[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.83,0:00:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today I'm going to speak to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.47,0:00:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the last 30 years\Nof architectural history.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.68,0:00:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a lot to pack into 18 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.17,0:00:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a complex topic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.88,0:00:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're just going to dive right in\Nat a complex place:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.28,0:00:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New Jersey.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.51,0:00:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because 30 years ago, I'm from Jersey,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.72,0:00:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was six, and I lived there\Nin my parents' house
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.59,0:00:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a town called Livingston,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.23,0:00:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was my childhood bedroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.69,0:00:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around the corner from my bedroom
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.15,0:00:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the bathroom\Nthat I used to share with my sister.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.22,0:00:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in between my bedroom and the bathroom
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.16,0:00:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a balcony that overlooked\Nthe family room.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.41,0:00:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where everyone\Nwould hang out and watch TV,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.12,0:00:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that every time that I walked\Nfrom my bedroom to the bathroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.31,0:00:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone would see me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.67,0:00:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every time I took a shower\Nand would come back in a towel,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.44,0:00:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone would see me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.16,0:00:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I looked like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.72,0:01:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was awkward,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.76,0:01:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insecure, and I hated it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hated that walk, I hated that balcony,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.94,0:01:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hated that room, and I hated that house.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.77,0:01:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.92,0:01:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.26,0:01:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Done.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.09,0:01:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That feeling, those emotions that I felt,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.49,0:01:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the power of architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.20,0:01:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because architecture is not about math\Nand it's not about zoning,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.76,0:01:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about those visceral,\Nemotional connections
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.15,0:01:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we feel to the places that we occupy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.65,0:01:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's no surprise\Nthat we feel that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.55,0:01:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because according to the EPA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.78,0:01:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans spend 90 percent\Nof their time indoors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.43,0:01:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 90 percent of our time\Nsurrounded by architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.19,0:01:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.72,0:01:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that architecture is shaping us\Nin ways that we didn't even realize.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.92,0:01:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes us a little bit gullible\Nand very, very predictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.46,0:02:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that when I show you\Na building like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.12,0:02:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know what you think:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.52,0:02:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think "power"\Nand "stability" and "democracy."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.24,0:02:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know you think that\Nbecause it's based on a building
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.90,0:02:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was build 2,500 years ago\Nby the Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.27,0:02:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a trick.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.91,0:02:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a trigger that architects use
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.10,0:02:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get you to create\Nan emotional connection
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.02,0:02:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the forms that we build\Nour buildings out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.24,0:02:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a predictable emotional connection,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.90,0:02:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've been using this trick\Nfor a long, long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.63,0:02:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used it [200] years ago to build banks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.93,0:02:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used it in the 19th century\Nto build art museums.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.11,0:02:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the 20th century in America,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.34,0:02:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we used it to build houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.20,0:02:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at these solid,\Nstable little soldiers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.96,0:02:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facing the ocean\Nand keeping away the elements.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.26,0:02:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really, really useful,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.92,0:02:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because building things is terrifying.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.33,0:02:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's expensive, it takes a long time,\Nand it's very complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.100,0:03:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the people that build things --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.18,0:03:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developers and governments --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.41,0:03:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're naturally afraid of innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.28,0:03:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'd rather just use those forms\Nthat they know you'll respond to.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.12,0:03:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how we end up\Nwith buildings like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.10,0:03:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a nice building.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.79,0:03:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Livingston Public Library
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.10,0:03:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was completed in 2004 in my hometown,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.24,0:03:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, you know, it's got a dome
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.89,0:03:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's got this round thing \Nand columns, red brick,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.50,0:03:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can kind of guess what Livingston\Nis trying to say with this building:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.51,0:03:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children, property values and history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.75,0:03:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it doesn't have much to do\Nwith what a library actually does today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.21,0:03:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That same year, in 2004,\Non the other side of the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.30,0:03:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another library was completed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.32,0:03:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.100,0:03:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in Seattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.14,0:03:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This library is about how\Nwe consume media in a digital age.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.72,0:03:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a new kind\Nof public amenity for the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.31,0:04:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a place to gather and read and share.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.24,0:04:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how is it possible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.89,0:04:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the same year,\Nin the same country,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.33,0:04:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two buildings, both called libraries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.98,0:04:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look so completely different?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.58,0:04:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is that architecture works\Non the principle of a pendulum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.50,0:04:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the one side is innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.39,0:04:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and architects are constantly pushing,\Npushing for new technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.03,0:04:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new typologies, new solutions\Nfor the way that we live today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.89,0:04:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we push and we push and we push
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.30,0:04:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we completely alienate all of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.93,0:04:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wear all black, we get very depressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.18,0:04:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think we're adorable,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.36,0:04:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're dead inside because\Nwe've got no choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.84,0:04:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to go to the other side
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.62,0:04:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reengage those symbols\Nthat we know you love.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.39,0:04:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we do that, and you're happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.58,0:04:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we feel like sellouts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.41,0:04:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we start experimenting again
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.08,0:04:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we push the pendulum back\Nand back and forth and back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.30,0:04:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've gone for the last 300 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.70,0:05:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly for the last 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.93,0:05:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, 30 years ago\Nwe were coming out of the '70s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.54,0:05:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architects had been busy experimenting\Nwith something called brutalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.52,0:05:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about concrete.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.79,0:05:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.28,0:05:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can guess this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.45,0:05:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small windows, dehumanizing scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.81,0:05:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really tough stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.59,0:05:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as we get closer to the '80s,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.38,0:05:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we start to reengage those symbols.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.75,0:05:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We push the pendulum\Nback into the other direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.72,0:05:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take these forms that we know you love
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.55,0:05:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we update them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.14,0:05:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We add neon
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.18,0:05:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we add pastels
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.46,0:05:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we use new materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.14,0:05:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you love it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.60,0:05:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can't give you enough of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.58,0:05:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take Chippendale armoires
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.76,0:05:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we turned those into skyscrapers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.16,0:05:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and skyscrapers can be\Nmedieval castles made out of glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.41,0:05:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forms got big,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.98,0:05:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms got bold and colorful.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.54,0:05:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dwarves became columns.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.40,0:06:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.47,0:06:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Swans grew to the size of buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.60,0:06:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.64,0:06:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's the '80s, it's cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.54,0:06:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.74,0:06:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're all hanging out in malls
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're all moving to the suburbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.16,0:06:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and out there, out in the suburbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.76,0:06:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can create our own\Narchitectural fantasies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.12,0:06:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those fantasies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.89,0:06:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be Mediterranean
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.98,0:06:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or French
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.93,0:06:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Italian.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.15,0:06:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.82,0:06:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Possibly with endless breadsticks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.74,0:06:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the thing about postmodernism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.79,0:06:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the thing about symbols.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.91,0:06:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're easy, they're cheap,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.91,0:06:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because instead of making places,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.44,0:06:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're making memories of places.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.09,0:06:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I know, \Nand I know all of you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this isn't Tuscany.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.18,0:06:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Ohio.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.45,0:06:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.99,0:06:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So architects get frustrated,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.84,0:06:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we start pushing the pendulum\Nback into the other direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.56,0:06:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the late '80s and early '90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.81,0:07:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we start experimenting with something\Ncalled deconstructivism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.73,0:07:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We throw out historical symbols,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.50,0:07:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we rely on new, computer-aided\Ndesign techniques,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.37,0:07:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we come up with new compositions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.35,0:07:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms crashing into forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.23,0:07:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is academic and heady stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.28,0:07:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's super unpopular,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.15,0:07:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we totally alienate you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.84,0:07:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ordinarily, the pendulum would just\Nswing back into the other direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.05,0:07:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, something amazing happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.33,0:07:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1997, this building opened.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.90,0:07:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Guggenheim Bilbao,\Nby Frank Gehry.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.23,0:07:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this building
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.66,0:07:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundamentally changes\Nthe world's relationship to architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.69,0:07:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paul Goldberger said that Bilbao\Nwas one of those rare moments
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.62,0:07:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when critics, academics,\Nand the general public
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.94,0:07:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were completely united around a building.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.40,0:07:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New York Times\Ncalled this building a miracle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.16,0:08:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tourism in Bilbao increased 2,500 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.87,0:08:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after this building was completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.88,0:08:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of a sudden, everybody\Nwants one of these buildings:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.04,0:08:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,L.A.,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.63,0:08:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seattle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.20,0:08:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chicago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.82,0:08:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.55,0:08:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cleveland,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.47,0:08:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Springfield.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.74,0:08:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.80,0:08:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody wants one,\Nand Gehry is everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.04,0:08:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is our very first starchitect.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.99,0:08:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how is it possible\Nthat these forms --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.89,0:08:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're wild and radical --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how is it possible that they become\Nso ubiquitous throughout the world?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.27,0:08:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it happened because media\Nso successfully galvanized around them
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.79,0:08:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they quickly taught us\Nthat these forms mean culture and tourism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.07,0:08:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We created an emotional\Nreaction to these forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.49,0:08:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So did every mayor in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.97,0:08:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every mayor knew\Nthat if they had these forms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.49,0:09:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had culture and tourism.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.78,0:09:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This phenomenon\Nat the turn of the new millennium
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.13,0:09:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened to a few other starchitects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.29,0:09:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happened to Zaha
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.70,0:09:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it happened to Libeskind,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.12,0:09:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happened\Nto these elite few architects
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.76,0:09:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the turn of the new millennium
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.54,0:09:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could actually start to happen\Nto the entire field of architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.24,0:09:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as digital media starts\Nto increase the speed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.50,0:09:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which we consume information.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.10,0:09:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because think about\Nhow you consume architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.43,0:09:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A thousand years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.67,0:09:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have had to have walked to\Nthe village next door to see a building.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.49,0:09:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Transportation speeds up:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.14,0:09:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can take a boat, you can take a plane,\Nyou can be a tourist.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.17,0:09:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technology speeds up:\NYou can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.09,0:09:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until finally, we are all\Narchitectural photographers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.97,0:09:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the building has become\Ndisembodied from the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.77,0:09:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architecture is everywhere now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.34,0:10:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means that\Nthe speed of communication
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.48,0:10:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has finally caught up\Nto the speed of architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.41,0:10:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because architecture\Nactually moves quite quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.90,0:10:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't take long\Nto think about a building.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.64,0:10:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a long time to build a building,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.81,0:10:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three or four years,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.13,0:10:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the interim, an architect\Nwill design two or eight
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.82,0:10:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a hundred other buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.49,0:10:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they know if that building\Nthat they designed four years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.21,0:10:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a success or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.69,0:10:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because there's never been\Na good feedback loop in architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.42,0:10:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how we end up\Nwith buildings like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.33,0:10:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brutalism wasn't a two-year movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.30,0:10:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a 20-year movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.38,0:10:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 20 years, we were producing\Nbuildings like this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.22,0:10:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we had no idea\Nhow much you hated it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.28,0:10:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's never going to happen again,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.11,0:10:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.26,0:10:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are living on the verge\Nof the greatest revolution in architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.39,0:11:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the invention of concrete,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.78,0:11:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of steel, or of the elevator,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.26,0:11:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a media revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.07,0:11:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my theory is that when\Nyou apply media to this pendulum,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.76,0:11:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts swinging faster and faster,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.64,0:11:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it's at both extremes\Nnearly simultaneously,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.40,0:11:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that effectively blurs the difference\Nbetween innovation and symbol,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.40,0:11:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between us, the architects,\Nand you, the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.34,0:11:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can make nearly instantaneous,\Nemotionally charged symbols
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.43,0:11:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of something that's brand new.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.45,0:11:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you how this plays out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.21,0:11:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a project that my firm\Nrecently completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.83,0:11:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were hired to replace this building,\Nwhich burned down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.30,0:11:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the center of a town\Ncalled the Pines
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.80,0:11:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Fire Island in New York State.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.57,0:11:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a vacation community.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.73,0:11:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We proposed a building that was audacious,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.51,0:11:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was different than any of the forms\Nthat the community was used to,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.18,0:12:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we were scared\Nand our client was scared
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.73,0:12:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the community was scared,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.51,0:12:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we created a series\Nof photorealistic renderings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.69,0:12:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we put onto Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.10,0:12:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we put onto Instagram,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.24,0:12:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we let people start\Nto do what they do:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.59,0:12:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share it, comment, like it, hate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.23,0:12:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that meant that two years\Nbefore the building was complete,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.59,0:12:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was already a part of the community,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.94,0:12:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that when the renderings\Nlooked exactly like the finished product,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.23,0:12:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were no surprises.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.21,0:12:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This building was already a part\Nof this community,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.12,0:12:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then that first summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.43,0:12:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people started arriving\Nand sharing the building on social media,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.38,0:12:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the building ceased to be just an edifice\Nand it became media,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.89,0:12:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these, these are not\Njust pictures of a building,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.69,0:12:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're your pictures of a building.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.53,0:12:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you use them to tell your story,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.84,0:13:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become part\Nof your personal narrative,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.57,0:13:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you're doing\Nis you're short-circuiting
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.14,0:13:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of our collective memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.42,0:13:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're making these charged symbols\Nfor us to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.19,0:13:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means we don't need\Nthe Greeks anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.50,0:13:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell us what to think\Nabout architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.14,0:13:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can tell each other\Nwhat we think about architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.19,0:13:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because digital media hasn't just changed\Nthe relationship between all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.99,0:13:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's changed the relationship\Nbetween us and buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.61,0:13:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think for a second about\Nthose librarians back in Livingston.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.39,0:13:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that building was going\Nto be built today,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.83,0:13:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing they would do is go online\Nand search "new libraries."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.70,0:13:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would be bombarded by examples\Nof experimentation, of innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.100,0:13:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pushing at the envelope\Nof what a library can be.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.100,0:13:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's ammunition.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.85,0:13:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's ammunition\Nthat they can take with them
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.20,0:14:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the mayor of Livingston,\Nto the people of Livingston,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.35,0:14:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, there's no one answer\Nto what a library is today.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.34,0:14:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's be a part of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.29,0:14:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This abundance of experimentation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.18,0:14:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives them the freedom\Nto run their own experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.45,0:14:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is different now.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.66,0:14:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architects are no longer\Nthese mysterious creatures
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.04,0:14:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that use big words\Nand complicated drawings,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.56,0:14:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you aren't the hapless public,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.55,0:14:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the consumer that won't accept\Nanything that they haven't seen anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.98,0:14:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architects can hear you,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.74,0:14:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're not intimidated\Nby architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.77,0:14:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that that pendulum\Nswinging back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.18,0:14:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from style to style,\Nfrom movement to movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.18,0:14:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is irrelevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.68,0:14:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can actually move forward
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.30,0:14:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find relevant solutions\Nto the problems that our society faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.76,0:14:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the end of architectural history,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.22,0:14:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it means that\Nthe buildings of tomorrow
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.12,0:15:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to look a lot different\Nthan the buildings of today.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.39,0:15:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that a public space\Nin the ancient city of Seville
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.82,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be unique and tailored\Nto the way that a modern city works.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.99,0:15:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that a stadium in Brooklyn\Ncan be a stadium in Brooklyn,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.44,0:15:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not some red-brick historical pastiche
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.22,0:15:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what we think a stadium ought to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.54,0:15:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that robots are going\Nto build our buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.40,0:15:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're finally ready for the forms\Nthat they're going to produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.84,0:15:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it means that buildings\Nwill twist to the whims of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.72,0:15:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of the other way around.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.68,0:15:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that a parking garage\Nin Miami Beach, Florida,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.30,0:15:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can also be a place for sports
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.81,0:15:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for yoga
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.22,0:15:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can even\Nget married there late at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.82,0:15:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.87,0:15:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that three architects\Ncan dream about swimming
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.05,0:15:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the East River of New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.100,0:15:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then raise nearly\Nhalf a million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.51,0:15:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a community\Nthat gathered around their cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.86,0:16:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one client anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.76,0:16:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that no building\Nis too small for innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.69,0:16:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this little reindeer pavilion
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.91,0:16:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's as muscly and sinewy\Nas the animals it's designed to observe.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.81,0:16:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it means that a building\Ndoesn't have to be beautiful
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.57,0:16:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be lovable,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.89,0:16:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this ugly little building in Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.93,0:16:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the architects dug a hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.43,0:16:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,packed it with hay,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.84,0:16:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then poured concrete around it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.19,0:16:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the concrete dried,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.86,0:16:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they invited someone to come\Nand clean that hay out
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.44,0:16:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that all that's left when it's done
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.40,0:16:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this hideous little room
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.10,0:16:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's filled with the imprints\Nand scratches of how that place was made,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.07,0:16:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that becomes the most sublime place\Nto watch a Spanish sunset.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.66,0:16:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it doesn't matter\Nif a cow builds our buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.04,0:16:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a robot builds our buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.87,0:16:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't matter how we build,\Nit matters what we build.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.90,0:17:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architects already know how\Nto make buildings that are greener
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.35,0:17:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smarter and friendlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.53,0:17:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've just been waiting\Nfor all of you to want them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.02,0:17:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, we're not\Non opposite sides anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.96,0:17:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Find an architect, hire an architect,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.95,0:17:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work with us to design better buildings,\Nbetter cities, and a better world,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.79,0:17:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the stakes are high.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.64,0:17:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buildings don't just reflect our society,\Nthey shape our society
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.85,0:17:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the smallest spaces:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.92,0:17:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local libraries,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.95,0:17:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the homes where we raise our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.41,0:17:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the walk that they take\Nfrom the bedroom to the bathroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.29,0:17:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.41,0:17:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)