exist at

363
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Pumapunku because there, we have

364
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
megalithic structures which just lie about

365
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
this entire site as if ripped apart by

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some sort of a great force.

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Narrator: I propose that logic still

368
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
exists at Pumapunku and that the scattered

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
state of the complex can easily be

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
explained. Quoting from archaeologist

371
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Alexei Vranich "the high quality of the

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stones made it attractive building

373
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material for houses, churches, plazas,

374
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bridges, even railways." In other words,

375
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the stones were pulled down and hauled off

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by locals for building material. In fact,

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
we have the 400 year old writings of a

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
visitor to Pumapunku who said that the

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
looting was in full swing even back then.

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
He wrote that if the site was closer to

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town, he didn't think that there would

382
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have been any stones left at all.

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"Ancient Aliens" says that Pumapunku is

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17,000 years old. This is what Vranich

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said of this claim: "The idea that

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Tiwanaku is 14,000 years old is based on

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a rather faulty study done in 1926. Since

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then, there has been a huge quantity of

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work both on the archaeology and geology

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of the area and all data indicates that

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Tiwanaku existed from around A.D. 300 to

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500." For more information on the faulty

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
study he is referring to here, I will

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quote at length from Jason Colavito,

395
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
who has been debunking ancient astronaut

396
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
theories for years in his books and blogs.

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He said the following about this claim:

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"Tiwanaku is not 17,000 years old. This

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99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
date derives from the work of Arthur

400
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Posnansky, who tried to apply

401
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
archaeolastronomy to the site but did so

402
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in ways that modern scholars do not

403
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
recognize as legitimate. Posnansky

404
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
proposed a date of 15,000 B.P. (before

405
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
present, i.e. 13,000 BCE), which the

406
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
geniuses on "Ancient Aliens" misread as

407
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
15,000 BCE, adding an extra 2,000 years

408
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
onto Posnansky's already flawed dates.

409
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Here's what he did wrong. Posnansky

410
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
assumed that the Kalasasaya temple at

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Tiwanaku was laid out with perfect

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accuracy to align to the equinoxes and

413
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
solstices that he felt (but could not

414
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
prove) were important to the Tiwanaku

415
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
people. Thus, on a certain day the sun was

416
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
supposed to rise above one rock at the

417
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
temple and set behind another. (Ah, but

418
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which rock should we choose?) Since the

419
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
current ruins do not align with these

420
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
celestial events accurately, he concluded

421
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that the ruins must have been built at a

422
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
time when they would have aligned with

423
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that event. Since the sun and sky change

424
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
positions at a predictable rate due to the

425
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
gradual changes in the angle of the

426
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Earth's axis, he concluded that the

427
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Kalasasaya temple was built in 13,000 BCE

428
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
as a solar observatory, despite no other

429
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
evidence of solar astronomy at the site.

430
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The long and the short of it is that

431
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Posnansky assumed celestial alignments and

432
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
assumed flawless construction and then

433
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
used his assumptions to "prove" that his

434
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
assumptions were correct." Colavito also

435
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
has this picture of the site with the

436
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
caption, "Pick a rock, any rock. One of

437
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
them must align with something." This

438
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
site has been dated using a huge variety

439
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of methods, things like carbon dating,

440
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the type of metals they used, the debris

441
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
found in certain places, the type of

442
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
iconography they used. Literally every

443
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
kind of dating method applied comes to the

444
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
same conclusion. It was constructed in the

445
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
early Middle Ages. Before we conclude this

446
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
section on Pumapunku, there are two other

447
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
claims I wanted to address.

448
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Däniken: The Spanish conqueror asked the

449
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Inca, the people living there, including

450
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the king of the Inca, 'What is this

451
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Pumapunku?' And they all said 'It's not

452
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
us. Its not our forefather who make this.

453
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
This were made by the gods in one single

454
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
night.' Usually a king is proud about

455
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
what his people did, about the precision

456
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and so on. In that case, the chief of the

457
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
people said 'No, it was not us. It was

458
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the gods who made it.'

459
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Narrator: If you understand a little about

460
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the Incan imperial system and religion,

461
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
you will understand why the Incans didn't

462
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
claim the site, and even why they claimed

463
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that it had a supernatural origin. Part

464
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the Incan state religion was that the

465
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Incan empire was the first civilization

466
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and it was created by God Himself. It was

467
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a very convenient idea for bolstering the

468
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Incan case for the right to rule everyone

469
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
else. When the Incans arrived at

470
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Pumapunku, the site had already been

471
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
abandoned for at least a hundred years.

472
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Admitting that there was a pre-Incan

473
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
culture at all, let alone one with more

474
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
skill than them, would have been

475
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
detrimental to the whole scheme. So they

476
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
slightly modified their already existing

477
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
mythology to include Pumapunku. So instead

478
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of Viracocha creating the Incan capital,

479
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
he also created Pumapunku. And just like

480
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that, the Incans were still the oldest and

481
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
greatest civilization, even though

482
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
everyone probably knew it wasn't true.

483
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
And finally, "Ancient Aliens" says the

484
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
following about what the ancient local

485
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
people believed regarding who constructed

486
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Pumapunku:

487
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Ancient Aliens" Narrator: Local legends

488
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
suggest that Tiwanaku was built as a site

489
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of religious pilgrimage to celebrate the

490
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
arrival of sky gods.

491
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Narrator: But this is a total lie.

492
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Viracocha came from the sea, not from the

493
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
sky. This is a very sneaky move by

494
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Ancient Aliens" in my opinion.

495
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
So in conclusion, the stones are not made

496
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of granite and diorite, the stones were

497
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
easily workable with the tools available

498
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to the Andean culture, tools which we

499
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
know included high-quality metal alloy

500
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
chisels. These tools would have been more

501
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
than sufficient to make the angles seen at

502
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Pumapunku. The faces of the rocks have

503
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
been finished using a polishing technique

504
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
after being rough cut using stone hammers

505
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
evidenced by the unfinished stones and

506
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
hidden areas of the finished stones. The

507
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
moving of the stones was not as difficult

508
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
as "Ancient Aliens" makes it seem,

509
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
especially when you take into account that

510
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
they are telling people that the stones

511
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
weigh 600 tons more that they actually do.

512
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The stones have telltale drag marks and

513
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
hoisting holes for ropes, all showing that

514
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
they were not levitated as "Ancient Aliens

515
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
would have us believe. We know the culture

516
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which built this monument and all the

517
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
iconography and sculptures are consistent

518
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
with that culture. And the various methods

519
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of dating that scientists use all point

520
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to the same time period. The idea that

521
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Pumapunku was from Atlantean times we

522
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
now know is based on a very transparently

523
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
flawed presupposition.

524
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
AA Narrator: Perhaps the most familiar

525
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and most mysterious megalithic structure

526
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in all the world is the Great Pyramid of

527
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Giza. The enormous size and weight of the

528
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
stones, multiplied by the sheer number of

529
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
them, makes one thing certain: the

530
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
construction of the Great Pyramid remains

531
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
one of the greatest marvels and mysteries

532
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of architectural engineering.

533
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Narrator: The Pyramids at Giza are marvels

534
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of engineering, and there are many

535
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
theories about how they were constructed,

536
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
from the mundane to the fantastic.

537
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
George Noory: There are all kinds of

538
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
theories on how the Great Pyramid of Giza

539
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
was built. So many theories, you just sit

540
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
back and shake your head. And that

541
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
includes E.T. visitations, levitating the

542
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
blocks with some kind of sound system.

543
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Narrator: One place we can learn a lot

544
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
about Egyptian stone cutting methods is

545
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
from the so-called "unfinished obelisk."

546
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Here we have a 1,000 ton obelisk made of

547
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
granite, which was abandoned midway

548
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
through the project because of a crack

549
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
that developed. This stone, because it is

550
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
unfinished, gives us direct insight into

551
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
how they cut and shaped granite, as well

552
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
as other stones. On the sides we can see

553
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
how these stones were separated from the

554
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
quarry. A team of workers would line up

555
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
side-by-side and pound their sections

556
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
with a diorite pounding stone. Such

557
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
pounding stones can be found all over this

558
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and other quarries in Egypt. This pounding

559
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
only broke off millimeters of granite at a

560
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
time, but eventually these trough-like

561
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
sections emerged at each worker's station.

562
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
After that, they would do the same thing

563
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
on the bottom of the block, until it was

564
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
supported only by a thin spine in the

565
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
middle. Then it would be snapped off using

566
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
levers. The people who created the Moai

567
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
statues at Easter Island used very similar

568
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
methods for quarrying stone, as did many

569
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
other groups around the world, as we will

570
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
see. After the stones had been roughly

571
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
shaped using pounding stones, they would

572
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
then begin to polish them with grinders.

573
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
There have been many types of stone

574
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
grinders or polishers found in ancient

575
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Egypt. They usually had a handle with a

576
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
flat surface, which they would use to rub

577
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
against the stone with sand as the

578
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
abrasive. They were, well, sanding the

579
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
stone. The various mineral particles found

580
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in sand are hard enough not only to polish

581
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
hard stones like granite, but also to do

582
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
what "Ancient Aliens" tries to make people

583
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
think is utterly impossible. That is, to

584
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
cut granite. The Egyptians had a variety

585
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of ways to cut granite, mostly involving

586
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
copper and sand. There are plenty of saw

587
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
marks on granite stones in Egypt. At the

588
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
granite quarries, of course, as well as

589
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
certain notable ones like the famous

590
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
granite sarcophagus in the Great Pyramid.

591
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The person who is doing the sawing on the

592
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
sarcophagus sawed for a while at the wrong

593
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
angle before realizing his mistake and

594
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
going in the right direction, which left

595
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a pretty big mark for us to study. These

596
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
copper saws came in three basic styles.

597
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
One was a two-person saw, like an old-time

598
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
lumber saw. Another type was a small hand-

599
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
held saw with a wooden handle. And finally

600
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
there was a tubular saw for making holes

601
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in granite and other stones. These saws

602
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
are depicted in several Egyptian reliefs.

603
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Interestingly, they didn't require saw

604
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
teeth to work. They only required sand to

605
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
be placed between the saw and the stones.

606
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
The sand was what did the cutting. This

607
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
particular method of stone cutting has

608
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
been tested by ancient Egyptian tool

609
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
experts, and not only was it done, but it

610
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
was apparently quite easy to do. However,

611
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
sawing granite with copper was expensive

612
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because the copper would wear out somewhat

613
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
quickly. Therefore, you mostly see granite

614
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in ancient Egypt being worked with

615
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
pounding stones, finished with grinders

616
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
and chisels. The saw work was reserved

617
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
primarily for royal projects like that of

618
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the sarcophagus. All of this really makes

619
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
"Ancient Aliens" lose credibility because

620
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
all throughout the series, they make it

621
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
sound like working with granite was only

622
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
possible using diamond-tipped alien power

623
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
tools. But, as all this related to the

624
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Great Pyramid's construction, it's

625
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
important to remember that almost none of

626
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the pyramid is made from granite, except

627
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for a few things like the roof supports

628
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for the King's Chamber. Most of the stone

629
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
was sandstone and limestone. About 85%

630
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the stone used in the construction of

631
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the pyramids was relatively soft sandstone

632
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
which was quarried right on site. That's

633
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
right, the Great Pyramid was built right

634
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in the middle of a massive sandstone

635
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
quarry, which was no doubt at least one

636
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
factor in choosing the location to build

637
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
it. The other 15% of the stones, like that

638
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of limestone and granite, would have to be

639
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
brought in from a slightly further away

640
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
location. So, this raises another question

641
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
What about moving these stones? Surely,

642
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the only way is by levitation, as "Ancient

643
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Aliens" claims.

644
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Childress: In order to really move massive

645
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
amounts of stone like that, they would

646
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
have had to been levitated. Somehow made

647
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
weightless and then just moved through the

648
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
air by some kind of device, perhaps even a

649
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
hand-held kind of device, like some beam

650
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
weapon.

651
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Narrator: If levitation was the way that

652
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the ancient Egyptians moved stones, they

653
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
had a funny way of showing it because

654
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
there are plenty of depictions of them

655
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
using wooden sleds to move everything from

656
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
blocks the size and shape of the ones used

657
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
for the pyramid, to massive 1,000 ton

658
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
monuments and obelisks, all using wooden

659
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
sleds. They even had a hieroglyph for the

660
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
word "sled," which they used often. In

661
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
fact, three such sleds have been found

662
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
intact by archaeologists and they have all

663
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
kinds of places to attach ropes to.

664
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Speaking of ropes, ropes made out of

665
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
papyrus and other materials have been

666
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
found in Egypt, some of them with a

667
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
massive circumference, suggesting they

668
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
were used for extremely heavy objects.

669
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Boats were used for stones that needed

670
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to be imported. In fact, a channel was

671
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
dug from the Nile to the construction site

672
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
so no stone had to be dragged very far

673
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
anyway. So, what about the construction

674
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the pyramids, how exactly was it done?

675
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Part of the reason the "Ancient Aliens"

676
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
perspective is attractive is because some

677
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
of the other popular theories concerning

678
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the pyramid's construction have problems,

679
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
such as the single ramp theory, which

680
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
would have had to extend out more than a

681
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
mile and would have had to have more

682
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
stones in it than the pyramid itself.

683
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Another one is the spiral ramp theory.

684
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
This one is problematic because some of

685
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the ledges only had about 2 feet or less

686
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to work with, certainly not enough to hold

687
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a ledge that would carry workers and

688
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
stones the size of the ones used. Also,

689
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
a structure like the pyramid would have

690
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
had to have been constantly monitored for

691
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
geometric accuracy as it progressed

692
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
upwards, because being even a few inches

693
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
off on a lower level could cause the top

694
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
to be off by a huge amount, and a spiral

695
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
ramp would have made it impossible to

696
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
survey the geometric accuracy of the

697
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
pyramid as it progressed. Add to this that

698
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
there is no actual evidence for either of

699
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
those theories, and you can see why people

700
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
are looking for alternative. While doing

701
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
research for this documentary, I came

702
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
across a new theory about the pyramid's

703
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
construction that I had not heard before.

704
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
At first I planned to mention it only

705
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
briefly, but the more I heard of this

706
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
theory, the more convinced I became of

707
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
its validity. It was proposed not by an

708
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Egyptologist, but by an eccentric French

709
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
architect named Jean-Pierre Houdin, and if

710
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Jean-Pierre is correct, knowing how the

711
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
blocks were raised in the pyramid also

712
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
happens to explain some of the other

713
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
mysteries, like the purpose for the odd

714
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
shaped Grand Gallery, as well as the

715
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
purpose of the granite blocks above the

716
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
King's Chamber, and why there were 3

717
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
burial chambers cut at different levels

718
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in the pyramid, 2 of which were unused.

719
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
I will very briefly explain this theory

720
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
but I highly encourage you to visit the

721
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
links at the website on your screen

722
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
because the specifics of this theory are

723
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
something that any pyramid enthusiast

724
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
should be very familiar with, in my

725
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
opinion. The basic idea is that there was

726
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
an internal ramp in the Great Pyramid and

727
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
workers dragged the blocks through it

728
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
until they reached the corners, at which

729
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
point the the block was repositioned for

730
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
another team to pull it up the next ramp.

731
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
Also, the exterior limestone blocks with

732
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the polished finish would have been

733
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
positioned and aligned first to ensure

734
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
geometric accuracy and then the sandstone

735
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
blocks would have been positioned behind

736
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
them as filler. This would mean that all

737
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the internal chambers like the Queen and

738
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
King's Chamber were built as the pyramid

739
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
progressed upward in the light of day.

740
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
This internal ramp theory, unlike some of

741
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the others, is actually supported quite a

742
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
lot of physical evidence. For example,

743
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
in the 1980's, a French team looking for

744
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
hidden chambers conducted a full-scale

745
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
gravimetric survey of the Great Pyramid,

746
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
kind of like a giant x-ray map of the

747
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
entire pyramid. They actually found

748
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
evidence of this internal ramp through

749
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
their study, but they had no idea what to

750
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
think of the spiral pattern they saw at

751
99:59:59,999 --> 99:59:59,999
the time, so they