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10 years ago,

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I got a phone call that
changed my life.

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At the time, I was 
cardiologist at UCLA,

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specializing in cardiac 
imaging techniques.

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The call came from a veterinarian
at the Los Angeles Zoo.

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An elderly female chimpanzee

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had woken up with a facial droop

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and the veterinarians were worried
that she had had a stroke.

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They asked if I could 
come to the zoo

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and image the animal's heart

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to look for a possible cardiac cause.

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Now, to be clear, North American
zoos are staffed

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by highly qualified, 
board-certified veterinarians

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who take outstanding 
care of animal patients.

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But occasionally, they do reach into 
the human medical community,

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particularly for some 
speciality consultation,

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and I was one of the lucky physicians
who was invited to help.

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I had a chance to rule out
a stroke in this chimpanzee

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and make sure that this gorilla 
didn't have a torn aorta.

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Evaluate this macaw
for a heart murmur,

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make sure that this californian sea lion's
paracardium wasn't inflamed.

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And in this picture, I'm listening
to the heart of a lion

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after a lifesaving collaborative procedure 
with veteranarians and physicians.

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We drained 700 CCs of 
fluid from the sack

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in which this lion's 
heart was contained.

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And this procedure, which I have
done on many human patients,

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was identical with the exception
of that paw and that tail.

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Now most of the time, I was
working at the UCLA Medical Center

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with physicians, discussing symptoms
and diagnoses and treatments

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for my human patients.

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But some of the time, I was
working at the Los Angeles Zoo

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i was working at the 
Los Angeles Zoo with veteranarians

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discussing symptoms, 
diagnoses and treatments

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for their animal patients.

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And occasionally, on 
the very same day,

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I went on rounds at the 
UCLA Medical Center

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and at the Los Angeles Zoo,

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and here's what started coming
into very clear focus for me.

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Physicians and veterinarians
were essentially taking care

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of the same disorders in :their 
animal and human patients

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congestive heart failure, brain tumors,

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lukemia, diabetes, 
arthritis, ALS, breast cancer,

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even psychiatric symptoms like depression,

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anxiety, compulsions, eating disorders
and self injury.

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Now, I've got a confession to make.

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Even though I studied comparative
physiology and evolutionary biology,

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as an undergrad,

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I had even written my senior 
thesis on darwinian theory,

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learning about the 
significant overlap

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between the disorders of 
animals and humans.

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It came as a much needed 
wake up call for me.

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So I started wondering,
with all of these overlaps,

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how was it that I had never
thought to ask a veterinarian,

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or consult the veterinary literature,

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for insights into one 
of my human patients?

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Why had I never, nor had any of my physician
friends and colleagues who I asked,

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ever attended a veterinary conference?

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For that matter, why was 
any of this a surprise?

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I mean look, every single physician
accepts some biological connection

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between animals and humans.

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Every medication that we prescribe
or that we've taken ourselves

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or we've given to our families


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has first been tested on an animal.

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But there's something very different

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about giving an animal a 
medication or a human disease

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and the animal developing 
congestive heart failure

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or diabetes or breats cancer on their own.

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Now maybe some of the surprise

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comes from the increasing
separation in our world

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between the urban and the non-urban.

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You know, we hear about 
these city kids who

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think that wool grows on trees

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or that cheese comes from a plant.

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Well today's human hospitals

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are turning into increasingly


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these gleaming cathedrals
of technology.

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And this creates a psychological
distance between the human patients

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who are being treated there

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and animal patients who
are living in oceans

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and farms and jungles.

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But I think there's an even deeper reason.

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Physicians and scientists, we accept,
intellectually that our species

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homo sapien, is merely one species


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no more unique or
special than any other.

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But in our hearts, we don't 
completely believe that.

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I feel it myself when I'm 
listening to Motzart

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or looking at pictures of the 
Mars Rover on my MacBook.

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I feel that tug of 
human exceptionalism,

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even as I recognize the 
scientifically isolating cost

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of seeing ourselves as a
superior species apart.

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Well, I'm trying these days.

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When I see a human patient
now, I always ask,

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"what do the animal doctors know
about this problem that I don't know?"

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and "Might I be taking better 
care of my human patient

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if I saw them as a human
animal patient?"

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Here are a few examples of the 
kind of exciting connections


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that this kind of t
thinking has led me to:

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fear-induced heart failure.

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Around the year 2000,

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human cardiologists "discovered"
emotionally induced heart failure.

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It was described in a gambling father 
who had lost his life's savings

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with the roll of a dice,

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in a bride who had 
been left at the alter.

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But it turns out that this 
"new human diagnosis"

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was neither new, nor
was it uniquely human.

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Veterinarians had been diagnosing, 
treating, and even preventing

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emotionally-induced
symptoms in animals,

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ranging from monkeys to flamingos,
to deer to rabbits,

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since the 1970s.

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How many human lives 
might have been saved

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if this veterinary knowledge had 
been put into the hands

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of ER docs and cardiologists?

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Self injury.

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Some human patients harm themselves.

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Some pluck out patches of hair.

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Others actually cut themselves.

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Some animal patients 
also harm themselves.

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There are birds that pluck out feathers.

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There are stallions that repetitively
bite their flanks until they bleed.

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But veterinarians have very specific
and very effective ways

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of treating and even
preventing self-injury.

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In their self-injuring animals,

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shouldn't this veterinary knowledge
be put into the hands

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of psychotherapists and 
parents and patients

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struggling with self-injury,

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post pardem depression and 
post pardem psychosis?

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Sometimes, soon after giving birth

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Some women become depressed,

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they become seriously depressed
and sometimes psychotic.

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They may neglect their newborn,

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and in some extreme cases,

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even harm the child.

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Equine veteranarians also
know that a mare,

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soon after giving birth,

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will neglect the foul,
refusing to nurture it,

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and in some instances,
kick the foul even to death.

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But veterinarians have divised

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an intervention to deal with
this foul rejection syndrome

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that involves increasing 
oxytocin in the mare,

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oxytocin is the bonding hormone.

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And this leads to renewed interest

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on the part of the mare in her foul.

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Shouldn't this information

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be put into the hands of OBGYNs

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and family doctors and patients

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who are struggling with postpartum
depression and psychosis?

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Well despite all of this promise,

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unfortunately, the gulf between
our fields remains large.

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To explain it, I'm afraid I'm 
going to have to air

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some dirty laundry.

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Some physicians can 
be real snobs

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about doctors who are not MDs.

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I'm talking about dentists and 
optomitrists and psychologists

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and optomitrists and psychologists.

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But maybe especially, animal doctors.

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Of course, most physicians

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don't realize that it's harder

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to get into vet school these
days than medical school.

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And that when we go 
to medical school,

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we learn everything there is to konw

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about one species, homo sapiens.

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But veterinarians need to learn
about health and disease.

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in mammals, amphibians,
reptiles, fish and birds.

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So I don't blame the vets

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for feeling annoyed by

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my profession's condescension
and ignorance.

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But here's one from the vets:

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What do you call a veteranarian

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who can only take care of one species?

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A physician.

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Closing the gap has become 
a passion for me

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and I'm doing this 
through programs

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like Darwin on Rounds at UCLA

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where we're bringing animal experts 
and evolutionary biologists

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and embedding them on 
our medical teams


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with our interns and our residents.

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And through Zoobiquity conferences

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where we bring medical schools 
together with veterinary schools

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for collabortive discussions

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of the shared diseases and disorders


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of animal and human patients.

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At Zoobiquity conferences,

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participants learn how treating
breast cancer in a tiger

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can help us better 
treat breast cancer

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in a kindergarten teacher.

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How understanding polycistic
overies in a holstein cow

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can help us better take care

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of a dance instructor with painful periods.

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And how better understanding the 
treatment of separation anxiety

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in a high-strung Sheltie

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can help a high strung child 
on his first days of school.

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In the United States and 
now internationally

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At Zoobiquity conferences,


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physicians and veterinarians check
their attitudes and their preconceptions

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at the door and come 
together as colleagues

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as peers, as doctors.

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After all, we humans 
are animals, too.

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And it's time for us 
physicians to embrace

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our patients and 
our own animal natures

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and join veterinarians

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in a species-spannign approach to health.

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Because it turns out,

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some of the best and 
most humanistic medicine

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is being practiced by doctors whose
patients aren't human.

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And one of the best ways 
we can take care

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of the human patient is by 
paying close attention

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to how the other 
patients on the planet

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live, grow, get sick and heal.

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Thank you.

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(Applause).