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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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Drought and water scarcity.

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Factors contributing to drought include global
warming,

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El Nino Southern Oscillation, and 
random meteorological variability.

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Factors contributing to water shortages include
increased water demand, drying up of surface

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water, reduced yield of wells and springs,
water pollution, restricted access to water

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sources, dysfunctional water distribution,
and poor water conservation.

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Consequences of drought include desertification,
famine, and drought is closely associated

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with political disruption, especially in Africa.

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Possible public health hazards include health
hazards like insufficient water for consumption

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and insufficient water for hygiene purposes.

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The threat to agriculture and 
economy, malnutrition

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may be caused by lack of water for food preparation,
loss of electrical power from hydroelectric

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generation.

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There are also a number of environmental hazards
that may result from drought and desertification.

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The general aims for the public health response
in water emergencies are to save life and

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preserve health by making at least the minimum
quantities of reasonably safe water available

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for household use, for institutions and for community
services, to provide supplies, where possible,

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for livestock and irrigation purposes, to
restore or enhance existing sources, pumping

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and distribution systems, where possible,
to develop alternative arrangements where

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necessary.

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Water priorities for public heath include
protection of existing water sources from

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contamination, maintenance of water systems,
conservation measures, and seeking alternative

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sources.

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Conservation measures may include storage
tanks, recycling waste water for sanitation

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and irrigation if this is possible, and rationing
of water.

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Choosing alternative water sources.

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Rain and deep closed wells are usually safe.

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Surface water and shallow or open wells are
unlikely to be safe.

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Criteria for choosing between 
alternative water sources.

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Speed with which it can be made operational;
how fast can we set up this water source?

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Potential yields of this water source, reliability
of supply, water purity, simplicity of technology

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and ease of maintenance as well as the appropriateness
of this technology to the affected communities,

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costs, rights and welfare of affected population.

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Transportation: truck water should only be
a strictly short-term, stop-gap emergency

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measure to ensure immediate survival of the
affected population.

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Quantity is preferable to quality, although
quality is also important.

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Involve the community in finding solutions.

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Involve the national and local water authorities,
equipment and infrastructure that are normally

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responsible.

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Pay special attention to the needs of hospitals,
schools, health centers, and feeding centers

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as well as other important institutions.

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Individuals need at least 15-30 liters per
person per day.

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The absolute minimum for survival is 3-5 liters
per day.

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Health centers need 40-60 liters per patient
per day.

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Feeding centers need 20-30 liters per person
per day.

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Needs increase with air temperature and exertion.

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Minimize work invested in "interim" solutions.
Try and look for permanent solutions.

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Provide safe water as close as possible to
homes.

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Minimize the risk of water contamination in
distribution points, delivery, and households.

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Provide safe storage at community and household
levels.

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Mobilize appropriate technical expertise:
water engineers to exploit available resources,

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sanitarians to test and organize water treatment,
hydrogeologists to assess ground water potential,

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hydrologists to assess surface water potential.