[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.42,0:00:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.95,0:00:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The Japanese have attacked\NPearl Harbor by air.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.24,0:00:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ask not what your country can do for\Nyou.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.55,0:00:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> President Kennedy has been shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.97,0:00:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> One small step for man.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.93,0:00:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Hold these truths to be self-evident,\Nthat all men are created equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.97,0:00:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]\N>> Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.74,0:00:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.35,0:00:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.97,0:00:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.14,0:00:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the summer of 1936,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.17,0:00:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city of Berlin had put on its best\Nface as host of the Olympic Games.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.37,0:00:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.86,0:01:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Berlin was a lovely city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.60,0:01:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a joyous,\Nit was a happy city at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.59,0:01:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was more attractive as a city,\Nfor me, than were London or Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.41,0:01:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In a world still\Nplagued by the Depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.93,0:01:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the capital of Nazi Germany was thriving.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.36,0:01:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The Nazis used\Nthe Olympic Games of 1936
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.21,0:01:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to project a positive\Nimage of the new Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.89,0:01:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translate the athletes' success into\Nthe success of National Socialism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.98,0:01:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> During the Olympics,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.60,0:01:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the uglier side of Hitler's National\NSocialism was kept under wraps.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.74,0:01:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There was no outward\Nsign of anti-semitism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.57,0:01:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no signs that\Nwere reported later on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.21,0:01:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, Jews and dogs forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.18,0:01:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I never saw that sign during the games.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.47,0:02:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.47,0:02:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But the glittering surface of\Nthe international Olympic spirit could not
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.26,0:02:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely obscure the darker reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.40,0:02:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.87,0:02:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [INAUDIBLE]\N>> Marty Glickman and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.28,0:02:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sam Stoller were members\Nof the American relay team.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.30,0:02:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]\N>> The morning of the day we were supposed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.19,0:02:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run, we were told, Sam and I,\Nthat we were not going to run.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.54,0:02:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No fit American track and\Nfield athlete has ever not competed in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.56,0:02:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Olympic Games, except Sam Stoller and\Nme, the only two Jews on the track team.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.28,0:02:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Marty Glickman is convinced it was\Npolitics that kept him out of competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.45,0:02:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He believes the American Olympic committee\Ndid not want to embarrass Hitler by having
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.40,0:02:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jews stand on the winner's podium.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.55,0:02:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.29,0:02:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost everything at the Olympics\Nseemed to be going Hitler's way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.23,0:02:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In event after event,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.91,0:03:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,German victories appear to support his\Nnotion of Aryan racial superiority.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.55,0:03:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]\N>> But then came the 100 meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.49,0:03:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hopes of the American team rested
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.51,0:03:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the son of an Alabama sharecropper,\NJesse Owens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.90,0:03:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.27,0:03:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]\N>> [APPLAUSE]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.51,0:03:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.60,0:03:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.41,0:03:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I was standing ten yards behind Hitler.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.85,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hiter, hearing the name Jesse Owens,\Nangrily pushed back his chair,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with a deep growl on his face,\Nwalked right past me and walked out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.08,0:04:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.47,0:04:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In that tense summer of 1936,\NOwens went on to win four gold medals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.89,0:04:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The competition was grand.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.70,0:04:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're very glad to come out on top.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.04,0:04:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very kindly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.27,0:04:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.91,0:04:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There were other American victories,\Nbut
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.06,0:04:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany won far more medals\Nthan any other nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.65,0:04:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with the 11th Olympiad, Hitler had\Npulled off an international success.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.64,0:04:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the rest of the decade,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.39,0:04:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was not his athletes but\Nhis soldiers who challenged the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.96,0:04:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Hitler, with ever greater boldness,\Nthreatened his neighbors,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.28,0:04:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rest of Europe and\NBritain stood by, incredulous.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.40,0:04:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America, safe on the other\Nside of the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.56,0:04:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was still worried about the Depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.57,0:05:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I see one-third of a nation ill-housed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.07,0:05:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ill-clad, ill-nourished.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.63,0:05:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> January 1937, the clouds of\Nthe Great Depression still hovered over
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.35,0:05:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Franklin Roosevelt at\Nhis second inauguration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.26,0:05:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I see millions whose daily lives,\Nin city and on farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.16,0:05:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continue under conditions labeled\Nindecent half a century ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.56,0:05:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The president thought that,\Nin order to lift the nation's spirits,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.58,0:05:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had to make the country face\Nthe economic crisis head on, together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.36,0:05:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he used the battery of newly\Navailable mass media to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.34,0:05:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The government hired photographers to\Ncapture the faces of the Great Depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.02,0:05:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.06,0:05:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No other government has ever done this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.26,0:05:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Carl Mydans, just 28 at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.95,0:06:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was among those who set\Nout with their cameras.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.44,0:06:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The 35-millimeter camera became\Nthe heart of the new age of photography.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.96,0:06:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, the new age of photojournalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.34,0:06:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What moved me greatly was their spirit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.04,0:06:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They simply were proud of the fact that\Nthey could live in the circumstances and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.68,0:06:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still be solid citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.17,0:06:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We photographers were pretty skillful.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.33,0:06:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One could not look at\Nthose pictures about what
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.50,0:06:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was happening in the country and\Nnot be affected by them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.58,0:06:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> These photographs were all over\Nthe new magazines, Life chief among them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.78,0:06:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I can remember, as a kid, running home\Nfrom school on the day that Life came,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.59,0:07:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get that copy before\Nmy brothers got home and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.48,0:07:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take it to my room so\NI could look at it first.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.24,0:07:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.56,0:07:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was as if the whole world was\Nopening up in those pictures.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.08,0:07:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that magazine changed\Nthe way we saw the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.14,0:07:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.41,0:07:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The United States Supreme Court\Ntoday handed down its long-awaited-
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.36,0:07:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> At a time when people were desperate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.99,0:07:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for news, radio, more immediate and\Nmore trusted than newspapers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.70,0:07:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became America's favorite\Nway to keep up with events.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.82,0:07:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Maritime labor leaders\Ndeclared today that-
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.64,0:07:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The man who really
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.66,0:07:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered radio to use it on a massive\Nscale which made history was FDR.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.81,0:07:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The money-\N>> He found,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.19,0:07:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to be able to reach\Nthe citizenry, he could use radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.21,0:07:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was the beginning\Nof the Fireside Chats.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.27,0:07:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Our capacity is limited only\Nby our ability to work together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.54,0:07:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He made the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.10,0:07:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People would be glued to their radios,\Nall over the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.88,0:08:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out from this\Nman What's happening?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.73,0:08:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.17,0:08:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When can we get word?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.58,0:08:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When will things change?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.16,0:08:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And just as he understood\Nthe power of the still photograph and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.36,0:08:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radio, Roosevelt also saw the newsreel\Nas a way to pull the nation together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.04,0:08:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boulder Dam put into operation,\Ngiant spurts of water runways.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.26,0:08:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There was something in\Nthere a dam was being built or
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.39,0:08:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the a river was being built.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.70,0:08:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The Colossal Triborough bridge has is\Nformally opened by president Roosevelt.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.38,0:08:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Where a was being real-\N>> More than $50 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.42,0:08:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Or some invention was being announced,\Nthere was something good going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.42,0:08:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt made\Nthe White House an amplifier
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.77,0:08:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all that the government\Nwas trying to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.51,0:08:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And gentlemen,\Nthe President of the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.56,0:08:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Five years of information through\Nthe radio and the moving picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.50,0:09:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have taken the whole nation to\Nschool in the nation's business.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.10,0:09:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have learned to think as a nation, we\Nhave learned to feel ourselves, a nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.88,0:09:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.78,0:09:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.41,0:09:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In Germany too,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.40,0:09:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new mass media were part of\Nthe national myth making machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.75,0:09:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joseph Goebbels as Hitler's Minister\Nof Enlightenment and Propaganda,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.06,0:09:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control the printed press and\Nexploited the power of pictures and sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.45,0:09:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.43,0:09:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> At Goebles' direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.69,0:09:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government put loud\Nspeakers in the streets and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.60,0:09:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made cheap radios available to every shop,\Nschool and home.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.12,0:09:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every German was now within\Nthe sound of Hitler's voice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.31,0:09:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> To
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.84,0:10:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a real radio now that was fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.46,0:10:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day there were political programs or\Nsound, I learned lot from the radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.47,0:10:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought it was great but father,\Nfather thought it was one of the main
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.93,0:10:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weapons now to brainwash.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.59,0:10:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.51,0:10:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Propaganda films promoted\Na glorious Germanic world of tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.44,0:10:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.41,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were told that we were\Nthe top nation on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were the chosen the people, he was the\Nhead and we called it, the Master Race and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.03,0:10:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we will more intelligent and\Nbetter looking and stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.04,0:10:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Than all the others and\Nthat it was our God given
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.08,0:10:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,duty to force our life\Nonto all the others.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.42,0:11:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> To glorify the Master Race on film,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.38,0:11:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler's choice was Germany's\Npreeminent filmmaker Fritz Lang.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.39,0:11:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lang sensing the time, when one could say\Nno to the Fuhrer had passed left for Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.68,0:11:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The powerful film propaganda\Npost would go to Hitler's
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.72,0:11:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second choice, director Leni Riefenstahl.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.29,0:11:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her film Triumph of the Will\Nused the 1934 Nazi Party Congress
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.24,0:11:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a vast backdrop designed to\Nmake Hitler look like a god.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.65,0:11:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.22,0:11:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Military music was played and\Nhe marched down the center aisle,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.36,0:11:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flanked by heaven knows how many\Ngorgeously uniformed creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.59,0:11:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.68,0:12:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And he would be behind the lectern
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.44,0:12:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing there, silent,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.96,0:12:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting, until the tension rose.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.58,0:12:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.40,0:12:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he would start.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.87,0:12:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN].
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.84,0:12:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Slowly revving up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.26,0:12:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> Until
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.58,0:12:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he finally reached a tremendous pitch.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.58,0:12:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.73,0:12:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.36,0:12:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.84,0:12:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you sat in an audience like that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.47,0:12:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be swept along.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.36,0:13:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.39,0:13:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [APPLAUSE]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.44,0:13:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.26,0:13:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Never before had mass\Ncommunication been more effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.18,0:13:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Never before had it been used\Nwith more sinister intentions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.87,0:13:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.24,0:13:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.30,0:14:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.84,0:14:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Only four months after Hitler came to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.85,0:14:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power, bonfires burned in\Nthe streets of German cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.03,0:14:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> The flames were fed with books by
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.50,0:14:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein,\NHellen Keller, Sigmund Freud and
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.33,0:14:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other authors who were deemed\Nsubversive to the German people.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.86,0:14:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.90,0:14:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> Democracy in Germany was dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.39,0:14:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> Hitlers own book"Mein Kampf",
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.29,0:14:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My Struggle" was now the blue print for\NGermany's future.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.14,0:14:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.23,0:14:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the new Germany, Nazi Party thugs,\Nthe paramilitary Brown Shirts would
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.00,0:15:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patrol the streets to root out and\Narrest anyone who stood in Hitler's way.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.97,0:15:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands of political opponents were\Nsent to hundreds of concentration camps.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.45,0:15:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first was near the German\Nvillage of Dachau.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.26,0:15:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Everyone knew that you could be sent to\Nsuch a camp without due process of law.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.62,0:15:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a verse that was
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.06,0:15:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,widely recited [FOREIGN]\N>> Dear God,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.06,0:15:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strike me dumb, so\Nthat I won't be sent to Dachau.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.64,0:15:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the new Germany everyone\Nwas classified by race,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.35,0:15:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new Germany,\Nonly those who Hitler considered perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.73,0:15:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The purest members of\Nthe Aryan race were welcomed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.16,0:16:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N[SOUND] The name undesirable
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.20,0:16:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the Jewish people, the Jews.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.12,0:16:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were being told that the Jews, they are\Nbehind everything which is bad in Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.42,0:16:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.27,0:16:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There was a lot of\Npropaganda against the Jews.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.91,0:16:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no longer\Nany normal newspapers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.81,0:16:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them were Nazi.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.96,0:16:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You saw headlines, the Jews are criminals,\Nthe Jews are vermin.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.92,0:16:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They must be killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.37,0:16:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be arrested.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.42,0:16:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Hitler had declared in "Mein Kampf"\Nthat Jews weaken the German Master Race.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.45,0:16:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Well of course we talked\Nabout race in school, and
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.30,0:16:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the superior races, the non-superior,\Nthe degenerate races.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.78,0:16:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the teacher had some calipers to\Nmeasure the width of your eyes and
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.30,0:16:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your nose and so on, the head.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.78,0:16:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.83,0:17:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In our classroom, we had a poster,\Nthe head shapes from the sides,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.94,0:17:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Aryans of course,\Nthey looked good from the sides,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.34,0:17:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they looked good from the front,\Nthey were blond and they were blue-eyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.01,0:17:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I was about 14 years old,\Nmy hair began to darken and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.12,0:17:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sometimes was worried that I didn't\Nlook like a proper Aryan anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.20,0:17:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because my hair was not\Nreally blonde anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.37,0:17:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also my nose is a little bit\Nhooked as you might probably see and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.30,0:17:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes I looked in the mirror,\Nheld another mirror here and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.09,0:17:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was frightened that somebody should\Nthink that I had some Jewish connections.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.29,0:17:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Two years after they came to power,\Nthey came out with the Nuremberg racial
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.56,0:17:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laws, which separated the Jews\Nfrom the German people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.29,0:17:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were not allowed to go\Nswimming with the other children.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.25,0:17:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are not allowed to play\Nwith the other children.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.04,0:18:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were not allowed to go excursions\Nwith the other children, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.07,0:18:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]\N>> Jews were stripped of their
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.64,0:18:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citizenship, their businesses boycotted.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.69,0:18:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were forbidden to marry or\Nhave sexual relations with Aryans.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.53,0:18:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]\NAny trace of Jewish ancestry meant
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.16,0:18:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immediate banishment from\Nall civil service jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.57,0:18:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.34,0:18:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I was classified as a quarter Jew,\Na mongrel of the second degree.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.69,0:18:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was dismissed from the public service.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.27,0:18:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All I had achieved through examinations,\Nthrough study and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.35,0:18:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other efforts to establish myself in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.48,0:18:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all that was,\Nby a stroke of the pen, cut off.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.90,0:18:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Hitler had made his vision for\Nhis people a reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.18,0:19:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he planned to force that vision\Nfar beyond Germany's borders.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.56,0:19:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.18,0:19:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And I remember when I was a guest\Nwith my mother in Berchtesgaden,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.05,0:19:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could see on a clear day,\Nyou could see Salzburg.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.04,0:19:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he pointed out to me, he said,\Nyou see that there, boy, that's Salzburg.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.87,0:19:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is in my homeland of Austria.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.69,0:19:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of these days I'm going to see\Nto it that that will join with Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.55,0:19:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,THE ANSCHLUSS
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.18,0:19:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> On March the 12th, 1938,\NHitler made good on his plan.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.43,0:19:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans heard it first\Nfrom NBC's Max Jordan.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.10,0:19:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ladies and gentlemen,\Nat the Austrian frontier town
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.98,0:19:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an endless stream of German\Nsoldiers is pouring into Austria.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.97,0:19:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It was astonishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.37,0:19:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The takeover of a country\Nbroadcast live on radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.53,0:20:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The cheers are for Chancellor Adolf\NHitler, returning to his homeland for
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.64,0:20:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first time in almost 25 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.72,0:20:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Karla Stept lived in\Nthe Austrian capital, Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.78,0:20:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was 20 years old, and a Jew.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.58,0:20:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It was my home, so when suddenly\Nthe Germans marched Into Austria,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.41,0:20:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they were welcomed with open arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.01,0:20:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.41,0:20:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world ended for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.07,0:20:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.68,0:20:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It was a Friday evening, crowds\Nbegan to march down, shouting slogans.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.33,0:20:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember one specifically\Nwhich was [FOREIGN],
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.11,0:20:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which translated means Jews\Nperish in your own filth.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.36,0:20:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was clear that something was\Nimminent, something was happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.29,0:20:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.00,0:20:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Saturday morning, the Brown Shirts, and
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.51,0:21:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blackshirts already started to go\Nagainst the Jewish population.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.41,0:21:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got Jewish men and women out to\Nscrub the sidewalks on their knees,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.11,0:21:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being kicked by the population\Nstanding around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.34,0:21:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler wasn't even in Vienna yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.68,0:21:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what took Germany five\Nyears took Austria 24 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.26,0:21:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.89,0:21:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the spring of 1938, few Americans\Ncould avoid the news of Hitler in Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.72,0:21:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Parade in Berlin's Tiergarten shows\Nthat once again, Germany has a real army.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.63,0:21:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That would mean war,\Nwhen will Nazi aggression end?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.51,0:21:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The democratic nations\Ndraw together against-.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.09,0:21:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The rest of Europe Hitler orders\Nall Germany to mobilize at it's full
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.77,0:21:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.38,0:21:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A million and a half-.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.90,0:22:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Growing anxieties over the increasing\Npower of the Third Reich,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.70,0:22:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned a heavyweight boxing match in June\N1938 into an international showdown.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.08,0:22:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one corner of the ring would be\NHitler's pride and joy, Max Schmeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.35,0:22:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the other,\Nthe American champion, Joe Louis.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.56,0:22:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Joe symbolized not only the fight\Nagainst discrimination but
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.48,0:22:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the struggle against fascism.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.53,0:22:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At a time when the entire world\Nwas talking about Hitler and
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.66,0:22:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mussolini, anti-Semitism.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.60,0:22:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Under the wing Max swings around Joe\NLewis with two swift lefts to the chin.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.46,0:22:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There was tremendous tension.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.24,0:22:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> A left to the jaw, a right to the head,\Nand Donovan is watching carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.40,0:22:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I was glued to the radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.07,0:22:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Lewis measures him, a right to\Nthe body, a left up to the jaw, and
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.65,0:22:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schmeling is down.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.76,0:22:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We just shouted exploded,\Nshouting, wow.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.35,0:22:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The count is five, six,\Nthe men are in the ring.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.91,0:23:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fight is over,\NMax Schmeling is beaten in one round.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.95,0:23:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> People shouted out of their windows,\NJoe won, Joe won.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.65,0:23:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All up and down.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.01,0:23:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [INAUDIBLE] and\Nstill champion Joe Louis..
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.38,0:23:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We won, it was a victory.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.61,0:23:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we needed victories\Nvery badly at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.34,0:23:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When 21 year old Milt Wolff\Nheard the news about Joe Louis,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.17,0:23:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wolf was already fighting against\NHitler in the Spanish Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.99,0:23:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that war, Nazi Germany was supporting\NFrancisco Franco's fascist rebels who
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.94,0:23:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were about to overthrow Spain's\Nfreely elected government.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.92,0:23:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I was a kid in Brooklyn, okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.30,0:23:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was caught up in this\Nwhole bit of the war in Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.29,0:23:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For myself, it was a commitment\Nto a struggle against fascism.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.05,0:23:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Milt Wolff joined 2800 American\Nvolunteers in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.60,0:24:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in defiance of American neutrality.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.95,0:24:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went to defend democracy in what\Nwas widely seen as a dress rehearsal for
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.09,0:24:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greater battle with Hitler.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.34,0:24:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So these were guys who were\Nessentially coming off the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.47,0:24:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them had no military training\Nat all, and up to the front they went.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.94,0:24:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.04,0:24:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were hitting us with artillery, and
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.49,0:24:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were strafing us\Nwith the German planes.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.90,0:24:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And guys were getting killed and wounded.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.84,0:24:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For myself, the war in Spain gave\Nmeaning to the word anti-fascism.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.28,0:24:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> By 1938, democracy was doomed in Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.77,0:24:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it had been in Italy,\Nand Austria, and Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.02,0:24:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler's ideology and Hitler's armies\Nwere a danger to freedom everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.87,0:25:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It has now reached the stage
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.44,0:25:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the very foundations of\Ncivilization are seriously threatened.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.02,0:25:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let no one imagine that\NAmerica will escape,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.81,0:25:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that America may expect mercy,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.22,0:25:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this Western hemisphere\Nwill not be attacked.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.78,0:25:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> September the 12th, 1938.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.57,0:25:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The entire civilized world,\Nas a CBS broadcast put it,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.24,0:25:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was anxiously waiting to\Nhear Hitler's next threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.97,0:25:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It came in an unprecedented live broadcast\Nfrom the Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.22,0:25:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.72,0:25:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a region of Czechoslovakia inhabited\Nmostly by German speaking people,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.45,0:25:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a part of Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.14,0:25:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.57,0:25:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.13,0:26:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The Columbia Broadcasting System has\Nbrought its listeners to be addressed by
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.20,0:26:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adolf Hitler.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.90,0:26:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this time, we present HV Kaltenborn.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.82,0:26:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Good afternoon, everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.01,0:26:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adolf Hitler has spoken,\Nand the world has listened.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.32,0:26:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world has listened, because it\Nfears that this speech might mean war.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.57,0:26:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The British Prime Minister,\NNeville Chamberlain,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.82,0:26:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd never been on an airplane before,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.35,0:26:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flew to Germany twice within ten\Ndays to seek a peaceful settlement.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.55,0:26:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.18,0:26:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Just to see on the newsreels\Nscreen Chamberlain coming there
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.92,0:26:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his umbrella is\Nunthinkable to a German mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.93,0:26:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler with an umbrella,\Nyou laugh when you think about that about.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.96,0:26:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought they were weak.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.55,0:26:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.69,0:26:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Chamberlain failed.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.59,0:27:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler refused to withdraw his demands.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.47,0:27:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sudetenland would be his,\None way or the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.91,0:27:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War now seemed inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.49,0:27:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Britain, nervous citizens\Nbegan to build bomb shelters.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.17,0:27:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.55,0:27:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In France, army reserves were called up.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.31,0:27:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.65,0:27:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then only 24 hours before Hitler's\Npromised invasion of Czechoslovakia,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.12,0:27:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prime Minister Chamberlain\Nonce again flew to Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.44,0:27:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At a meeting in Munich with Hitler and\NItaly's Benito Mussolini,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.61,0:27:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chamberlain abandoned the Sudetenland\Nto Germany, in return for
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.15,0:27:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what he called "Peace In Our Time."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.75,0:27:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler gave his word that there\Nwould be no more territorial claims.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.04,0:27:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,THE MUNICH PACT
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.20,0:27:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chamberlain flew home to a hero's welcome\Nfrom a Britain anxious to avoid another
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.08,0:28:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conflict, after the devistating slaughter\Nof World War I, only 20 years earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.11,0:28:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And here is the paper which bears\Nhis name upon it, as well as mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.22,0:28:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [NOISE]\N>> As symbolic of the desire
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.09,0:28:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our two peoples never to go\Nto war with one another again.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.74,0:28:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Chamberlain got what\Nhe thought was peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.01,0:28:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler got the Sudetenland.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.98,0:28:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> To us Germans,\Nit was a great thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.82,0:28:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their land is bordering on Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.51,0:28:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a Sudeten, people were Germans,\Nso we thought, yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.01,0:28:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sure, why should say\Nlive in Czechoslovakia?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.42,0:28:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> On October the 1st,\N1938 Hitler welcomed 3.5 million
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.02,0:28:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Czechoslovakians of German\Nblood into the Reich.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.76,0:28:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [NOISE]\N>> Hitler's reception was a replay of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.65,0:28:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Austria.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.52,0:29:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.34,0:29:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [NOISE]\N>> As Hitler was being cheered
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.04,0:29:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Sudetenland, the Nazis campaign\Nagainst German Jews was intensified,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.36,0:29:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very much aided by an incident in Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.75,0:29:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On November the 7th,\Na young Jew, Herschel Grynszpan,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.07,0:29:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distraught over the deportation\Nof his parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.91,0:29:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walked into the German Embassy in Paris\Nand shot a minor official, Ernst vom Rath.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.68,0:29:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.98,0:29:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> While he was fighting death,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.62,0:29:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the newspapers carried headlines,\Nheadlines against the Jewish people.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.63,0:29:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Jews have taken off\Ntheir mask from their face.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.07,0:29:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have shown now what\Nthey want to do to us."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.49,0:29:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was dreadful.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.51,0:29:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We said if only this man does not die.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.45,0:29:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, he died.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.83,0:30:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.03,0:30:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Vom Rath's death became\NHitler's opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.15,0:30:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a junior diplomat,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.84,0:30:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vom Rath was nonetheless accorded\Nthe honors of a fallen hero.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.10,0:30:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.35,0:30:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ceremony was intended\Nto inspire revenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.57,0:30:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For once, said Joseph Goebbels, the Jews\Nshould get the feel of popular anger.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.75,0:30:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.17,0:30:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That anger exploded on the night of\NNovember the 10th, 1938, Kristallnacht.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.39,0:30:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I saw the synagogue in flames.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.07,0:30:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People came from all over,\Nthe fire department.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.04,0:30:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did not make one\Neffort to put out a flames.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.11,0:30:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids were laughing.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.66,0:30:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids were having fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.33,0:30:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I heard "kill the Jews, kill the Jews".
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.74,0:30:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> For 24 hours, Nazi stormtroopers\Nrampaged through Germany and
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.90,0:31:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Austria, destroying synagogues and shops.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.88,0:31:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Night of Broken Glass in German,\NKristallnacht.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.53,0:31:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.53,0:31:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scores of people were killed,\Nmore than 20,000 arrested.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.49,0:31:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was now clear there was no future for\NJews in Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.63,0:31:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> For the first time in America, it broke\Nthrough a certain part of the awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.69,0:31:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that something horrible was\Nhappening in Hitler's Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.54,0:31:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]\N>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.71,0:31:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Roosevelt himself said it just was
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.73,0:31:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incomprehensible to imagine that such\Na thing could happen in the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.52,0:31:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And still,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.15,0:31:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people felt we've seen what happened\Nwhen we get involved in Europe's wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.03,0:31:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Europe's problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.33,0:31:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.12,0:31:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [FOREIGN]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.89,0:31:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.50,0:32:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> On Easter Sunday, 1939, an enormous\Ncrowd came together around the reflecting
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.38,0:32:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pool in the nation's capital to hear\None of the great voices of modern time.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.62,0:32:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marian Anderson
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.63,0:32:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.24,0:32:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Because she was a Negro, Anderson\Nhad been barred from performing at
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.05,0:32:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constitution Hall by the Daughters\Nof the American Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.67,0:32:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When president Roosevelt heard this,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.88,0:32:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he enabled her to sing\Nat the Lincoln Memorial.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.55,0:32:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.84,0:32:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And I was among the 75,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.58,0:32:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gathered to hear her sing that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.89,0:32:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a moment maybe even more\Nimportant to us than what Joe Lewis
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.79,0:32:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had done when he demolished Max Schmeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.05,0:33:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.20,0:33:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we stood there and we listened,\Nand tears ran down our faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.44,0:33:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.50,0:33:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a part of America's statement in\NHitler's face,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.07,0:33:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what we truly\Nthought about Black people.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.71,0:33:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.68,0:33:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Marian affirmed for all of us,\Nwhat the true meaning of America was.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.31,0:33:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.22,0:33:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That powerful symbol of racial\Njustice gave hope to European Jews.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.65,0:33:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hope that despite strict quotas,\Nlimiting immigration,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.68,0:33:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America would provide a haven\Nfrom the terror of Adolf Hitler.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.47,0:33:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> My mother desperately\Ntried to get out of Austria.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.35,0:34:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of the quota system,\Nthere were obvious difficulties, and
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.74,0:34:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could not gain entrance to United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.84,0:34:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one possibility was\Nto get entrance to Cuba.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.89,0:34:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Fred Reif's family joined\Nmore than 900 Jewish refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.35,0:34:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on board the steam ship, St.\NLouis, bound for Cuba.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.39,0:34:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at Havana,\NCuban officials refused to let them land.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.75,0:34:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.55,0:34:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Some suicide start to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.22,0:34:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember one person slit his wrists and\Njumped overboard in harbour.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.66,0:34:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.87,0:34:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The fear is, of course,\Nif you can't land in Cuba,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.38,0:34:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you have to go back to\NGermany to a concentration camp.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.52,0:34:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all lived there.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.56,0:34:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.07,0:34:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And so, the St. Louis turn\Nnorth towards the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.21,0:34:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For five days,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.15,0:34:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ship sat off the Florida coast\Nwhile the captain appealed for refuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.62,0:35:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.89,0:35:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Everybody's hopes were up.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.02,0:35:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Franklin Roosevelt was everybody's idol.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.42,0:35:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nothing will happen to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.67,0:35:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America wouldn't let us down.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.01,0:35:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.89,0:35:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But the United States government\Ndid not permit them to land.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.92,0:35:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.08,0:35:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The passenger sent one last urgent\Nplea directly to President Roosevelt.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.60,0:35:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no reply.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.74,0:35:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.98,0:35:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The St. Louis had no choice but\Nto sail back across the Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.45,0:35:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the last minute, England,\NFrance, Holland, and
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.01,0:35:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belgium agreed to take\Nthe stranded refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.37,0:35:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because the war was spreading\Nover the next six years,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.06,0:35:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,660 of the more than 900 passengers\Nwould perish at the hand of the Nazis.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.12,0:35:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.95,0:36:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> President Roosevelt was sympathetic\Nto the plight of the refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.10,0:36:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with the United States Congress\Nin an isolationist frame of mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.95,0:36:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he felt he could not spend "political\Ncapital" saving a small number of Jews,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.06,0:36:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when all of Europe needed\Nhelp against Hitler.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.70,0:36:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt believed that the only\Nway to stop Nazi aggression and
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.36,0:36:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep America insulated from Europe's\Ntroubles, was to arm Britain and France.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.06,0:36:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not a popular idea in a country\Nthat was officially neutral.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.02,0:36:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In March 1939,\Nsix months after the Munich Agreement,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.06,0:36:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Neville Chamberlain thought\NHitler would honor, Hitler broke his
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.98,0:36:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promise not to make any territorial\Nclaims, and took all of Czechoslovakia.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.46,0:36:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And still,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.28,0:36:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most Americans wanted to leave the\NEuropeans to deal with their own crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.48,0:36:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America was interested in\Na very different future.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.03,0:37:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.44,0:37:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the summer of 1939,\NNew York was home to the world's fair,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.73,0:37:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was called the World of Tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.79,0:37:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.46,0:37:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Visitors got their first\Nlook at television.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.46,0:37:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> How it worked, we did not know.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.51,0:37:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't ask [LAUGH] I was just\Nin awe of the whole thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.99,0:37:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> General Motors confidently offered\Nvisitors a future without traffic jams.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.44,0:37:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,General Electric dreams of\Neasy living with a dishwasher.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.28,0:37:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It was as if all of the dreams\Nof the future was suddenly going
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.16,0:37:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be materialized.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.93,0:37:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Machines were going to\Nmake us better people.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.22,0:37:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And here he comes,\Nladies and gentlemen.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.15,0:37:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Walking up to greet you,\Nunder his own power.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.76,0:37:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It was like science fiction for\Nme, 12 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.54,0:37:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting to see the World of Tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.02,0:37:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.96,0:38:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The flags of 60 nations\Nflew over the fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.66,0:38:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only one major power was absent.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.46,0:38:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.65,0:38:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany had been invited,\Nbut Hitler had declined.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.37,0:38:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.42,0:38:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had his own plan for\Nthe World of Tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.12,0:38:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.17,0:38:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the last day of August,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.99,0:38:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visitors were enjoying another\Nfestive evening at the fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.30,0:38:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[NOISE]\N>> As we were approaching
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.74,0:38:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Polish pavilion, the lights went out.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.26,0:38:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we didn't know whether it\Nwas an electrical problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.82,0:38:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.97,0:38:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the rest of\Nthe fair was still lit.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.26,0:38:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden a loudspeaker went on.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.84,0:38:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they had announced that Germany\Nhad just marched into Poland.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.47,0:38:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.92,0:38:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Suddenly, the World of Tomorrow\Nhad lost its bright promise.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.10,0:39:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And here is the United first flash\Nfrom Warsaw which says officially that
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.74,0:39:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,German planes have bombed railway\Nstation in 3 Polish towns.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.56,0:39:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 Downing Street =Prime Minister of UK
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.60,0:39:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am speaking to you in the Cabinet Room\Nat 10 Downing Street.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.80,0:39:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This country is at war with Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.58,0:39:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]\N>> I remember
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.05,0:39:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the broadcaster in London saying, and\NI'll never forget that sentence he used.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.56,0:39:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight, the lights are going\Nout all over Europe, and
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.59,0:39:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one knows when they'll\Never come back on.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.05,0:39:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.84,0:40:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.67,0:40:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The war in Europe made Americans\Nrealize just how blessed they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.81,0:40:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a display of patriotism,\Nflag sales soared.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.24,0:40:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the song by famous Jewish immigrant
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.07,0:40:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Irving Berlin went to\Nthe top of the hit parade.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.73,0:40:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.96,0:40:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most Americans still wanted\NEurope to fight its own battle,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.88,0:40:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but President Roosevelt and a growing\Nnumber of people knew that they had to
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.47,0:40:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prepare for the worst,\Nas events in Europe raged out of control.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.64,0:40:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.65,0:40:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the spring of 1940,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.29,0:41:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler turned his Blitzkrieg,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.20,0:41:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his lightning war,\Nagainst the countries of western Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.97,0:41:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.24,0:41:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I think at that time, probably,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.11,0:41:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was at the top point of his power.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.28,0:41:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six weeks to beat Poland and\N18 days to occupy Norway and Denmark.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.69,0:41:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To beat Holland in five days and\NBelgium in 17 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.89,0:41:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think those who doubted him,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.75,0:41:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they then thought that man is just superb,\Nhe wins everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.72,0:41:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.61,0:41:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And then France fell in just six weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.89,0:41:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On June the 14th,\NGerman troops entered Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.67,0:41:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.73,0:41:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as France collapsed, the German\Nplanes started to attack Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.69,0:42:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last democratic stronghold in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.68,0:42:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, the United States held back.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.61,0:42:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Roosevelt was able to help\NAmerica's battered English ally with
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.74,0:42:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a program to "Lend and Lease" them arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.19,0:42:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We shall send you in\Never-increasing numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.24,0:42:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ships, planes, tanks, guns.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.70,0:42:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is our purpose and our pledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.49,0:42:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]\N>> But
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.04,0:42:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a beleaguered Britain became\Nfreedom's last holdout in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.95,0:42:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full American involvement\Nbecame increasingly inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.98,0:42:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In December of 1940, the first peacetime\Ndraft in American history began.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.53,0:42:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America's armed forces\Nwere in woeful shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.90,0:42:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US Army had under 200,000 men,\Nfewer than Holland or Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.87,0:42:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.95,0:43:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember even running around\Nwith sticks for rifles and
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.68,0:43:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we used old tomato cans\Nfrom the mess hall.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.49,0:43:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got Campbell's soup cans and they'd\Nput gravel in them, and they'd rattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.56,0:43:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we'd throw them as far\Nas we could throw them, and
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.59,0:43:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's learning how to throw a grenade.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.50,0:43:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SOUND]\N>> I was in ROTC,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.55,0:43:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was studying to be an officer\Nin the American Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.24,0:43:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would look at that German war\Nmachine, and it put cold chills up and
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.83,0:43:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down my back.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.75,0:43:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.90,0:43:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I used to say to myself, you mean to\Ntell me we gotta go up against those guys?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.58,0:43:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.36,0:43:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't a very pretty picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.71,0:43:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.82,0:43:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> By 1941,\Nhistory's deadliest conflict was underway.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.24,0:43:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the very survival of freedom in\Nthe world depended on the outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.83,0:44:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's on the next episode of\NThe Century: America's Time.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.13,0:44:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Peter
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.93,0:44:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jennings,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.82,0:44:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thank
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.27,0:44:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you for
Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.80,0:44:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,joining
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.43,0:44:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.79,0:44:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]