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Hi I’m John Green;

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this is Crash Course World History[br]and today

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we’re going to talk about Nationalism,

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the most important global phenomenon[br]of the 19th century

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and also the phenomenon responsible

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for one of the most commented upon aspects[br]of Crash Course:

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my globes being out of date.

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USSR: not a country.

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Rhodesia?

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South Vietnam?

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Sudan with no South Sudan?

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Yugoslavia?

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Okay,[br]no more inaccuracies with the globes.

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Ugh, the little globes!

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This one doesn’t know about Slovakia.

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This one has East frakking Pakistan.

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And this one identifies[br]Lithuania as part of Asia.

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Okay, no more globe inaccuracies.

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Actually, bring back my globes.

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I feel naked without them.[br][many people find comfort in inaccuracy]

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[Intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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So, if you’re into European history,

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you’re probably somewhat familiar[br]with nationalism

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and the names and countries[br]associated with it.

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Bismarck in Germany,

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Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italy, a

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nd Mustafa Kemal (aka Ataturk) in Turkey.

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But nationalism was a global phenomenon,

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and it included a lot of people[br]you may not associate with it, like

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Muhammad Ali in Egypt

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and also this guy.

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Nationalism was seen in the[br]British Dominions,

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as Canada, Australia and New Zealand

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became federated states between[br]1860 and 1901.

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I would say independent states[br]instead of federated states,

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but you guys still have a queen.[br][and royal Corgies]

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It’s also seen in the Balkans, where[br]Greece gained its independence in 1832

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and Christian principalities fought[br]a war against the Ottomans in 1878,

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[Christians hate foot wrests?

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in India where a political party,[br]the Indian National Congress,

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was founded in 1885,

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and even in China, where nationalism ran[br]up against the dynastic system

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that had lasted more than 2000 years.

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And then of course there are these guys,

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who in many ways represent[br]the worst of nationalism,

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the nationalism that tries to deny or[br]eliminate difference in the efforts

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to create a homogeneous[br]mythologized unitary polity.

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We’ll get to them later,

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but it’s helpful to bring them up now

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just so we don’t get[br]too excited about nationalism.

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Okay, so,

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before we launch into the history,[br]let’s define the modern nation state.

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Definitions are slippery[br]but for our purposes,

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a nation state involves a[br]centralized government

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that can claim and exercise[br]authority over a distinctive territory.

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That’s the state part.

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It also involves a certain degree of[br]linguistic and cultural homogeneity.

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That’s the nation part.

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Mr. Green, Mr. Green!

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By that definition,

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wouldn’t China have been nation state

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as early as, like, the Han dynasty?

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Dude, Me from the Past,

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you’re getting smart.

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Yeah, it could be,

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and some historians argue that it was.

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Nationhood is really hard to define.

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Like, in James Joyce’s Ulysses,

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the character Bloom famously says that

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a nation is the same people[br]living in the same place.

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But, then, he remembers the Irish and[br]Jewish diasporas, and adds,

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or also living in different places.

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But let’s ignore diasporas for the moment

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and focus on territorially bound[br]groups with a common heritage.

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Same people, same place.

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So how do you become a nation?

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Well, some argue it’s an organic process

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involving culturally similar people[br]wanting to formalize their connections.

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Others argue that nationalism is[br]constructed by governments,

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building a sense of patriotism through[br]compulsory military service and

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statues of national heroes.

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Public education is often seen[br]as part of this nationalizing project.

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Schools and textbooks allow countries to[br]share their nationalizing narratives.

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Which is why

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the once and possibly future[br]independent nation of Texas

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issues textbooks literally[br]whitewashing early American history.

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Still other historians argue[br]that nationalism was

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an outgrowth of urbanization[br]and industrialization,

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since new urbanites were the

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most likely people to want to see[br]themselves as part of a nation.

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For instance,

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Prague’s population rose from 157,000 to[br]514,000 between 1850 and 1900,

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at the same time that the Czechs[br]were beginning to see themselves as

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separate from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Which is a cool idea,

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but it doesn’t explain why other,[br]less industrialized places

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like India also saw a lot of nationalism.

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The actual business of nationalization[br]involves creating bureaucracies,

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new systems of education,

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building a large military,

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and, often,

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using that military to fight other[br]nation states,

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since nations often construct themselves[br]in opposition to an idea of otherness.

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A big part of being Irish, for instance,

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is not being English.

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So emerging nations had[br]a lot of conflicts,

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including:

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The Napoleonic wars,

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which helped the French become the French.

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The Indian Rebellion of 1857,

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which helped Indians to identify[br]themselves as a homogeneous people.

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The American Civil War.

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I mean, before the Civil War,

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many Americans thought of themselves[br]not as Americans

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but as Virginians

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or New Yorkers

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or Pennsylvanians.

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I mean,

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our antebellum nation was usually called

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“these united states,”

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after it became “the United States.”

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So,

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in the US,[br]nationalism pulled a nation together,

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but often,

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nationalism was a destabilizing force[br]for multi-ethnic land-based empires.

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This was especially the case[br]in the Ottoman empire,

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which started falling apart in the[br]19th century as first the Greeks,

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then the Serbs,

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Romanians and Bulgarians,

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all predominantly Christian people,

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began clamoring for and, in some cases,

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winning independence.

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Egypt is another good example

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of nationalism serving both to create[br]a new state and to weaken an empire.

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Muhammad Ali

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[nope, not that one]

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(who was actually Albanian[br]and spoke Turkish, not Egyptian Arabic)

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and his ruling family

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encouraged the Egyptian people to imagine[br]themselves as a separate nationality.

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But okay,

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so nationalism was a global phenomenon[br]in the 19th century and

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we can’t talk about it everywhere.

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So, instead,[br]we’re going to focus on one case study.

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Japan.

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You thought I was going to say Germany,[br]didn’t you?

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Nope. You can bite me, Bismarck.[br][fingers crossed for Freedonia, actually]

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Japan had been fragmented and[br]feudal until the late 16th century,

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when a series of warrior landowners[br]managed to consolidate power.

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Eventually

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power came to the Tokugawa family who[br]created a military government or bakufu.

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[gesundheit]

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The first Tokugawa to take power[br]was Iyeasu,

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who took over after the death of one of[br]the main unifiers of Japan,

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Tyotomi Hideyoshi,

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sometimes known as “the monkey,”

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although his wife called him,

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and this is true,

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“the bald rat.”

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[could've been worse, certainly]

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In 1603 Ieyasu convinced the emperor,[br]who was something of a figurehead,

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to grant him the title of “shogun.”

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And for the next 260 years or so,

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the Tokugawa bakufu was[br]the main government of Japan.

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The primary virtue of this government

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was not necessarily its efficiency[br]or its forward thinking policies,

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but its stability.

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Stability:[br]Most underrated of governmental virtues.

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Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

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The Tokugawa bakufu[br]wasn’t much for centralization,

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as power was mainly in the hands[br]of local lords called daimyo.

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One odd feature of the Tokugawa era[br]was the presence of a class of warriors

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who by the 19th century[br]had become mostly bureaucrats.

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You may have heard of them, the samurai.

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[kinda like John McCain, John Kerry and[br]my favorite, Daniel Inouye, etc.]

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One of the things that made this[br]hereditary class so interesting

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was that each samurai was entitled to[br]an annual salary from the daimyo

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called a stipend.

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This privilege basically paid them off

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and assured that they didn’t become[br]restless warriors plaguing the countryside

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—that is, bandits.

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We tend to think of samurai[br]as noble and honorable,

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[or as John Belushi on old skool SNL]

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but urban samurai, according to Andrew[br]Gordon’s book A Modern History of Japan,

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"were a rough-and-tumble lot.

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Samurai gang wars – a West Side Story[br]in the shadows of Edo castle –

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were frequent in the early 1600s.”

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And you still say that history books[br]are boring.

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As with kings and lesser nobles anywhere,

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the central bakufu had trouble controlling[br]the more powerful daimyo,

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who were able to build[br]up their own strength

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because of their control[br]over local resources.

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[like on the Sopranos?]

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This poor control also made it[br]really difficult to collect taxes,

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so the Tokugawa were already[br]a bit on the ropes

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when two foreign events rocked Japan.

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First was China’s humiliating defeat[br]in the Opium Wars,

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after which Western nations[br]forced China to

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give Europeans special trade privileges.

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It was a wake up call to see the[br]dominant power in the region so humbled.

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[like when Andre the Giant was sadly[br]bested by Hulk Hogan]

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But even worse for the Tokugawa[br]was the arrival of Matthew Perry.

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No, Thought Bubble. Matthew Perry.

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Yes.

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That one.

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The tokugawa are somewhat famous

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for their not-so-friendly policy[br]toward foreigners—

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especially western, Christian ones—

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for whom the penalty for stepping foot[br]on Japanese soil was death.

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The tokugawa saw Christianity in much[br]the same way that the Romans had:

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as an unsettling threat to stability.

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And in the case of Matthew Perry,

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they had reason to be worried.

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Thanks, Thought Bubble.

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So the American naval commodore[br]arrived in Japan in 1853

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with a flotilla of ships and a[br]determination to open Japan’s markets.

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Just the threat of American[br]steam-powered warships

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was enough to convince the bakufu to[br]sign some humiliating trade treaties

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that weren’t unlike the ones that China[br]had signed after losing the Opium Wars.

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And, this only further motivated[br]the daimyo and the samurai

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who were ready to give the[br]Tokugawa the boot.

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Within a few years, they would.

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So what does have to do with nationalism?

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Well, plenty.

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First off,

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even though the Americans and the Japanese[br]didn’t go to war (yet),

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the perceived threat provided[br]an impetus for Japanese to

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start thinking about itself differently.

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It also resulted in the Japanese[br]being convinced that

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if they wanted to maintain[br]their independence,

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they would have to re-constitute their[br]country as a modern nation state.

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This looks a lot like what was happening[br]in Egypt or even in Germany,

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with external pressures leading to[br]calls for greater national consolidation.

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So, the Tokugawa didn’t give up w[br]ithout a fight,

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but the civil war between[br]the stronger daimyo and the bakufu

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eventually led to the end[br]of the shogunate.

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And in 1868,

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the rebels got the newly enthroned[br]Emperor Meiji to abolish the bakufu

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and proclaim a restoration[br]of the imperial throne.

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Now,

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the Emperor didn’t have much real power,

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but he became a symbolic figure,

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a representative of a mythical past

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around whom modernizers could[br]build a sense of national pride.

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And in place of bakufu,

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Japan created one of the most[br]modern nation states in the world.

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After some trial and error, the Meiji leaders[br]created a

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European style cabinet system[br]of government with a prime minister

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and, in 1889,

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promulgated a constitution that even[br]contained a deliberative assembly,

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the Diet,

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although the cabinet ministers[br]weren’t responsible to it.

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Samurai were incorporated into[br]this system as bureaucrats

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and their stipends were[br]gradually taken away.

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And soon,

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the Japanese government developed into,

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like,

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something of a meritocracy.

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Japan also created a new conscript army.

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Beginning in 1873,

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all Japanese men were required[br]to spend 3 years in the military.

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The program was initially very unpopular—[br][shocker]

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there were more than a dozen riots[br]in 1873 and 1874

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in which crowds attacked[br]military registration centers.

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But eventually,

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serving in the army created[br]a patriotic spirit

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and a loyalty to the Japanese emperor.

0:09:12.054,0:09:16.569
The Meiji leaders also instituted[br]compulsory education in 1872,

0:09:16.569,0:09:20.129
requiring both boys and girls to attend[br]four years of elementary school.

0:09:20.129,0:09:20.319
Oh,

0:09:20.319,0:09:21.047
it’s time for the Open Letter?

0:09:21.047,0:09:24.889
[Apparently the chair's back. Replaced it[br]with an evil twin, did you, Stan?]

0:09:24.889,0:09:27.022
An Open Letter to Public Education.

0:09:27.022,0:09:27.449
But first,

0:09:27.449,0:09:29.209
let’s see what’s in[br]the secret compartment today.

0:09:29.209,0:09:32.087
Oh, it’s a graduation hat.

0:09:32.087,0:09:36.639
Thanks, Meredith the Intern,[br]for letting me borrow your graduation hat.

0:09:36.639,0:09:37.079
Dear Public Education,

0:09:37.079,0:09:39.259
When you were introduced in Japan,

0:09:39.259,0:09:42.091
you were very unpopular because[br]you were funded by a new property tax.

0:09:42.091,0:09:43.023
In fact,

0:09:43.023,0:09:47.569
you were so unpopular that at least 2,000[br]schools were destroyed by rioters,

0:09:47.569,0:09:48.036
primarily through arson.

0:09:48.036,0:09:48.006
Stan,

0:09:48.006,0:09:50.022
it doesn’t look good when you bring it[br]in close like that.

0:09:50.022,0:09:51.259
I look like a 90-year-old swimmer.

0:09:51.259,0:09:51.759
[you do call speedos 'casual wear' @ work]

0:09:51.759,0:09:53.959
And even though public education has[br]proved extremely successful,

0:09:53.959,0:09:57.035
lots of people still complain about[br]having to pay taxes for it,

0:09:57.035,0:09:58.879
so let me explain something.[br][time to fuel an internet flame war…]

0:09:58.879,0:10:01.011
Public education does not exist for[br]the benefit of students

0:10:01.011,0:10:02.889
or for the benefit of their parents.

0:10:02.889,0:10:05.139
It exists for the benefit of[br]the social order.

0:10:05.139,0:10:09.042
We have discovered as a species that it is[br]useful to have an educated population.

0:10:09.042,0:10:10.529
You do not need to be a student

0:10:10.529,0:10:11.091
or have a child who is a student

0:10:11.091,0:10:13.093
to benefit from public education.

0:10:13.093,0:10:16.003
Every second of every day of your life,

0:10:16.003,0:10:17.589
you benefit from public education.

0:10:17.589,0:10:17.097
So,

0:10:17.097,0:10:20.639
let me explain why I like to[br]pay taxes for schools

0:10:20.639,0:10:23.279
even though I don’t personally[br]have a kid in school.

0:10:23.279,0:10:25.209
It’s because I don’t like[br]living in a country with

0:10:25.209,0:10:26.003
a bunch of stupid people.

0:10:26.003,0:10:26.091
[and that's Jenga]

0:10:26.091,0:10:28.269
Best Wishes,[br]John Green

0:10:28.269,0:10:29.061
In Japan,

0:10:29.061,0:10:31.001
nationalism meant modernization,

0:10:31.001,0:10:34.529
largely inspired by and[br]in competition with the West.

0:10:34.529,0:10:36.085
So the Meiji government established[br]a functioning tax system,

0:10:36.085,0:10:40.119
they built public infrastructure[br]like harbors and telegraph lines,

0:10:40.119,0:10:41.689
invested heavily in railroads,

0:10:41.689,0:10:43.819
and created a uniform national currency.

0:10:43.819,0:10:46.519
But the dark side of nationalism[br]began to appear early on.

0:10:46.519,0:10:47.339
In 1869,

0:10:47.339,0:10:50.309
the Meiji rulers expanded Japan’s borders[br]to include the island of Hokkaido.

0:10:50.309,0:10:51.449
[you know, where the transport[br]apparatus was built in "Contact"]

0:10:51.449,0:10:51.008
And in 1879,

0:10:51.008,0:10:54.055
they acquired Okinawa after[br]forcing its king to abdicate.

0:10:54.055,0:10:55.559
In 1874,

0:10:55.559,0:10:58.319
Japan even invaded Taiwan with[br]an eye towards colonizing it,

0:10:58.319,0:10:59.022
although they weren’t successful.

0:10:59.022,0:10:59.049
And,

0:10:59.049,0:11:02.279
in these early actions we already see[br]that nationalism has a habit

0:11:02.279,0:11:04.022
of thriving on conflict.

0:11:04.022,0:11:06.079
And often the project of[br]creating a nation state

0:11:06.079,0:11:09.041
goes hand in hand with preventing o[br]thers from doing the same.

0:11:09.041,0:11:09.086
This failure to

0:11:09.086,0:11:11.949
imagine the other complexly[br][i see what you did there]

0:11:11.949,0:11:13.999
isn’t new, but it’s about to[br]get a lot more problematic

0:11:13.999,0:11:16.097
as we’ll see next week when[br]we discuss European imperialism.

0:11:16.097,0:11:18.339
Thanks for watching.

0:11:18.339,0:11:18.939
Crash Course is

0:11:18.939,0:11:20.839
produced and directed[br]by Stan Muller,

0:11:20.839,0:11:22.529
our script supervisor is[br][danica johnson]

0:11:22.529,0:11:24.619
We’re ably interned by[br]Meredith Danko,

0:11:24.619,0:11:26.023
and our graphics team is[br]Thought Bubble

0:11:26.023,0:11:26.689
Also,

0:11:26.689,0:11:28.459
the show was written[br]by my high school history student

0:11:28.459,0:11:32.041
John Green and myself, Raoul Meyer.[br][the man, the myth, the educator]

0:11:32.041,0:11:32.619
Last week’s phrase of the week was

0:11:32.619,0:11:32.619
"Bearded Marxist"

0:11:32.619,0:11:34.018
If you’d like to guess at[br]this week’s phrase of the week

0:11:34.018,0:11:36.499
or suggest future ones,[br]you can do so in comments,

0:11:36.499,0:11:38.009
where you can also ask questions[br]about today’s video

0:11:38.009,0:11:40.019
that will be answered by our[br]team of historians.

0:11:40.019,0:11:41.209
Thanks for watching Crash Course,

0:11:41.209,0:11:42.011
and as we say in my hometown,

0:11:42.011,0:11:43.329
Don’t Forget to Break up with[br]your fake high school girlfriend.

0:11:43.329,0:11:43.439
[outro]

0:11:43.439,9:59:59.000
[outro]