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Greetings Troublemakers... welcome to Trouble.

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My name is not important.

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It’s now been 50 years since the riots of 1968,

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a decentralized series of explosive protests

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that broke out across multiple countries around the world

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and which, to this day, stand as a high-water mark[br]

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in the annals of revolutionary history.

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But no commemoration of this milestone is complete

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without acknowledging that '68 was,

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at the end of the day,

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a failed revolution.

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And just as it was a year of inspiring popular protest,

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it was also a year of intense political repression.

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In the United States,

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just as the civil rights and anti-war movements

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were at their peaks,

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three high-profile political assassinations occurred

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over a span of two months,

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claiming the lives of Martin Luther King Jr,

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Bobby Hutton

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and Robert Kennedy. [br]

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These killings helped to cement the shift

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from a largely non-violent

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and reformist civil rights movement

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to the more militant and revolutionary

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Black Power movement,

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which in turn would soon fall prey

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to the FBI's ruthless program

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of covert assassination and sabotage

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known as COINTELPRO.

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In Mexico,

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calls for an international boycott managed to

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successfully block Apartheid South Africa's participation

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in the 1968 Summer Olympics,

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and a massive student uprising broke out,

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which posed an existential challenge

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to the ruling PRI government of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz.

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The Mexican state's response to the students

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was swift and brutal.

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On October 2nd,

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just ten days before the Olympic Games were set to begin,

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the Mexican army opened fire on 10,000 student protestors

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in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas,

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in what became known as the Tlatelolco massacre.

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Between 300-400 people were killed,

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and over 1,500 student organizers arrested

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in a wide-ranging crackdown by security forces

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that sent shock waves throughout Mexican society

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that resonate to this very day.

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But while repression ultimately cut short

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the revolutionary promise of 1968,

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it could never extinguish the desire for freedom[br]

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that was its initial spark.

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This torch has since been taken up

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by new generations of restless youth,

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who have used their position as students

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to issue calls for a radical transformation of society.

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Over the next thirty minutes,

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we'll showcase contemporary examples of student struggles

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from Mexico, South Africa and the United States,

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and speak with current and former student organizers

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as they share their experiences of

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taking over their campuses,

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disrupting the status quo…

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and making a whole lot of trouble.

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In this country, only 4 out of 10

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from each generation can get into university.

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There haven’t been public universities created [br]

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since the 70’s,

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when the UAM (Metropolitan Autonomous University) was created,

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and then in 2001, the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UNAM).

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None of them have the capacity to take in

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more than 5000 students a year; so it’s an elite.

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And in this country, with all the poverty,

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with all the displacement, who gets into university?

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The demand that made the student movement take off

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was the regulation of payments [br]

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that was implemented in the UNAM.

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It intended to establish quotas

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to be able to study at the university.

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It contemplated the increase of educational services

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- for example the study of languages,

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the use of laboratories, the use of libraries -

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that for all of us who participated in that movement

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meant the beginning of the privatization of the university.

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And then once the movement exploded, [br]

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inside the student organization that we formed,

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which was the CGH, we added another 5 demands.

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What happened in many schools was that as soon

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as the proposed amendment to the regulation came out,

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they formed assemblies.

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In many cases, or in each school,

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they saw that there’s an amendment

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to the regulation and whatnot, and they begin to plan.[br]

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The only option we had to try to stop the increase in fees

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was to paralyze the university.

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This is where some older comrades

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from the UNAM joined the fray,

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and they brought the experience that we did not have.[br]

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And through discussions with these comrades

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the idea of striking began to form,

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as well as the way we were going to do it;

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and a date was set.

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And that’s where I think the Zapatistas were key as well.

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The EZLN, like the commanders,[br]

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issued a communiqué

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which announced the support of the Zapatistas,

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and called on all the people that supported them

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to also support the student movement.

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On the day that we launched the strike,

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which was the night of the 19th of April,

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more than half of the university population

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was in favour of the strike.

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And we were here,

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ready to stay in the facilities [br]

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so that classes couldn't be held,

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and so that the strike could begin.

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On the 30th of April, during the strike,

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the university halls were overflowing

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with workshops, kids, and strikers.

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First, (the strike) went through an absolute criminalization.

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The media campaign was brutal.

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Like, it really was, and we didn’t have the resources

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that we have now like Facebook, Twitter [br]

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- that allow you to access the masses.

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The way to share what was going was to go to the metro.

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Going with a brigade, for me, was the coolest,

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to like go to inform people why we were there,

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and most importantly,

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gauge just how much the people supported you.

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There was support, [br]

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but that support was also mostly moral support,

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or verbally like “yes, I stand with you”.

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We also didn’t have a proposal of what they could do.

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Of how they could truly support us

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and strengthen the movement.

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I believe that the movement underwent

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a complete offensive of the state.

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Yes, they used all the resources of the Mexican state[br]

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to attack the student movement.

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There were comrades who were even disappeared.

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And 9 months later, the UNAM as an institution

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decides to host a consultation.

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And they put in De La Fuente as Rector. [br]

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And De La Fuente seemed like a rector

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who wanted to begin a dialogue.

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He began to organize a consultation,[br]

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in which he included these proposals

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to be voted by the university community:

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the general payment regulations will be annulled;

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we will organize a congress;

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and we propose to end the strike.

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De La Fuente made this seem like a sensible proposal.

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'The movement started with the quotas,

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I am proposing that we are going to eliminate them.

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The movement asked for a congress. I am proposing that.

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We are going to make it happen. What else do you want?'

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And then comes the end of this mastermind move

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that the rectory and the government made [br]

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- which was to invade, with paid thugs,

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the Number 3 Preparatory.

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There were only 5 colleagues there[br]

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resisting and guarding the facilities,

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and this proved to be a provocation for the CGH.

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When all the comrades who were

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in the other facilities of the UNAM learned about it, [br]

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our reaction was to go to rescue The Number 3.

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Many of us, members of the CGH, arrived.

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There was an exchange of blows,

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of throwing objects against these people

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who were there invading the school.

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The media replays these scenes of violence, [br]

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and shows it to the population,

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and the first contingent of

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the Preventive Federal Police arrives

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- without weapons.

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They enter, they detain, and in less than 72 hours

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we're in prison accused of terrorism, [br]

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criminal association, sabotage, property damage,

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aggravated robbery, riot, attacks on communication channels…

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so it was a very violent initial detention.

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And that was the beginning

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that opened things up to where we are now,

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in terms of violence towards women for example.

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The type of brutality, how we were attacked…

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I mean, a comrade ended up with a pelvic fracture

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from a blow.

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In other words, now it is the systematic practice

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towards the bodies of women in this type of detention.

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And at that moment, De La Fuente calls us to a dialogue,

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but now under his conditions.

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‘You’re going to appoint 10 representatives.

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We are going to meet in such and such place,

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without radio, without television, without the media.

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And what we are going to negotiate

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is the end of the strike.'

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The representatives who attended this meeting[br]

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did not accept that deal.

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There, they knew well that the most active

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movement organizers were going to be assembled,

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and what they decided to do was send a very large group

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of unarmed policemen.

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And this worked very well, [br]

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because before the media,

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the force was used in a rational way,

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against a ‘rebellious, aimless movement’

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- and that was accepted by the population

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in quite a drastic manner.

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Finally, on February 6, there was[br]

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a full-scale military operation

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- with helicopters, tanks -

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that overtakes all of the university facilities.

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This did not provoke any kind of outbreak, or mobilization.

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And therefore I believe that the government of Cedillo[br]

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and De La Fuente resolved the conflict at a very low cost.

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The 1960s are often looked back on

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as a golden age of student activism in the United States,

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with ground zero being the Berkeley campus

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of the University of California.

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As the storied home of the Free Speech movement, [br]

0:10:13.584,0:10:15.859
a campaign of sit-ins and mass rallies

0:10:15.859,0:10:18.575
that by 1965 had won students the right

0:10:18.575,0:10:21.574
to hold explicitly political events on campus,

0:10:21.574,0:10:23.972
UC Berkeley was an important point of convergence

0:10:23.972,0:10:26.850
for the Civil Rights, feminist, environmentalist

0:10:26.850,0:10:29.532
and anti-war movements that eventually coalesced

0:10:29.532,0:10:32.045
into the so-called New Left.

0:10:32.045,0:10:34.915
As part of the larger University of California network,

0:10:34.915,0:10:37.884
UC Berkeley is a publicly-funded institution.[br]

0:10:37.884,0:10:39.544
For most of its existence,

0:10:39.544,0:10:42.304
this meant that students didn't have to pay tuition fees.

0:10:42.304,0:10:43.724
Beginning in the late 60's,

0:10:43.724,0:10:45.184
however, that began to change,

0:10:45.184,0:10:46.969
as a growing popular resentment

0:10:46.969,0:10:49.074
towards hippies and godless communists

0:10:49.074,0:10:51.261
spurred a conservative voter backlash,

0:10:51.261,0:10:53.177
which helped propel Ronald Reagan

0:10:53.177,0:10:55.161
to the Governorship of California.

0:10:55.161,0:10:56.868
And all of it began the first time

0:10:56.868,0:10:58.488
some of you who know better,

0:10:58.488,0:11:00.518
and are old enough to know better,

0:11:00.518,0:11:01.969
let young people think

0:11:01.969,0:11:03.435
that they had the right

0:11:03.435,0:11:05.340
to choose the laws they would obey

0:11:05.340,0:11:07.731
as long as they were doing it in the name of social protest.

0:11:07.731,0:11:09.929
One year after sending in the National Guard

0:11:09.929,0:11:13.281
to violently crush Berkeley students in 1969,

0:11:13.281,0:11:15.788
Reagan succeeded in imposing tuition fees

0:11:15.788,0:11:19.133
across the nine campuses of the University of California.

0:11:19.133,0:11:20.557
In the decades that have followed,

0:11:20.557,0:11:23.559
tuition costs have shot up by nearly 10,000 percent.

0:11:23.559,0:11:26.151
But despite the effects that these changes have had

0:11:26.151,0:11:28.017
on the university's demographics, [br]

0:11:28.017,0:11:30.128
UC Berkeley continues to occupy

0:11:30.128,0:11:32.365
an important role in American politics

0:11:32.365,0:11:35.090
as a primary site of student radicalism.

0:11:35.090,0:11:38.376
Four decades after Reagan sent in the army to crush dissent,

0:11:38.376,0:11:41.084
students at UC Berkeley participated in a series

0:11:41.084,0:11:43.153
of statewide university occupations,

0:11:43.153,0:11:46.124
carried out under the banner Occupy Everything.

0:11:46.484,0:11:49.375
This is Berkeley on Telegraph. That’s how we do it.

0:11:51.205,0:11:52.501
Some of the motivating factors

0:11:52.501,0:11:55.586
for the student movement of 2009 to 2010[br]

0:11:55.586,0:11:59.036
really were unfortunately based on the budget cuts

0:11:59.036,0:12:02.017
in the state of California to public higher education.

0:12:02.017,0:12:03.898
Now this actually sprawled across

0:12:03.898,0:12:06.652
all different sectors of the education community.

0:12:06.652,0:12:10.107
So after the financial crisis in 2007-2008,

0:12:10.107,0:12:13.016
a lot of states were forced to implement austerity programs

0:12:13.016,0:12:15.936
cutting public spending and laying off state employees.

0:12:16.426,0:12:18.783
Not only were student tuition fees

0:12:18.783,0:12:21.012
suggested to be increased, but also

0:12:21.012,0:12:23.895
there were forced faculty and staff furlough days.

0:12:23.895,0:12:27.188
So this actually did help us ultimately in the movement

0:12:27.188,0:12:29.619
because it affected so many different aspects[br]

0:12:29.619,0:12:31.547
of the campus community

0:12:31.547,0:12:34.932
that we were able to bind together and work together.

0:12:35.822,0:12:38.865
UC’s system in particular had a large budget deficit

0:12:38.865,0:12:41.357
and so administrators resorted to tuition hikes

0:12:41.357,0:12:43.250
to make up for the budget shortfall. [br]

0:12:43.250,0:12:45.124
But that was only half the story.

0:12:45.124,0:12:46.757
As it was discovered later

0:12:46.757,0:12:48.513
the UC administration had resorted to

0:12:48.513,0:12:50.611
taking out bonds for construction projects

0:12:50.611,0:12:51.944
to generate revenue.

0:12:51.944,0:12:52.944
And in this instance,

0:12:52.944,0:12:54.833
student tuition was closely tied

0:12:54.833,0:12:57.208
to the bond ratings of the UCs.

0:12:57.208,0:12:59.066
Increasing student tuition was a signal to

0:12:59.066,0:13:00.703
credit rating agencies that the UC

0:13:00.703,0:13:02.092
could pay back their bonds

0:13:02.092,0:13:03.528
and thus secure more funding.

0:13:04.178,0:13:05.705
This ended up being one of the pivots

0:13:05.705,0:13:07.125
for the student movement as a whole;

0:13:07.125,0:13:09.270
the relationship between the university

0:13:09.270,0:13:10.616
and financial capital

0:13:10.616,0:13:12.320
- higher education and Wall Street.

0:13:12.840,0:13:16.584
So the story really does begin in early May,[br]

0:13:16.584,0:13:21.087
where the proposed tuition fee increases were made

0:13:21.087,0:13:24.698
by the UC regents as well as the CSU trustees.

0:13:24.698,0:13:25.712
Over the summer,

0:13:25.712,0:13:27.749
of course student organizing is quite difficult

0:13:27.749,0:13:31.481
... but there were coalitions of students, staff,

0:13:31.481,0:13:34.805
and faculty that had been formed in late spring

0:13:34.805,0:13:38.211
that were in fact meeting and trying to gain momentum

0:13:38.211,0:13:40.078
to prepare for the very beginning

0:13:40.078,0:13:43.001
of the fall semester in 2009.

0:13:43.691,0:13:45.528
There were a series of smaller actions[br]

0:13:45.528,0:13:47.503
and coordination among students at UC

0:13:47.503,0:13:49.370
and Cal State campuses

0:13:49.370,0:13:52.176
which pretty much set the tone for the months to come:

0:13:52.176,0:13:55.620
study-ins, sit-ins, and occupations of school spaces.

0:13:55.620,0:13:58.344
We were influenced by the occupations

0:13:58.344,0:14:00.049
specifically at the New School,[br]

0:14:00.049,0:14:02.729
where the tactic of occupation itself

0:14:02.729,0:14:04.675
was becoming popularized.

0:14:04.675,0:14:06.863
Occupations were seen as a viable tactic[br]

0:14:06.863,0:14:08.422
and was a way to bypass

0:14:08.422,0:14:10.963
the routines of marches and rallies.

0:14:11.823,0:14:14.296
This action is in solidarity with occupations[br]

0:14:14.296,0:14:16.686
that have occurred so far at UC Davis, UCLA,

0:14:16.686,0:14:18.919
UC Santa Cruz, SF State.

0:14:19.749,0:14:21.914
Using the tactic of occupation[br]

0:14:21.914,0:14:23.755
really did mark a departure

0:14:23.755,0:14:26.152
from the typical tactics

0:14:26.152,0:14:29.602
known and seen in the student movement.

0:14:30.762,0:14:33.700
So the occupations were a major contrast to

0:14:33.700,0:14:35.443
marches and rallies, which,

0:14:35.443,0:14:37.654
you know, are pretty routine.

0:14:37.654,0:14:39.455
Everyone gets together for a few hours,

0:14:39.455,0:14:40.630
then they go home.

0:14:40.630,0:14:44.104
In the occupations, people could meet each other

0:14:44.104,0:14:46.058
and have longer conversations.

0:14:46.058,0:14:47.970
And more importantly, there was a continuous

0:14:47.970,0:14:49.841
and visible presence of people

0:14:49.841,0:14:53.330
that made the student movement feel more tangible.

0:14:53.330,0:14:55.117
Not just a series of actions,

0:14:55.117,0:14:57.758
but also a materially enduring place.

0:14:58.368,0:15:01.283
It took on more of a direct action approach

0:15:01.283,0:15:03.918
at trying to take space.

0:15:03.918,0:15:06.479
This is something that allowed us to

0:15:06.479,0:15:10.172
try to manifest what we were actually dreaming of.

0:15:10.172,0:15:13.548
As opposed to simply asking that

0:15:13.548,0:15:17.362
the "authorities that be" give us what we want.

0:15:17.362,0:15:19.795
This really gave us a huge motivation

0:15:19.795,0:15:22.752
and showed the students that they had great power.

0:15:23.302,0:15:26.115
We have a 32% fee increase

0:15:26.115,0:15:28.793
that we want immediately repealed.

0:15:28.793,0:15:30.174
But you know what?

0:15:30.804,0:15:33.100
We want a whole lot more than that.

0:15:33.100,0:15:36.143
We want public education that is free!

0:15:36.853,0:15:37.874
So in mid-November [br]

0:15:37.874,0:15:39.782
there was a three-day strike in response to

0:15:39.782,0:15:42.875
the UC administrators increasing the tuition by 32%.

0:15:43.645,0:15:46.119
There was an occupation at UC Santa Cruz,

0:15:46.119,0:15:47.824
while at UC Berkeley there was a march

0:15:47.824,0:15:50.865
attended by well over several thousand people.

0:15:50.865,0:15:52.635
Also walk-outs and sit-ins at various

0:15:52.635,0:15:54.444
Cal States in the Bay Area.

0:15:54.444,0:15:58.249
November 19th UCSC, UC Davis, and UCLA

0:15:58.249,0:15:59.966
occupied administrative buildings.

0:15:59.966,0:16:01.950
And on November 20th, Wheeler Hall,

0:16:01.950,0:16:04.048
at UC Berkeley was occupied

0:16:04.048,0:16:06.327
with clashes with police

0:16:06.327,0:16:08.963
and other Cal States has sit-ins.

0:16:08.963,0:16:10.297
From that point forward

0:16:10.297,0:16:12.340
there was a series of smaller actions,

0:16:12.340,0:16:14.611
marches to the chancellor’s house,

0:16:14.611,0:16:17.373
sit-ins, more occupations

0:16:17.373,0:16:20.009
happening at the UCs and other Cal States.

0:16:20.009,0:16:21.684
During that time there was a lot of networking

0:16:21.684,0:16:23.282
among students and militants

0:16:23.282,0:16:26.823
and this was a period of time where a lot of the students

0:16:26.823,0:16:28.405
from different campuses were able to

0:16:28.405,0:16:32.991
kind of coordinate and talk about what to do next.

0:16:33.861,0:16:35.546
The students who were participating

0:16:35.546,0:16:38.471
in the occupation movement faced repression

0:16:38.471,0:16:42.001
from both the state and the university.

0:16:42.001,0:16:44.274
University administrators were caught off guard

0:16:44.274,0:16:47.554
by the occupations and seemed kind of

0:16:47.554,0:16:49.350
unsure as to what to do.

0:16:49.350,0:16:50.862
But as the movement continued,

0:16:50.862,0:16:53.694
the UC administration resorted to calling in the police

0:16:53.694,0:16:55.977
both from on and off campus.

0:16:56.317,0:16:58.736
Guys they’re at this door!

0:16:58.736,0:17:01.131
This is the police department, unlock the door!

0:17:01.951,0:17:05.070
And of course this is trying to prevent students[br]

0:17:05.070,0:17:08.697
from participating in any student activities.

0:17:08.697,0:17:12.940
Definitely the anarchists focused more on trying to

0:17:12.940,0:17:16.280
bring the issues outside of just the university campuses.

0:17:16.280,0:17:18.856
We were trying to relate this struggle now

0:17:18.856,0:17:21.765
to problems and issues with capitalism

0:17:21.765,0:17:25.348
and class struggle... because it is entirely related.

0:17:29.250,0:17:30.414
In the Global North, [br]

0:17:30.414,0:17:32.775
the struggle against the colonial Apartheid regime

0:17:32.775,0:17:35.416
in so-called South Africa is often presented

0:17:35.416,0:17:37.105
as a feel-good example of the merits

0:17:37.105,0:17:40.310
of pursuing a patient strategy of non-violence,

0:17:40.310,0:17:42.571
and the effectiveness of international solidarity

0:17:42.571,0:17:44.227
and boycott campaigns.

0:17:44.227,0:17:47.078
When addressing seemingly intractable conflicts,

0:17:47.078,0:17:49.592
such as the decades-long Palestinian resistance

0:17:49.592,0:17:51.213
to Israeli occupation,

0:17:51.213,0:17:53.032
Western liberals are fond of lamenting

0:17:53.032,0:17:55.715
the lack of a so-called “Nelson Mandela figure”

0:17:55.715,0:17:57.713
who could unite divided populations

0:17:57.713,0:18:00.224
and galvanize world opinion behind a peaceful

0:18:00.224,0:18:03.816
and dignified demand for national self-determination.

0:18:03.816,0:18:06.911
Not only does this wholesome and incredibly racist narrative

0:18:06.911,0:18:09.107
ignore the fact that Mandela himself

0:18:09.107,0:18:12.053
was an active proponent of armed struggle,

0:18:12.053,0:18:14.313
There are many people who feel

0:18:14.313,0:18:16.768
that it is useless and futile

0:18:16.768,0:18:19.979
for us to continue talking peace and non-violence

0:18:19.979,0:18:22.433
against a government whose reply

0:18:22.433,0:18:24.587
is only savage attacks.

0:18:25.107,0:18:27.022
but it also hides the essential role

0:18:27.022,0:18:28.779
that militant youth movements played

0:18:28.779,0:18:30.715
in toppling the Apartheid regime,

0:18:30.715,0:18:31.795
and the important role

0:18:31.795,0:18:33.278
that struggles around education

0:18:33.278,0:18:34.654
played in this process.

0:18:35.384,0:18:36.923
One of the catalysing events

0:18:36.923,0:18:38.258
that marked a turning point

0:18:38.258,0:18:39.912
in the struggle against Apartheid

0:18:39.912,0:18:43.610
took place on June 16th, 1976,

0:18:43.610,0:18:45.407
when 10,000 high school students

0:18:45.407,0:18:46.834
marched in Soweto

0:18:46.834,0:18:50.209
to protest the forced introduction of Afrikaner language

0:18:50.209,0:18:52.031
into their school curriculum.

0:18:52.031,0:18:53.899
The state's response was to open fire

0:18:53.899,0:18:55.231
on the crowd of children,

0:18:55.231,0:18:57.864
killing at least 176, [br]

0:18:57.864,0:18:59.463
and wounding over a thousand.

0:18:59.463,0:19:01.109
In the wake of this tragedy,

0:19:01.109,0:19:02.569
many youth joined the armed wing

0:19:02.569,0:19:05.610
of the African National Congress, or ANC,

0:19:05.610,0:19:07.151
who eventually assumed power

0:19:07.151,0:19:10.330
following open elections in 1994.

0:19:10.330,0:19:13.200
Yet the rosy picture of post-Apartheid South Africa

0:19:13.200,0:19:15.148
also ignores the reality that [br]

0:19:15.148,0:19:17.702
despite more than two decades of ANC rule,

0:19:17.702,0:19:20.047
the country still possesses the highest rates

0:19:20.047,0:19:21.597
of inequality in the world,

0:19:21.597,0:19:24.600
with an overwhelming majority of the nation's wealth

0:19:24.600,0:19:26.667
remaining in the hands of white settlers.

0:19:26.961,0:19:29.991
In 2015, a struggle began to take shape

0:19:29.991,0:19:31.889
demanding a long-overdue reckoning

0:19:31.889,0:19:33.960
of the country's colonial legacy.

0:19:33.960,0:19:35.628
Beginning with a symbolic protest

0:19:35.628,0:19:37.448
at the University of Cape Town [br]

0:19:37.448,0:19:40.411
against the statue of South Africa's colonial founder,

0:19:40.411,0:19:41.746
Cecil Rhodes,

0:19:41.746,0:19:43.959
the movement quickly spread across the country,

0:19:43.959,0:19:45.756
and has since taken up militant calls

0:19:45.756,0:19:47.796
for free, decolonized education.

0:19:54.633,0:19:56.094
The university struggle

0:19:56.094,0:19:58.539
and the university space is a microcosm

0:19:58.539,0:20:00.090
of the struggle and the problems [br]

0:20:00.090,0:20:02.112
within broader society.

0:20:02.112,0:20:05.818
And so, the struggles that we have at the university

0:20:05.818,0:20:09.755
- whether it be economic issues around fees,

0:20:09.755,0:20:13.942
the political issues around liberation and injustice, etc -

0:20:13.942,0:20:17.429
that feed into the broader discussion about

0:20:17.429,0:20:21.978
where we are as a country in South Africa post-1994.

0:20:21.978,0:20:25.798
And I would say we currently exist in a post-Apartheid,

0:20:25.798,0:20:27.464
apartheid South Africa

0:20:27.464,0:20:30.909
where there is many continued injustices

0:20:30.909,0:20:34.245
and we still are fighting for liberation and equality.

0:20:34.245,0:20:36.798
The statue at the University of Cape Town,

0:20:36.798,0:20:39.947
one of Africa’s top academic institutions,

0:20:39.947,0:20:42.477
has been covered up for the past few weeks.

0:20:42.477,0:20:46.535
As both white and Black students regularly marched past

0:20:46.535,0:20:50.155
with the hashtag #RhodesMustFall placards

0:20:50.155,0:20:51.479
calling for its removal.

0:20:51.812,0:20:54.080
Prior to 2015, there had been a lot of talk

0:20:54.080,0:20:58.101
around how young people in South Africa are apathetic,

0:20:58.101,0:21:00.567
apolitical, they aren’t engaged citizens etc,

0:21:00.567,0:21:01.749
all of those things. [br]

0:21:01.749,0:21:03.371
Because of the history that young people

0:21:03.371,0:21:06.291
have played in South Africa, like 1976,

0:21:06.291,0:21:08.827
and the youth movements of 1968,

0:21:08.827,0:21:11.027
SASO and the Black Consciousness movement

0:21:11.027,0:21:12.945
were largely spearheaded by young people.

0:21:12.945,0:21:15.484
In a historical sense, there is this,

0:21:15.484,0:21:18.489
I guess historic role, or obligation in some sense,

0:21:18.489,0:21:20.679
or duty that young people have played

0:21:20.679,0:21:22.659
in shaping the national destiny

0:21:22.659,0:21:23.649
of South African politics.

0:21:23.649,0:21:27.488
And so after 1994 there was a very sharp decline

0:21:27.488,0:21:31.560
of youth participation in critiquing government policies,

0:21:31.560,0:21:33.991
in critiquing, you know, the neoliberal settlement,

0:21:33.991,0:21:35.089
against colonialism,

0:21:35.089,0:21:38.201
against undoing all those historic injustices of the past.

0:21:38.201,0:21:39.810
So, the significance of Rhodes Must Fall

0:21:39.810,0:21:43.375
was that it re-energized that aspect of youth involvement.

0:21:46.995,0:21:50.634
So Rhodes Must Fall was a decolonial student movement

0:21:50.634,0:21:53.512
that formed that the beginning of 2015

0:21:53.512,0:21:58.669
in response to structural and institutional racism

0:21:58.669,0:22:01.225
at the university, and in society.

0:22:01.225,0:22:05.199
And structural and institutional patriarchy

0:22:05.199,0:22:09.403
and just general inequality that Black students,[br]

0:22:09.403,0:22:12.774
workers, and staff were facing at the university.

0:22:12.774,0:22:14.565
It’s based on three pillars,

0:22:14.565,0:22:17.887
ideological pillars of Black Consciousness,

0:22:17.887,0:22:21.258
Black radical feminism through intersectionality,

0:22:21.258,0:22:23.030
and pan-Africanism.

0:22:24.040,0:22:27.168
In 2015 there was a campaign to remove the statue

0:22:27.168,0:22:28.119
of Cecil John Rhodes

0:22:28.119,0:22:29.936
which was located here on campus.

0:22:29.936,0:22:32.161
So that sparked, it was like a catalyst,

0:22:32.161,0:22:34.977
the symbolic act of the fall of the statue.

0:22:34.977,0:22:37.777
I think that's where one can begin to trace ideas[br]

0:22:37.777,0:22:39.756
of what fallism is.

0:22:39.756,0:22:41.550
The relationship between Rhodes Must Fall

0:22:41.550,0:22:42.728
and Fees Must Fall,

0:22:42.728,0:22:44.792
I think one must understand Rhodes Must Fall

0:22:44.792,0:22:46.864
as a catalytic moment

0:22:46.864,0:22:49.616
and then Fees Must Fall as a subsequent action[br]

0:22:49.616,0:22:52.703
of that initial event that happened.

0:23:06.616,0:23:08.328
Let go of her![br]

0:23:08.328,0:23:09.662
Leave me alone!

0:23:11.922,0:23:15.153
I think fallism applies broadly as an arsenal

0:23:15.153,0:23:17.643
or a canon of protest tactics.

0:23:17.643,0:23:22.167
In the sense of disruptions, shutdowns, occupations.

0:23:22.167,0:23:23.949
Those were some of the defining features

0:23:23.949,0:23:27.685
of protest movements in 2015 and early 2016

0:23:27.685,0:23:29.397
which came to characterize fallism.

0:23:29.397,0:23:31.418
Disrupting the space so that you can highlight

0:23:31.418,0:23:33.689
some of the injustices which exist.

0:23:33.689,0:23:36.588
But not only around specific occasions,

0:23:36.588,0:23:38.318
but as a daily thing.

0:23:41.138,0:23:42.832
Rhodes Must Fall and then Fees Must Fall

0:23:42.832,0:23:46.307
was organized as a non-partisan student movement,

0:23:46.307,0:23:48.434
on a flat structure, [br]

0:23:48.434,0:23:51.942
where there was no, you know, recognized leadership.

0:23:51.942,0:23:54.577
Because I think one of the issues that we had had

0:23:54.577,0:23:58.221
in previous organizations and organizing

0:23:58.221,0:24:00.606
was that the kind of hierarchical structure

0:24:00.606,0:24:04.712
didn’t always work and it caused a lot of factionalism

0:24:04.712,0:24:06.498
and, you know... party politics.

0:24:06.498,0:24:07.840
What would happen was that,

0:24:07.840,0:24:10.108
organization was basically set-up

0:24:10.108,0:24:12.286
to coordinate different tasks.

0:24:12.286,0:24:16.082
The public in particular was very curious about

0:24:16.082,0:24:17.502
how the movement was organized [br]

0:24:17.502,0:24:18.791
because there was this question of

0:24:18.791,0:24:20.380
'who do you hold accountable?'

0:24:20.380,0:24:21.801
Initially it was a tactic,

0:24:21.801,0:24:24.274
especially in the early days of the movement, to say:

0:24:24.274,0:24:25.829
'we don’t have any leaders.'

0:24:25.829,0:24:28.373
So that if you want to victimize someone in particular,

0:24:28.373,0:24:31.324
it would be harder for the authorities to do that.

0:24:31.324,0:24:34.128
From my thinking it was both a strategic

0:24:34.128,0:24:36.167
and ideological decision.

0:24:36.167,0:24:38.425
We wanted to avoid the pitfalls

0:24:38.425,0:24:41.961
of having like one or two iconic leaders

0:24:41.961,0:24:45.223
and then you know, everything kind of

0:24:45.223,0:24:47.321
is hinged around them.

0:24:47.321,0:24:49.232
So we can say we are a flat structure

0:24:49.232,0:24:52.733
in trying to embody this ideal democratic structure

0:24:52.733,0:24:53.929
of participation,

0:24:53.929,0:24:56.655
where everyone's advice has got equal weight

0:24:56.655,0:24:58.192
and people’s politics are given equal room

0:24:58.192,0:25:00.039
to be expressed in a space.

0:25:01.977,0:25:05.304
The idea of, you know, Mandela’s rainbowism

0:25:05.304,0:25:09.644
and this rainbow nation mythology that exists

0:25:09.644,0:25:11.790
where, you know, we are all 'kumbaya',

0:25:11.790,0:25:15.811
'hold hands', 'we are one' type of thing does not exist.

0:25:15.811,0:25:17.920
And the Truth and Reconciliation Commission[br]

0:25:17.920,0:25:19.584
that existed in this country

0:25:19.584,0:25:22.081
didn’t do anything to really solve

0:25:22.081,0:25:24.418
the material reasons for why

0:25:24.418,0:25:28.756
there is this inequality and deep-seated anger

0:25:28.756,0:25:31.106
and hurt and pain caused

0:25:31.106,0:25:33.621
by colonialism and Apartheid.

0:25:36.288,0:25:37.876
State education systems,

0:25:37.876,0:25:40.077
and particularly colleges and universities,

0:25:40.077,0:25:43.156
play a vital role in the reproduction of social control.

0:25:43.156,0:25:44.976
Not only are they the physical sites

0:25:44.976,0:25:46.886
where millions of future workers are trained

0:25:46.886,0:25:49.773
to participate in the capitalist economy, generally,

0:25:49.773,0:25:51.956
but increasingly these institutions serve

0:25:51.956,0:25:53.413
as corporate incubators,[br]

0:25:53.413,0:25:54.676
providing cheap labour

0:25:54.676,0:25:57.528
and cutting edge research and development facilities

0:25:57.528,0:26:00.937
for the IT, Nanotech, genetics, engineering,

0:26:00.937,0:26:03.902
extraction and weapons manufacturing industries.

0:26:03.902,0:26:04.713
As a result,

0:26:04.713,0:26:07.149
students occupy a uniquely strategic choke point

0:26:07.149,0:26:08.889
in the maintenance and development [br]

0:26:08.889,0:26:10.313
of the global economy.

0:26:10.313,0:26:12.099
But beyond their potential utility

0:26:12.099,0:26:14.937
as atomized cogs in the capitalist machine,

0:26:14.937,0:26:17.697
when students come together around shared demands,

0:26:17.697,0:26:20.048
they can also serve as a catalysing spark

0:26:20.048,0:26:23.258
for broader movements seeking wide-ranging social change.

0:26:23.258,0:26:25.534
Youth movements can inject a well-needed shot

0:26:25.534,0:26:28.621
of idealism, dynamism, and militancy

0:26:28.621,0:26:31.869
into more long-standing and complacent social movements

0:26:31.869,0:26:33.452
that may otherwise remained focused

0:26:33.452,0:26:35.361
on defending past gains,

0:26:35.361,0:26:38.926
and reliant on outdated tactics and strategies.

0:26:38.926,0:26:40.757
Before a new world can be built

0:26:40.757,0:26:42.743
... the old one must be torn down.

0:26:48.615,0:26:50.951
The student movement of 2009

0:26:50.951,0:26:53.180
was so significant to me personally.

0:26:53.180,0:26:56.678
Prior to this movement I wasn’t really an anarchist

0:26:56.678,0:26:58.668
or even politically active,

0:26:58.668,0:27:00.900
so this movement really was something[br]

0:27:00.900,0:27:02.725
that radicalized me.

0:27:03.805,0:27:04.759
For many students,

0:27:04.759,0:27:07.031
the student movement was not only about

0:27:07.031,0:27:08.461
the socio-economic conditions

0:27:08.461,0:27:09.594
they were confronting,

0:27:09.594,0:27:10.898
but also about the possibilities

0:27:10.898,0:27:12.402
of a different kind of future.

0:27:12.402,0:27:13.532
So there was a positive vision

0:27:13.532,0:27:15.680
behind this movement as well.

0:27:17.111,0:27:18.727
Because the students are young people,

0:27:18.727,0:27:20.587
there's a lot of growing and growth

0:27:20.587,0:27:21.484
that still needs to happen.

0:27:21.484,0:27:23.761
People still are finding themselves, or whatever.

0:27:23.761,0:27:28.368
But that becomes even more accentuated in that space.

0:27:28.368,0:27:30.044
Which often tends to be like

0:27:30.044,0:27:33.073
a very tense, emotionally-charged space.

0:27:34.593,0:27:35.905
I understands that some radicals

0:27:35.905,0:27:38.219
may view students with a bit of suspicion.

0:27:38.219,0:27:41.152
While students occupy an ambiguous social position

0:27:41.152,0:27:43.586
since the university maintains and reproduces[br]

0:27:43.586,0:27:46.297
the division of intellectual and manual work.

0:27:46.297,0:27:47.722
I think it’s still important for radicals

0:27:47.722,0:27:49.244
to maintain a presence on campuses

0:27:49.244,0:27:50.308
in some kind of way.

0:27:50.308,0:27:52.960
Whether it’s through more postering campaigns,

0:27:52.960,0:27:54.578
or tabling literature,

0:27:54.578,0:27:56.561
or setting up events that explicitly address

0:27:56.561,0:27:58.064
alternatives to capitalism,

0:27:58.064,0:28:00.904
there needs to be some sort of continuous

0:28:00.904,0:28:03.513
and visible presence on campuses

0:28:03.513,0:28:07.563
that are able to make counter messages clear.

0:28:09.003,0:28:11.689
In addition to having organizing spaces

0:28:11.689,0:28:13.648
that are specifically for anarchists

0:28:13.648,0:28:15.222
and anti-authoritarians,

0:28:15.222,0:28:17.662
we really need to work in coalition

0:28:17.662,0:28:21.281
with other members of the student body,

0:28:21.281,0:28:23.748
faculty, and staff

0:28:23.748,0:28:27.113
- ultimately to gain widespread support.

0:28:27.823,0:28:29.346
We need to learn how to work

0:28:29.346,0:28:31.701
and mobilize within our communities

0:28:31.701,0:28:34.811
and how to build consistently throughout the year

0:28:34.811,0:28:36.488
so that we’re not just protesting

0:28:36.488,0:28:38.514
at a particular time of the year.[br]

0:28:38.514,0:28:40.256
But that we’re consistently working

0:28:40.256,0:28:42.245
and building the movement.

0:28:43.315,0:28:45.436
I think popular education was

0:28:45.436,0:28:48.858
significantly under-emphasized in the movement space.

0:28:48.858,0:28:50.025
Especially in the last few years

0:28:50.025,0:28:53.764
it has lead to a significantly impoverished articulation

0:28:53.764,0:28:55.956
of what the demands are.

0:28:55.956,0:28:58.879
It would be nice to build character

0:28:58.879,0:29:01.875
which can withstand some of those trappings

0:29:01.875,0:29:03.464
and pitfalls in particular.

0:29:03.464,0:29:06.909
Which tend to see movements disintegrating.

0:29:06.909,0:29:08.211
I think there’s value in just

0:29:08.211,0:29:09.792
trying to always be consistent.

0:29:09.792,0:29:10.855
To answer what it is

0:29:10.855,0:29:12.233
you’re committing yourself to.

0:29:17.553,0:29:21.443
I believe that the occupations carried out

0:29:21.443,0:29:23.707
in the student movement really expanded

0:29:23.707,0:29:26.418
the vocabulary of what is possible

0:29:26.418,0:29:28.459
in terms of direct action.

0:29:28.459,0:29:30.898
And now direct action tactics are[br]

0:29:30.898,0:29:33.974
actually much more accepted on university campuses

0:29:33.974,0:29:35.023
than they once were.

0:29:35.023,0:29:38.199
And this happened as a gradual process

0:29:38.199,0:29:40.916
but I believe that the students and faculty

0:29:40.916,0:29:43.516
and staff really did see the value

0:29:43.516,0:29:46.114
in taking action themselves.

0:29:46.114,0:29:48.260
I know that there is risk involved.

0:29:48.260,0:29:49.848
But you never gain anything

0:29:49.848,0:29:51.716
without a little bit of sacrifice.

0:29:52.571,0:29:54.391
The UC campuses have continued

0:29:54.391,0:29:56.581
with the legacy of militant direct action.

0:29:56.581,0:29:58.844
Recent confrontations with Milo and the Alt Right

0:29:58.844,0:30:00.431
are definitely a part of this legacy.

0:30:01.131,0:30:02.866
Some of the tactics that we used to deploy

0:30:02.866,0:30:05.137
- some of those tactics ended up becoming signs

0:30:05.137,0:30:06.761
and tactics for people in the movement,

0:30:06.761,0:30:10.492
so it reached a point that you couldn’t critique.

0:30:11.192,0:30:14.354
I think that you also have to learn when to face the state.

0:30:14.354,0:30:15.739
And when to not.

0:30:15.739,0:30:20.005
You have to learn that... because they broke us.

0:30:20.005,0:30:22.137
I really think that the rupture occurred

0:30:22.137,0:30:23.708
under the logic of the state,

0:30:23.708,0:30:26.589
which relies on the burn-out of social movements.

0:30:26.589,0:30:30.361
Like, the co-optation didn’t work, or worked afterwards,

0:30:30.361,0:30:32.582
the repression didn’t either

0:30:32.582,0:30:34.299
... but we’re going to burn them out.

0:30:34.299,0:30:37.221
When the state and the university

0:30:37.221,0:30:40.830
becomes increasingly authoritarian and repressive,

0:30:40.830,0:30:43.712
instead of looking out at what the issues are

0:30:43.712,0:30:46.998
that are causing these things, we look inward.

0:30:46.998,0:30:50.897
And so I would say that too much of an inward focus

0:30:50.897,0:30:53.523
can really make the movement

0:30:53.523,0:30:55.653
very small and very difficult.

0:30:56.143,0:30:57.268
We need to set out a vision

0:30:57.268,0:30:59.013
that's able to speak to

0:30:59.013,0:31:00.835
what the society is unable to provide,

0:31:00.835,0:31:03.157
and not just be against some issue or another.

0:31:03.637,0:31:05.431
If, as a student, [br]

0:31:05.431,0:31:08.517
as a person who has university education,

0:31:08.517,0:31:12.283
you want to make social changes - political changes -

0:31:12.283,0:31:14.603
you have to do them concretely.

0:31:14.603,0:31:16.467
Bring your knowledge,[br]

0:31:16.467,0:31:18.865
activate yourself with other people

0:31:18.865,0:31:20.806
to generate productive projects.

0:31:20.806,0:31:24.682
Educational projects that improve conditions for people,

0:31:24.682,0:31:27.936
even if it’s on a very small scale. But make it real.

0:31:27.936,0:31:29.280
Something concrete.

0:31:29.280,0:31:32.274
And not so abstract, like all this around generating

0:31:32.274,0:31:34.463
a massive movement with huge masses[br]

0:31:34.463,0:31:35.941
that are going to bring down a regime.

0:31:36.171,0:31:38.648
We need to give support to other countries

0:31:38.648,0:31:40.278
the world is not focusing on.

0:31:40.278,0:31:42.418
The narrative is just around what’s happening

0:31:42.418,0:31:44.373
in the United States of America

0:31:44.373,0:31:46.691
when there are many struggles across the world

0:31:46.691,0:31:49.068
that we need to focus on and need to learn from.

0:31:49.068,0:31:52.978
And so what I would encourage is that we meet

0:31:52.978,0:31:54.939
as young people

0:31:54.939,0:31:57.069
- as students from these student movements.

0:31:57.069,0:32:00.762
So that we can organize together and build together.

0:32:00.762,0:32:03.246
Because that’s the only way we are going to defeat

0:32:03.246,0:32:06.044
a white supremacist, capitalist, patriarchal,

0:32:06.044,0:32:07.910
and ableist system.

0:32:10.178,0:32:12.001
While students have historically served

0:32:12.001,0:32:13.236
as active participants

0:32:13.236,0:32:15.208
in broader struggles for social change,

0:32:15.208,0:32:16.501
it's important to remember that

0:32:16.501,0:32:19.092
there's nothing inherently revolutionary about them.

0:32:19.092,0:32:22.034
University campuses can just as easily serve

0:32:22.034,0:32:23.814
as the breeding grounds for fascism

0:32:23.814,0:32:26.658
and other toxic forms of political reaction.

0:32:26.658,0:32:28.798
This threat is particularly acute today,

0:32:28.798,0:32:31.276
from campuses across the United States,

0:32:31.276,0:32:33.422
where alt-right and white nationalist groups

0:32:33.422,0:32:35.204
are aggressively targeting students

0:32:35.204,0:32:37.117
for recruitment and indoctrination,

0:32:37.117,0:32:38.375
to those in China,

0:32:38.375,0:32:40.479
where organized student groups form

0:32:40.479,0:32:42.354
an important bulwark of an emergent

0:32:42.354,0:32:44.622
hyper-nationalist state ethos.

0:32:44.622,0:32:46.927
These spaces are contested territories,

0:32:46.927,0:32:49.731
meaning that revolutionaries need to actively engage

0:32:49.731,0:32:53.096
and organize with their peers in order to build movements[br]

0:32:53.096,0:32:55.776
capable of waging effective resistance.

0:32:55.776,0:32:57.036
So at this point,

0:32:57.036,0:32:58.502
we’d like to remind you that Trouble is

0:32:58.502,0:33:00.608
intended to be watched in groups,

0:33:00.608,0:33:03.163
and to be used as a resource to promote discussion

0:33:03.163,0:33:04.822
and collective organizing.

0:33:04.822,0:33:06.324
Are you a student that's interested in

0:33:06.324,0:33:09.117
carrying out revolutionary anti-capitalist organizing

0:33:09.117,0:33:11.470
in your university or college campus,

0:33:11.470,0:33:12.847
or even in your high school?

0:33:12.847,0:33:14.833
Consider getting together with some comrades,

0:33:14.833,0:33:16.935
organizing a screening of this film,

0:33:16.935,0:33:18.195
and discussing a strategy

0:33:18.195,0:33:19.575
for where you might get started.

0:33:19.575,0:33:22.125
Interested in running regular screenings of Trouble

0:33:22.125,0:33:24.892
at your campus, infoshop, community center,

0:33:24.892,0:33:26.555
or even just at home with friends?

0:33:26.555,0:33:27.975
Become a Trouble-Maker!

0:33:27.975,0:33:29.067
For 10 bucks a month,

0:33:29.067,0:33:31.221
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0:33:31.221,0:33:34.019
and a screening kit featuring additional resources

0:33:34.019,0:33:37.110
and some questions you can use to get a discussion going.

0:33:37.110,0:33:39.731
If you can’t afford to support us financially,

0:33:39.731,0:33:40.703
no worries!

0:33:40.703,0:33:43.627
You can stream and/or download all our content

0:33:43.627,0:33:45.162
for free off our website:

0:33:47.429,0:33:49.857
If you’ve got any suggestions for show topics,

0:33:49.857,0:33:52.693
or just want to get in touch, drop us a line at:

0:33:54.848,0:33:55.945
In case you missed it, [br]

0:33:55.945,0:33:58.420
we're pleased to announce the return of the Stimulator

0:33:58.420,0:34:01.126
with his brand new show: The Fuckin' News.

0:34:01.126,0:34:03.594
If you haven't checked out his pilot episode,

0:34:03.594,0:34:04.902
you can find it on our website,

0:34:04.902,0:34:06.323
along with past episodes of

0:34:06.323,0:34:09.520
It's the End of the World as We Know it And I Feel Fine, at:

0:34:12.478,0:34:14.353
This episode would not have been possible

0:34:14.353,0:34:16.623
without the generous support of Jose,

0:34:16.623,0:34:18.969
Simone, Tannie and Chloe.[br]

0:34:18.969,0:34:21.381
Now get out there, and make some trouble!