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10 years ago,

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I got a phone call that
changed my life.

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At the time, I was 
cardiologist at UCLA,

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specializing in cardiac 
imaging techniques.

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The call came from a veterinarian
at the Los Angeles Zoo.

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An elderly female chimpanzee

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had woken up with a facial droop

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and the veterinarians were worried
that she had had a stroke.

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They asked if I could 
come to the zoo

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and image the animal's heart

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to look for a possible cardiac cause.

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Now, to be clear, North American

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North American zoos 
are staffed

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by highly qualified, 
board-certified veterinarians

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who take outstanding 
care of animal patients.

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But occasionally, they do reach into 
the human medical community,

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particularly for some 
speciality consultation,

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and I was one of the lucky physicians
who was invited to help.

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I had a chance to rule out
a stroke in this chimpanzee

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and make sure that this gorilla 
didn't have a torn aorta,

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evaluate this macaw
for a heart murmur,

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make sure that this californian sea lion's
paracardium wasn't inflammed,

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and in this picture, I'm listening
to the heart of a lion

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after a lifesaving collaborative procedure 
with veteranarians and physicians.

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We drained 700 CCs of 
fluid from the sack

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in which this lion's 
heart was contained.

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And this procedure, which I have
done on many human patients,

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was identical with the exception
of that paw and that tail.

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Now most of the time, I was
working at the UCLA Medical Center

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with physicians, discussing symptoms
and diagnoses and treatments

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for my human patients.

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But some of the time, I was
working at the Los Angeles Zoo

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i was working at the 
Los Angeles Zoo with veteranarians

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discussing symptoms, 
diagnoses and treatments

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for their animal patients.

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And occasionally, on 
the very same day,

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I went on rounds at the 
UCLA Medical Center

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and at the Los Angeles Zoo,

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and here's what started coming
into very clear focus for me.

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Physicians and veterinarians
were essentially taking care

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of the same disorders in :their 
animal and human patients

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congestive heart failure, brain tumors,

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lukemia, diabetes, 
arthritis, ALS, breast cancer,

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even psychiatric symptoms like depression,

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anxiety, compulsions, eating disorders
and self injury.

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Now, I've got a confession to make.

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Even though I studied comparative
physiology and evolutionary biology,

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as an undergrad,

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i had even written my senior thesis
on darwinian theory,

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learning about the significant 
overlap between

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the disorders of animals and humans

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it came as a much needed wake up call for me

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so i started wondering,

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with all of these overlaps,

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how was it that i had never

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thought to ask a veteranarian

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or consult the veterinary literature

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for insights into one 
of my human patients?


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why had i never, nor 
had any of my physicians friends

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and colleagues, who i asked,

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ever attended a veterinary conference?

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for that matter, why was any of this a surprise?

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i mean look, every single physicians

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accepts some biological connection

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between animals and huamns

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every medication that we perscribe

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or that we've taken ourselves

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or we've given to our families

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has first been tested on an animal

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but there's something very different about

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giving an animal a medication or a human disease

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and the animal developing congestive heart failure

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or diabetes or breats cancer on their own

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now maybe some of the surprise

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comes from the increasing

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separation in our world

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between the urban and the non-urban

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you know, we hear about these city kids who

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think that wool grows on trees

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or that cheese comes from a plant

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well today's human hospitals

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are turning into increasingly

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these gleaming cathedrals

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of technology

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and this creates a psychological

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distance between the human
patients who are being treated there

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and animal patients who
are living in oceans

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and farms and jungles.

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but i think there's an even deeper reason

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physicians and scientists,

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we accept intellectually that our species, 
homo sapiens

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is merely one species, no more unique

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or special than any other

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but in our hearts, we don't completely BELIEVE THAT

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I feel it myself when I'm listening to motzart

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or looking at pictures of
the Mars Rover

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on my macbook

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i feel that tug of human exceptionalism

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even as i recognize the

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scientifically isolating cost

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of seeing ourselves as a

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superior species apart

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well, I'm trying these days

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when i see a human patient now,

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i always ask, "what do the animal
doctors know about this problem

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that I don't know?"

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and "might i be taking better care

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of my human patient if I saw
them as a human animal patient?"

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here are a few examples of the kind
of exciting connections


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that this kind of thinking 
has led me to

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fear induced heart fialure

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around the year 2000,

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human cardiologists discovered
emotionally induced heart failure

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it was described in a gambling father 
who had lost his life's savings

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with the roll of a dice

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in a bride who had 
been left at the alter

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but it turns out that this 
"new human diagnosis"

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was neither new, nor
was it uniquely human

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veteranarians had been diagnosing

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treating, and even preventing emotinally

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induced symptoms in animals

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ranging from monkeys to flamingos

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to deer to rabits

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since the 1970s

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how many human lives might have been saved

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if this veterinary knowledge had been

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put into the hands of ER docs and cardiologists?

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self injury

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some human patients harm themselves

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some pluck out patches of hair

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others actually cut themselves

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some animal patients also harm themselves

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there are birds that pluck out feathers

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there are stallions that repetitively
bite their flanks till they bleed

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but veterinarians have very specific

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and very effective ways of treating and even preventing self injury

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in their self injuring animals

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shouldn't this veterinary knowledge be

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put into the hands of psychotherapists

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and parents and patients

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struggling with self injury

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post pardem depression and post pardem psychosis

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sometimes,

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soon after giving birth, some women

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become depressed and sometimes

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they become seriously depressed and sometimes

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psychotic

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they may neglect ehri newborn

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and in some extreme cases,

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even harm the child

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Equine veteranarians also

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know that a mare, soon 
after giving birth

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will neglect the foul

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refusing to nurture it

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and in some instances

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kick the foul even to death.

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But veterinarians have divised

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an intervention to deal with

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this foul rejection syndrom

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that involves increasing oxytocin in the mare

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oxytocin is the bonding hormone

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and this leads to renewed interest

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on the part of the mare in her foul

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shouldn't this information

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be put into the hands of OBGYNs

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and family doctors and patients

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who are struggling with post pardem depression

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and psychosis?

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well despite all of this promise

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unfortunately, the gulf between our fields

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remains large

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to explain it, I'm afraid

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I'm going to have to air 
some dirty laundry

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some physicians can be 
real snobs

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about doctors who are not MDs

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I'm talking about dentists

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and optomitrists and psychologists

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but maybe especially, animal doctors

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of course, most physicians

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don't realize that it's harder

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to get into vet school these days

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than medical school

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and that when we go to medical school,

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we learn everything there is to konw

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about one species, homo sapiens

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but veterinarians need to learn

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about health and disease

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in mammals, amphibians,

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reptiles, fish and birds

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so, i don't blame the vets

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for feeling annoyed by

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my profession's condescension

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and ignorance

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but here's one from the vets

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what do you call a veteranarian

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who can only take care of one species?

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a physician.

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closing the gap has become a passions for me

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and I'm doing this through programs

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like darwin on rounds at UCLA

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where we're bringing animal experts and
evolutionary biologists

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and embedding them on our medical teams

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with our interns and our residents

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and through zoobiquity conferences

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where we bring medical schools together

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with veterinary schools

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for collabortive discussions

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of the shared diseases and disorders

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of animal and human patients

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at zoobiquity conferences,

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participants learn how treating

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breast cancer in a tiger can

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help us better treat breast cancer in a kindergarten teacher

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how understanding polycistic overies in a hole steen cow

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can help us better take care

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of a dance instructor with painful periods

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and how better understanding the

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treatment of separation anxiety

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in a high strung shelty

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can help a high strung child on his first days of school

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in the united states and now internationally

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at zoobiquity conferences

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physicians and veteranarians check

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their attitudes and their preconceptions at the door

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and come together as colleagues

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as peers,

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as doctors

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after all, we humans

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are animals, too

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and it's time for us physicians to embrace

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our patients and our own animal natures

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and join veterinarians

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in a species-spannign approach to health

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because it turns out

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some of the best and most humanistic medicine

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is being practiced by doctors whose

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patients aren't human

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and one of the best ways we can take care

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of the human patient is by paying close

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attention to how the other patients on the planet

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live, grow, get sick and heal

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Thank you.

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(Applause).