[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.54,0:00:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi I’m John Green;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.05,0:00:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is Crash Course World History\Nand today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.21,0:00:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’re going to talk about Nationalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.01,0:00:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most important global phenomenon\Nof the 19th century
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.51,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the phenomenon responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for one of the most commented upon aspects\Nof Crash Course:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.05,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my globes being out of date.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,USSR: not a country.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhodesia?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.02,0:00:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,South Vietnam?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.08,0:00:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sudan with no South Sudan?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.05,0:00:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yugoslavia?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.09,0:00:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay,\Nno more inaccuracies with the globes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.10,0:00:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ugh, the little globes!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.97,0:00:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one doesn’t know about Slovakia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.08,0:00:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one has East frakking Pakistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.07,0:00:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one identifies\NLithuania as part of Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.07,0:00:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, no more globe inaccuracies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.04,0:00:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, bring back my globes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.06,0:00:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel naked without them.\N[many people find comfort in inaccuracy]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.03,0:00:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.01,0:00:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.09,0:00:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.07,0:00:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.05,0:00:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.33,0:00:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.01,0:00:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.09,0:00:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you’re into European history,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.01,0:00:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you’re probably somewhat familiar\Nwith nationalism
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.07,0:00:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the names and countries\Nassociated with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.10,0:00:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bismarck in Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.01,0:00:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italy, a
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.08,0:01:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nd Mustafa Kemal (aka Ataturk) in Turkey.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.33,0:01:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nationalism was a global phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.07,0:01:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it included a lot of people\Nyou may not associate with it, like
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.38,0:01:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muhammad Ali in Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.08,0:01:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also this guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.07,0:01:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nationalism was seen in the\NBritish Dominions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.91,0:01:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.01,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became federated states between\N1860 and 1901.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say independent states\Ninstead of federated states,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you guys still have a queen.\N[and royal Corgies]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.03,0:01:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s also seen in the Balkans, where\NGreece gained its independence in 1832
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.04,0:01:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Christian principalities fought\Na war against the Ottomans in 1878,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.08,0:01:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christians hate foot wrests?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.55,0:01:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in India where a political party,\Nthe Indian National Congress,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.02,0:01:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was founded in 1885,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.07,0:01:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even in China, where nationalism ran\Nup against the dynastic system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.01,0:01:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had lasted more than 2000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.01,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then of course there are these guys,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who in many ways represent\Nthe worst of nationalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.07,0:01:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nationalism that tries to deny or\Neliminate difference in the efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.66,0:01:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a homogeneous\Nmythologized unitary polity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.08,0:01:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’ll get to them later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.08,0:01:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it’s helpful to bring them up now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.06,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just so we don’t get\Ntoo excited about nationalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.04,0:01:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we launch into the history,\Nlet’s define the modern nation state.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.62,0:01:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Definitions are slippery\Nbut for our purposes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.03,0:01:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a nation state involves a\Ncentralized government
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.48,0:02:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can claim and exercise\Nauthority over a distinctive territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.76,0:02:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the state part.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.03,0:02:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also involves a certain degree of\Nlinguistic and cultural homogeneity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.19,0:02:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the nation part.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.46,0:02:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Green, Mr. Green!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.44,0:02:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By that definition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.92,0:02:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn’t China have been nation state
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.47,0:02:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as early as, like, the Han dynasty?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.05,0:02:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dude, Me from the Past,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.13,0:02:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you’re getting smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.09,0:02:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, it could be,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.09,0:02:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some historians argue that it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.24,0:02:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nationhood is really hard to define.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.52,0:02:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, in James Joyce’s Ulysses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.99,0:02:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the character Bloom famously says that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.49,0:02:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a nation is the same people\Nliving in the same place.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.02,0:02:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, then, he remembers the Irish and\NJewish diasporas, and adds,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.38,0:02:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or also living in different places.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.22,0:02:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let’s ignore diasporas for the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.36,0:02:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus on territorially bound\Ngroups with a common heritage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.07,0:02:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same people, same place.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.13,0:02:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you become a nation?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.02,0:02:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, some argue it’s an organic process
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.07,0:02:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involving culturally similar people\Nwanting to formalize their connections.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.97,0:02:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others argue that nationalism is\Nconstructed by governments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.39,0:02:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building a sense of patriotism through\Ncompulsory military service and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.56,0:02:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,statues of national heroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.75,0:02:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public education is often seen\Nas part of this nationalizing project.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.78,0:02:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schools and textbooks allow countries to\Nshare their nationalizing narratives.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.17,0:02:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is why
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.44,0:03:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the once and possibly future\Nindependent nation of Texas
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.55,0:03:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,issues textbooks literally\Nwhitewashing early American history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.14,0:03:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still other historians argue\Nthat nationalism was
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.81,0:03:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an outgrowth of urbanization\Nand industrialization,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.05,0:03:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since new urbanites were the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.67,0:03:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most likely people to want to see\Nthemselves as part of a nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.06,0:03:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.33,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prague’s population rose from 157,000 to\N514,000 between 1850 and 1900,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time that the Czechs\Nwere beginning to see themselves as
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.88,0:03:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,separate from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.10,0:03:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is a cool idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.77,0:03:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn’t explain why other,\Nless industrialized places
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.17,0:03:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like India also saw a lot of nationalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.45,0:03:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The actual business of nationalization\Ninvolves creating bureaucracies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.57,0:03:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new systems of education,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.34,0:03:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building a large military,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.04,0:03:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, often,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.02,0:03:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using that military to fight other\Nnation states,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.94,0:03:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since nations often construct themselves\Nin opposition to an idea of otherness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.45,0:03:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A big part of being Irish, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.03,0:03:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not being English.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.28,0:03:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So emerging nations had\Na lot of conflicts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.03,0:03:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.81,0:03:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Napoleonic wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.16,0:03:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which helped the French become the French.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.08,0:03:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Indian Rebellion of 1857,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.42,0:03:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which helped Indians to identify\Nthemselves as a homogeneous people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.75,0:03:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The American Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.77,0:04:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, before the Civil War,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.94,0:04:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many Americans thought of themselves\Nnot as Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.06,0:04:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as Virginians
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.98,0:04:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or New Yorkers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.69,0:04:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Pennsylvanians.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.67,0:04:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.02,0:04:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our antebellum nation was usually called
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.01,0:04:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“these united states,”
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.91,0:04:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after it became “the United States.”
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.38,0:04:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.61,0:04:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the US,\Nnationalism pulled a nation together,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.08,0:04:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but often,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.09,0:04:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nationalism was a destabilizing force\Nfor multi-ethnic land-based empires.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.01,0:04:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was especially the case\Nin the Ottoman empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.05,0:04:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which started falling apart in the\N19th century as first the Greeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.01,0:04:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the Serbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.05,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romanians and Bulgarians,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all predominantly Christian people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.08,0:04:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began clamoring for and, in some cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.06,0:04:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,winning independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.08,0:04:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egypt is another good example
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.09,0:04:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of nationalism serving both to create\Na new state and to weaken an empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.07,0:04:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muhammad Ali
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.04,0:04:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[nope, not that one]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.04,0:04:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(who was actually Albanian\Nand spoke Turkish, not Egyptian Arabic)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.05,0:04:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his ruling family
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.03,0:04:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encouraged the Egyptian people to imagine\Nthemselves as a separate nationality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.08,0:04:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.02,0:04:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so nationalism was a global phenomenon\Nin the 19th century and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.02,0:04:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can’t talk about it everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.01,0:04:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, instead,\Nwe’re going to focus on one case study.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.06,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You thought I was going to say Germany,\Ndidn’t you?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nope. You can bite me, Bismarck.\N[fingers crossed for Freedonia, actually]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.06,0:05:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan had been fragmented and\Nfeudal until the late 16th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.04,0:05:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a series of warrior landowners\Nmanaged to consolidate power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.03,0:05:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.03,0:05:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power came to the Tokugawa family who\Ncreated a military government or bakufu.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.06,0:05:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[gesundheit]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.09,0:05:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first Tokugawa to take power\Nwas Iyeasu,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.08,0:05:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who took over after the death of one of\Nthe main unifiers of Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.08,0:05:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tyotomi Hideyoshi,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.08,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes known as “the monkey,”
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.01,0:05:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although his wife called him,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.02,0:05:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is true,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.09,0:05:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“the bald rat.”
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.08,0:05:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[could've been worse, certainly]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.08,0:05:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1603 Ieyasu convinced the emperor,\Nwho was something of a figurehead,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.04,0:05:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grant him the title of “shogun.”
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.04,0:05:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the next 260 years or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.08,0:05:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tokugawa bakufu was\Nthe main government of Japan.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.07,0:05:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The primary virtue of this government
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.01,0:05:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not necessarily its efficiency\Nor its forward thinking policies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.06,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but its stability.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stability:\NMost underrated of governmental virtues.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.04,0:05:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.08,0:05:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Tokugawa bakufu\Nwasn’t much for centralization,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.02,0:05:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as power was mainly in the hands\Nof local lords called daimyo.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.02,0:05:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One odd feature of the Tokugawa era\Nwas the presence of a class of warriors
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.07,0:05:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who by the 19th century\Nhad become mostly bureaucrats.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.08,0:05:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have heard of them, the samurai.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.06,0:05:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[kinda like John McCain, John Kerry and\Nmy favorite, Daniel Inouye, etc.]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.02,0:05:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that made this\Nhereditary class so interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.07,0:06:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that each samurai was entitled to\Nan annual salary from the daimyo
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.05,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a stipend.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This privilege basically paid them off
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.06,0:06:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and assured that they didn’t become\Nrestless warriors plaguing the countryside
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.08,0:06:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,—that is, bandits.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.02,0:06:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to think of samurai\Nas noble and honorable,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.08,0:06:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[or as John Belushi on old skool SNL]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.04,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but urban samurai, according to Andrew\NGordon’s book A Modern History of Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"were a rough-and-tumble lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.03,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Samurai gang wars – a West Side Story\Nin the shadows of Edo castle –
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were frequent in the early 1600s.”
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.06,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you still say that history books\Nare boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As with kings and lesser nobles anywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.05,0:06:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the central bakufu had trouble controlling\Nthe more powerful daimyo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.02,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were able to build\Nup their own strength
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of their control\Nover local resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.01,0:06:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[like on the Sopranos?]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.04,0:06:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This poor control also made it\Nreally difficult to collect taxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.01,0:06:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the Tokugawa were already\Na bit on the ropes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.04,0:06:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when two foreign events rocked Japan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.02,0:06:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First was China’s humiliating defeat\Nin the Opium Wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.07,0:06:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after which Western nations\Nforced China to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.04,0:06:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give Europeans special trade privileges.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.03,0:06:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a wake up call to see the\Ndominant power in the region so humbled.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.08,0:06:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[like when Andre the Giant was sadly\Nbested by Hulk Hogan]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.06,0:06:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even worse for the Tokugawa\Nwas the arrival of Matthew Perry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.10,0:06:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, Thought Bubble. Matthew Perry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.04,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That one.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.04,0:07:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tokugawa are somewhat famous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.07,0:07:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their not-so-friendly policy\Ntoward foreigners—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.10,0:07:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially western, Christian ones—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.07,0:07:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whom the penalty for stepping foot\Non Japanese soil was death.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.01,0:07:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tokugawa saw Christianity in much\Nthe same way that the Romans had:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.02,0:07:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an unsettling threat to stability.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.01,0:07:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the case of Matthew Perry,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.06,0:07:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had reason to be worried.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.01,0:07:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks, Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.10,0:07:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the American naval commodore\Narrived in Japan in 1853
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.04,0:07:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a flotilla of ships and a\Ndetermination to open Japan’s markets.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.10,0:07:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just the threat of American\Nsteam-powered warships
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.05,0:07:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was enough to convince the bakufu to\Nsign some humiliating trade treaties
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.01,0:07:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that weren’t unlike the ones that China\Nhad signed after losing the Opium Wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.03,0:07:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, this only further motivated\Nthe daimyo and the samurai
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.08,0:07:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were ready to give the\NTokugawa the boot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.01,0:07:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within a few years, they would.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.06,0:07:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does have to do with nationalism?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.03,0:07:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, plenty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.10,0:07:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First off,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.03,0:07:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the Americans and the Japanese\Ndidn’t go to war (yet),
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.03,0:07:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the perceived threat provided\Nan impetus for Japanese to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.89,0:07:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start thinking about itself differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.06,0:07:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also resulted in the Japanese\Nbeing convinced that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.06,0:07:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they wanted to maintain\Ntheir independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.04,0:07:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have to re-constitute their\Ncountry as a modern nation state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.09,0:08:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This looks a lot like what was happening\Nin Egypt or even in Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.04,0:08:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with external pressures leading to\Ncalls for greater national consolidation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.09,0:08:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the Tokugawa didn’t give up w\Nithout a fight,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.08,0:08:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the civil war between\Nthe stronger daimyo and the bakufu
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.04,0:08:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually led to the end\Nof the shogunate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.06,0:08:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1868,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.01,0:08:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rebels got the newly enthroned\NEmperor Meiji to abolish the bakufu
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.14,0:08:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and proclaim a restoration\Nof the imperial throne.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.05,0:08:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.01,0:08:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Emperor didn’t have much real power,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.02,0:08:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he became a symbolic figure,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.08,0:08:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a representative of a mythical past
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.67,0:08:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around whom modernizers could\Nbuild a sense of national pride.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.04,0:08:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in place of bakufu,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.03,0:08:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan created one of the most\Nmodern nation states in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.07,0:08:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After some trial and error, the Meiji leaders\Ncreated a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.48,0:08:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European style cabinet system\Nof government with a prime minister
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.07,0:08:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in 1889,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.77,0:08:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promulgated a constitution that even\Ncontained a deliberative assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.09,0:08:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.45,0:08:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the cabinet ministers\Nweren’t responsible to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.02,0:08:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Samurai were incorporated into\Nthis system as bureaucrats
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.04,0:08:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their stipends were\Ngradually taken away.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.01,0:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And soon,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Japanese government developed into,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.06,0:08:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.09,0:08:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something of a meritocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.01,0:08:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan also created a new conscript army.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.02,0:08:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beginning in 1873,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.01,0:08:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all Japanese men were required\Nto spend 3 years in the military.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.08,0:09:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The program was initially very unpopular—\N[shocker]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.09,0:09:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were more than a dozen riots\Nin 1873 and 1874
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.04,0:09:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which crowds attacked\Nmilitary registration centers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.56,0:09:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But eventually,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.40,0:09:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,serving in the army created\Na patriotic spirit
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.04,0:09:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a loyalty to the Japanese emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.05,0:09:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Meiji leaders also instituted\Ncompulsory education in 1872,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.57,0:09:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requiring both boys and girls to attend\Nfour years of elementary school.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.13,0:09:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.32,0:09:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s time for the Open Letter?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.05,0:09:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Apparently the chair's back. Replaced it\Nwith an evil twin, did you, Stan?]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.89,0:09:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Open Letter to Public Education.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.02,0:09:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.45,0:09:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let’s see what’s in\Nthe secret compartment today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.21,0:09:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, it’s a graduation hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.09,0:09:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks, Meredith the Intern,\Nfor letting me borrow your graduation hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.64,0:09:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dear Public Education,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.08,0:09:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you were introduced in Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.26,0:09:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you were very unpopular because\Nyou were funded by a new property tax.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.09,0:09:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.02,0:09:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you were so unpopular that at least 2,000\Nschools were destroyed by rioters,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.57,0:09:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primarily through arson.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.04,0:09:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.01,0:09:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn’t look good when you bring it\Nin close like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.02,0:09:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I look like a 90-year-old swimmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.26,0:09:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[you do call speedos 'casual wear' @ work]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.76,0:09:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even though public education has\Nproved extremely successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.96,0:09:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of people still complain about\Nhaving to pay taxes for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.04,0:09:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let me explain something.\N[time to fuel an internet flame war…]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.88,0:10:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public education does not exist for\Nthe benefit of students
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.01,0:10:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or for the benefit of their parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.89,0:10:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It exists for the benefit of\Nthe social order.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.14,0:10:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have discovered as a species that it is\Nuseful to have an educated population.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.04,0:10:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You do not need to be a student
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.53,0:10:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or have a child who is a student
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.09,0:10:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to benefit from public education.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.09,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every second of every day of your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you benefit from public education.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.59,0:10:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.10,0:10:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me explain why I like to\Npay taxes for schools
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.64,0:10:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though I don’t personally\Nhave a kid in school.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.28,0:10:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s because I don’t like\Nliving in a country with
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.21,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bunch of stupid people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[and that's Jenga]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.09,0:10:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Best Wishes,\NJohn Green
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.27,0:10:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.06,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nationalism meant modernization,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largely inspired by and\Nin competition with the West.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.53,0:10:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Meiji government established\Na functioning tax system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.08,0:10:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they built public infrastructure\Nlike harbors and telegraph lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.12,0:10:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invested heavily in railroads,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.69,0:10:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and created a uniform national currency.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.82,0:10:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the dark side of nationalism\Nbegan to appear early on.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.52,0:10:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1869,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.34,0:10:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Meiji rulers expanded Japan’s borders\Nto include the island of Hokkaido.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.31,0:10:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[you know, where the transport\Napparatus was built in "Contact"]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.45,0:10:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1879,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.01,0:10:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they acquired Okinawa after\Nforcing its king to abdicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.06,0:10:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1874,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.56,0:10:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan even invaded Taiwan with\Nan eye towards colonizing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.32,0:10:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they weren’t successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.02,0:10:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.05,0:11:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these early actions we already see\Nthat nationalism has a habit
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.28,0:11:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thriving on conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.02,0:11:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And often the project of\Ncreating a nation state
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.08,0:11:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes hand in hand with preventing o\Nthers from doing the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.04,0:11:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This failure to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.09,0:11:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine the other complexly\N[i see what you did there]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.95,0:11:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn’t new, but it’s about to\Nget a lot more problematic
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.100,0:11:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we’ll see next week when\Nwe discuss European imperialism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.10,0:11:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.34,0:11:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.94,0:11:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced and directed\Nby Stan Muller,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.84,0:11:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our script supervisor is\N[danica johnson]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.53,0:11:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’re ably interned by\NMeredith Danko,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.62,0:11:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our graphics team is\NThought Bubble
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.02,0:11:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.69,0:11:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the show was written\Nby my high school history student
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.46,0:11:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Green and myself, Raoul Meyer.\N[the man, the myth, the educator]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.04,0:11:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last week’s phrase of the week was
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.62,0:11:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Bearded Marxist"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.62,0:11:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you’d like to guess at\Nthis week’s phrase of the week
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.02,0:11:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or suggest future ones,\Nyou can do so in comments,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.50,0:11:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can also ask questions\Nabout today’s video
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.01,0:11:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be answered by our\Nteam of historians.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.02,0:11:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching Crash Course,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.21,0:11:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we say in my hometown,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.01,0:11:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don’t Forget to Break up with\Nyour fake high school girlfriend.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.33,0:11:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[outro]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.44,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[outro]