How would you feel if I was to tell you

that nutrition science
has come such a long way

that in my hand I have
some pretty special pills.

You’re never going to have to eat again,

You won't be eating any meals,

all you need to do
is take one of these pills

breakfast, lunch, and dinner
for the rest of your life

and it's going to give you
the perfect balance of protein,

carbohydrates, and fat.

It is going to give you
the number of calories or kilojoules

that you need to stay at exactly
the perfect weight for your body.

It's going to give you
all of the antioxidants

and what we call phytochemicals

which just means plants nutrients,
plant chemicals

that are good for us.

All in this amazing little pills.

Isn’t science amazing?

How would you feel?

(Booing)

“Boo!” Yes.
That's what I was hoping for.

I hope you are feeling,
“God, that would be awful!"

"How disappointing!”

I hope there are some memories
coming into your mind right now.

They certainly are in mine.

I remember my mom’s awesome lasagna

that she always used to make

when we’d used to appear
as millions of people

and she had twenty mouths to feed

and she would whip up this lasagna.

I remember my grandmother
used to make this extraordinary

gingerbread cake

that my mother could never replicate
despite being the better cook.

I remember the pancakes
that the grandmother of a family friend

always made us whenever us kids
appeared at their house.

I remember being a teenager
doing exchanges with a student in France

and we had bowls of hot chocolate
with white bread

yes, white baguette with butter and jam

and we dipped it into our hot chocolates.

I remember the amazing paellas
that we used to have as a family

in Spain on our family holidays.

The point is food is much much more
than a bit of nutrients.

You’d be pleased to know
that science is not nearly at this point.

Thank goodness,

because food is more
than the nutrients that it contains.

Food is part of who we are.

Food is part of our culture.

It is part of our upbringing.

It’s part of how we negotiate
and interact with each other.

Just think about, those of you
in the room with a partner,

what did you do on your first dates?

I'm willing to bet that you
went for dinner at some point.

What do we do when we're celebrating?

Apart from popping open the champagne,
we probably have some celebratory cake

or we have some food.

What do we do at Christmas and New Year?
What do we do at funerals?

Food is always involved.

I’ve traveled to some pretty
remote places in the world

and it’s the same everywhere you go,

whether you're in the most
modern urbanized city

or whether you're in some village
in the middle of Africa somewhere;

people want to share food with you.

The sharing of food
is the sense of friendship,

a sense of who we are as human beings.

And here's my concern,

is that ...

and I'm a Nutrition Scientist,
I’ve devoted my career to the space;

my concern is that nutrition
is destroying some of those things.

But here's the problem,

because we do have quite literally
a big problem.

Here in Australia,

and unfortunately
in most of the rest of the world,

certainly all of the developed world,

and, fastly catching us up,
the developing world,

it is now the norm in Australia to be fat.

Now that's not an aesthetic problem.

I'm not here to talk about body image,
that's a whole other talk.

But that problem coaches us in
a whole number of chronic health diseases.

We know that diabetes is on the rise.

Type 2 diabetes is now the fastest-growing
chronic disease in this country

and 280 of us are diagnosed
every single day.

Every 12 minutes an Australian dies
of cardiovascular disease.

Ladies, one in three of us
will develop cancer

and guys, I'm sorry, one in two of you
will develop cancer before you're 85.

Now, while much of that
can't be prevented,

we do know that diet, and lifestyle

but diet is intricately involved in all
of those chronic diseases.

If we were to change the way that we eat,

we could dramatically
reduce those numbers;

we could dramatically reduce
the early death that is in this country

and dramatically improve
the quality of life

for so many people.

So, why is it that it’s so hard to do?

If you've ever tried to follow a diet,

isn’t that an awful word?

I hate calling myself a dietitian
because that word “diet” is in there.

But diet really just means
the way that we eat

and what we are eating.

It’s really hard to change
the way that we do

and part of that is because
of how ingrained the way that we eat is

in the way that we live today.

So, how you’ve been brought up to eat

will always have a dramatic influence
on the way that you’re eating today

and the way that your future children

and the next generation comes through.

But I also feel that part of the problem
is the amount of confusion.

I was involved in a recent survey

where we asked people about
how they felt about healthy eating

whether they were confused by it.

87% of people said that
they were completely confused

by what on earth is healthy eating.

That’s coming from
some of the media sensationalism

that we have around this area.

And don’t get me wrong,
I’m involved in the media

and I love that people are so passionate
about this area,

but unfortunately, it ends up in some
things being slightly skewed and bent

and what was the truth kind of gets bent
out of all proportion.

So, let’s take butter as an example.

Did you see the Times magazine
not so long ago

where it had "butter"
in the front cover and said:

"There’s hope.
The scientists have got it all wrong".

And suddenly my Facebook page
and other people’s

were going crazy saying:

“Yes! Burgers and bacon and everything
are all back on the menu!”.

That wasn’t what the research
showed at all.

The research actually showed that,
hang on a minute,

if we replace saturated fat
with a bunch of refined carbohydrates

we are in just as bad a state,
possibly even worse.

That’s actually what the research showed.

Did the research say:

“Hey, saturated fats
are actually really good for us”?

No, they didn't.

It questions, yes,
the relationship between

saturated fat and cardiovascular disease

but that’s one aspect
of saturated fats in our body.

It certainly didn’t show us that, "Hey,
eating saturated fat reduces your risk".

No, it didn’t say that,
but that’s the media reporting.

So that’s just one example
out of many that are showing us

how we’re actually
causing more confusion.

So, let’s take a little trip back
through my lifetime,

because essentially the thing
that I want to remind you about

is that we haven’t really got fat
until the last 50 or so years.

I’m not that old

but really is just those last few decades

that we are starting to have
this really major problem.

So, here’s what I’ve seen happen.

When I was a teenager, mom and I
first got interested in trying to diet,

became aware of my body and thinking,

“I've got to be skinnier".

Skinny equals beauty

unfortunately in this country
and in the UK where I grew up.

And here’s what happened:

mom and I embarked
on a whole bunch of diets.

We did the Cambridge diet,

which was all shakes and pills and so on.

We were both ill by about day 3 in bed,

so we decided: "Ok,
maybe that’s not the way to go".

Then we tried something else
called the Scarsdale diet,

that involved eating
a dry piece of wholemeal toast

in the morning with an orange,

I ate that breakfast
for I don’t know how many weeks.

I couldn’t do it today.

Tuna sandwiches I still struggle with

‘cause we had tuna sandwiches
every lunchtime,

a piece a fruit, a low-fat yogurt, so on.

We tried everything

and finally
we settled on the low-fat diet,

and of course that was the era
of the low-fat way of eating.

I remember eating
an entire French baguette

because it was fat free,
so guess what?

In here, license to eat.

And that’s exactly what we see.

So, the low-fat era took off,
and what happened?

Food companies responded
to our need for low fat

by giving us a whole bunch
of low-fat food.

Unfortunately,
it was full of refined starch,

lots of added sugars, additives
and preservatives,

and whatever else, flavors galore

to try and make the food taste
even remotely good.

Psychologically, we all had
that license to eat.

“Oh, it’s fat free,
therefore, calorie free,

I can eat as much as I like”.

That’s the way that we interpreted it

and we continued to get fatter.

So then, suddenly
the finger of blame went:

“Hang on a minute, we’ve got it all wrong,

it’s not fat, it’s carbs!

It’s carbs that are to blame.

Go back to eating lots of fat.
Let’s focus on the carbs".

And that’s kinda where
we are at the moment.

So, I went shopping, and normally

you’d expect a little shopping basket
to be full of food.

Here there’s not very much food,
but this is what people are eating.

So, now we’ve got a whole bunch
of products here.

This one says "Raw protein".

So, we are fixated
with the problem is carbs.

This is raw protein and in the ingredients

says it’s got brown rice syrup
and brown rice protein.

How do you reckon
they got it out of brown rice?

Yet this is called the raw bar.

We’ve got "Think thin".
Cookies and cream.

We’ve got high-protein, low-carb bars
in chocolate flavor.

You know what we want:
our cake and eat it,

we really do.

And things that make it sound like:

“Eat this and I’ll get you burning fat”.

All of those bars in here
have more than a thousand kilojoules

but you know what we are scared of?

(Laughter)

God forbid you eat a banana.

It's carbs.

It’s going to go straight to the belly.

That’s the situation we are in.

We’ve got cookie.

You know, we really wanna have
the chocolate, the sugary,

the cakes, the biscuits,
so we’ve got this kind of thing

"naturally good".

It’s free of pretty much everything.

But you know what’s in it?

Basically rice, butter and sugar.

Just happens to be gluten-free flour.

This is the situation we are in

where people are completely confused,

and the food industry keeps responding

by giving us more and more of what?

That's a basket, apart from my banana,

of processed food.

I live in Bondi, and I went
into one of the local whole foods cafes,

it’s honestly called Whole Foods,
that’s on its banner.

They serve these
amazing green smoothies

and I asked for the green smoothie
without the protein powder.

She looked and recognized
who I was and said:

“Why are you not having
the protein powder?"

"Is this not a good protein powder?
Should we have a better protein powder?”

And I said, “Because I don’t eat
processed food,

or try not to eat too much of it".

and the dawning on her face
was like, "Oh!"

I could see she had never considered

that this green pea protein powder
was actually a processed food.

So, why is it that we are
kind of recognizing

processed carbs are not
all that good for us,

we’ve certainly recognized
processed fat, trans fat

are not good for us,

but now we’re doing it with protein.

We’re processing the life out of that

and thinking that’s going to be
all our answers.

So when we look worldwide at the moment

we’ve got a number of different
nutritional thinkings.

We’ve got a very low-fat approach,
that’s practically vegan,

from Doctor Dean Ornish
over in the States.

He’s got lots of great research,

he’s shown some amazing studies
and published some amazing results.

We’ve got doctor Loren Cordain,
who’s the kinda father of the paleo diet

I'm sure there’s some people in the room

who might have tried or at least heard,

it’s the most googled diet at the moment,
it’s paleo.

That same Kathy, by the way,
that serves the green smoothies,

now serves paleo banana bread,
paleo brownies, paleo protein powder.

Where is paleo man eating any of that?

But we can’t see how ridiculous
that is, can we?

We’ve got the very low-carb approaches,
started of course by Doctor Atkinson,

now incorporated by a whole bunch
of other different people,

still really popular
in the fitness industry.

We’ve got the South Beach Diet
and the low GI diet.

And then we’ve got traditional diets
around the world

like the Mediterranean diet,

which is actually pretty high in fat,

but it’s fats from really good stuff,
like extra virgin olive oil,

avocados and nuts and seeds.

Really solid evidence
behind that kind of a diet.

We’ve got a very contrasting diet,
but they have

some of the longest living people
in the world in Japan:

the Japanese diet.

The Okinawans have
more people that live to 100

than anyone else in the world.

So that diet has been studied extensively
to see, can we learn anything from this?

and it's very low fat.

So why did our low-fat thing not work
and theirs does?

Because when we look
at all those different approaches

they have some commonalities,

and that commonality is
that they’re based on real food,

on whole foods.

And the state that we are at
in nutrition research -

and I need to remind you
that nutrition research,

or nutrition as a science,
is still a very very young science.

We only discovered vitamins and minerals
last century.

We have so much more
to understand and to know,

so it’s a fascinating science to get into
and to study and to read about.

But there’s so much we need to know.

But there are,
despite the apparent confusion,

there are some very clear messages
coming out of this science.

that is that there are some foundations
that we can all employ,

the most important one of those
is that it is about eating more plants.

We absolutely must eat more plant food.
That’s the first thing.

But the other interesting thing about
looking at these traditional diets

that seem to be so healthy

is about the attitudes
to food in those places

I’m going to give you three words

and I just want you to think about
which one of these is the odd one out:

bread, pasta and butter.

Which one is the odd one out?

Butter. Why?

Because bread and pasta are carbs.

This question comes from
a real psychology study

that was published a few years ago.

More than a decade ago
now actually I think.

And they looked at the different cultures,

and they had the Americans,

the Belgians with the French,

and the Japanese.

The French answered that question
by saying,

“Pasta is the odd one out,
‘cause bread and butter go together”.

The Americans answered that question
just as some people here did

by saying: "Bread and pasta go together
‘cause they are carbs”.

Who has the bigger problem with food?

That study showed that the Americans
were much more concerned and worried

about the foods that they buy,

they were much more likely to buy
the foods that are in my shopping basket.

They didn’t place much priority,

and they certainly
didn’t place much pleasure in food,

whereas the French do.

When I was a student,

I spent a summer waitressing
in a restaurant in Paris.

And it was in a business area

and what would happen
when all the local business people

would come to the restaurant

for a sit-down lunch with a knife and fork

converse and chat over the table

and then go back to work in the afternoon?

What happens in Sydney?

You’re lucky if you grab a sandwich
on the way.

People are eating in the street,

something my mother always told me
it was really rude to do.

Everything is grabbing on the run.
Everything is on the run. Rush rush rush.

We don’t give any priority,

and we don’t give any respect
to food anymore.

You know, when I was at school,
I’m not particularly religious,

but at school we had to say grace
before we ate our lunch.

The whole school had to sit down
at our tables,

and we all chanted the grace,

and then everyone could start to eat.

Something nice about that kind of respect,

'cause at the end of the day
what we have to recognise is that

we are really lucky that we have a choice.

We can choose to follow low carb,
or low fat, or paleo.

We have that choice.

But where I want to leave you

is by saying if we're really
going to get some change,

and changing those awful statistics
that are hitting Australia,

I need you help.

We need to lose the diet wars.

We need to give up on the promises

that the quick fix is in the pills,
potions, and shakes,

and everything’s going to do it for us

without us putting in any effort ourselves

and we’ve got to go back
to eating real food.

And you can choose your ultimate diet.

As long as you have those
core whole food foundations

with lots of plant food,

whether or not you choose to add meat

or other animal products into it,

then you can make it
individualized to you.

And above all,

we absolutely must eat with joy.

We have to take pleasure
in what we are doing

because otherwise you're not going to
do it for the long term.

It’s only when you change
for the long term,

you change the way your thought
processes work,

that’s the only way that
we’re actually going to get real change.

And I hope you’ll agree with me,

that that is an idea worth spreading.

Thank you.

(Applause)