9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm here to tell you about[br]the real search 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for alien life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Not little green humanoids[br]arriving in shiny UFOs, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 although that would be nice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But it's the search for planets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 orbiting stars far away. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Every star in our sky is a sun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And if uur sun has planets -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Surely those other stars should[br]have planets also 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 -- and they do. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in the last two decades, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 astronomers have found[br]thousands of exoplanets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Our night sky is literally[br]teeming with exoplanets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We know, statistically speaking, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that every star has at least one planet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in the search for planets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and in the future, planets [br]that might be like earth, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we're able to help address[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some of the most amazing[br]and mysterious questions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that have faced humankind for centuries. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Why are we here? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Why does our universe exist? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 How did earth form and evolve? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 How and why did life originate[br]and populate our planet? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The second question[br]that we often think about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is are we alone? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Is there life out there? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Who is out there? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, this question[br]has been around 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for thousands of years, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 since at least the time[br]of the Greek philosophers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But, I'm here to tell you[br]just how close we're getting 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to finding out the answer[br]to this question. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's the first time in human history 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that this really is within reach for us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now when I think about[br]the possibilities 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for life out there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think of the fact that our sun 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is one but many stars. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is a photograph of a real galaxy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we think our milky way [br]looks like this galaxy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's a collection of bound stars. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But our milky way is one of[br]hundreds of billions of stars 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and our galaxy is one of upwards[br]of hundreds of billions of galaxies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Knowing that small planets [br]are very common, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you can just do the math. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And there are just so many stars[br]and so many planets out there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that surely, there must be life[br]somewhere out there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, the biologists get furious [br]with me for saying that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because we have absolutely[br]no evidence 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for life beyond earth, yet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, if we were able to look[br]at our galaxy from the outside 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and zoom in to where our sun is, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we see a real map of the stars. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the highlighted stars[br]are ones with known exoplanets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 this is really just[br]the tip of the iceberg. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here, this animation is zooming in[br]onto our solar system. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you'll see here some planets[br]as well as some spacecraft 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that are also orbiting our sun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now if we can imagine[br]going to the west coast 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of North America and looking out[br]on the night sky, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 here's what we'd see on a spring night. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you can see[br]the constellations overlaid 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and again, so many stars with planets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There's a special patch of the sky 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where we have thousands of planets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is where the Kepler Space Telescope[br]focused for many years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Let's zoom in and look at[br]one of the favorite exoplanets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This star is called Kepler 180-6F. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's a system of about five planets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And by the way, most of these exoplanets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we don't know too much about. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We know their size, and their orbit[br]and things like that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But there's a very special planet[br]here called Kepler 180-6F, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 this planet is in a zone that is not [br]too far from the star, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that the temperature may be [br]just right for life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here, the artist conniption is just[br]zooming in 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and showing you what that planet[br]might be like. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, many people have this[br]romantic notion of astronomers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 going to a telescope[br]on a lonely mountaintop 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and looking at the spectacular night sky 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 through a big telescope. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But actually, we just work on[br]our computers like everyone else 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and we get our data by email[br]or by loading from a database. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So instead of coming here to tell you[br]about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the somewhat tedious nature of the data[br]and data analysis 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the complex computer models we make, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I have a different way to try to explain[br]to you 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some of the things that we're [br]thinking about exoplanets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here's a travel poster: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Kepler-186f, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Where the grass is always redder [br]on the other side." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's because Kepler-186f[br]is a red star, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and we're just speculating that[br]perhaps the plants there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if there is vegetation that [br]does photosynthesis, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it has different pigments and looks red. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a super-earth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This planet is more massive than earth 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and has a higher surface gravity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Relax on Kepler-16b, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where your shadow always has company. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We know of a dozen planets[br]that orbit two stars, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and there's likely many more out there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If we could visit one of those planets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you literally would see two sunsets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and have two shadows. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So actually, science fiction [br]got some things right, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Tatooine from Star Wars. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I have a couple of other [br]favorite exoplanets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to tell you about. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This one is Kepler-10b, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's a hot, hot planet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It orbits over 50 times closer[br]to its star 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 than the earth does to our sun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And actually, it's so hot 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we can't visit any of these planets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but if we could, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we would melt long before[br]we got there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We think the surface is hot enough[br]to melt rock 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and has liquid lava lakes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We use 1214b, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 this planet, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we know the mass and the size 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and it has a fairly low density, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's somewhat warm. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We actually don't know really[br]anything about this planet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One possibility is that [br]it's a water world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like a scaled-up version of one[br]of Jupiter's icy moons 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that might be 50 percent water by mass. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In this case, it would have[br]a thick steam atmosphere 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 overlaying an ocean, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 not of liquid water, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but of an exotic form of water, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a superfluid -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 not quite a gas, not quite a liquid. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Under that wouldn't be rock, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but a form of high pressure ice, [br]like (word) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So out of all these planets out there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the variety is [br]just simply astonishing, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we mostly want to find the planets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that are Goldie Locks planets,[br]we call them, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 not too big, not too small 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 not too hot, not too cold -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 just right for life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But to do that, we'd have to [br]be able to look 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the planet's atmosphere 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because the atmosphere acts[br]like a blanket 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 trapping heat -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the greenhouse effect. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We have to be able to asses[br]the greenhouse gasses 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on other planets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, science fiction got[br]some things wrong. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Star Trek Enterprise had to travel[br]vast distances 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at incredible speeds [br]to orbit other planets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that First officer Spok [br]could further analyze 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the atmosphere and see[br]if the planet 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was habitable or if [br]there were lifeforms there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, we don't need[br]to travel at warp speeds 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to see other planets' atmospheres, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 although I don't want to dissuade [br]any budding engineers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from figuring out how to do that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We actually can and do study[br]planet atmospheres 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from here, from earth orbit. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is a picture, a photograph 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of the Hubble Space Telescope 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 taken by the shuttle Atlantis[br]as it was departing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 after the last human space [br]flight to Hubble. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They installed a new camera, actually, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we use for exoplanet atmospheres. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so far, we've been able to study[br]dozens of exoplanet atmospheres, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 about six of them in great detail. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But those are not small planets like earth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They're big, hot planets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that are easy to see. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We're not ready, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we don't have the right technology yet 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to study small exoplanets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But nevertheless, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I wanted to try to explain to you 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 how we study exoplanet atmospheres. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I want you to image, for a moment,[br]a rainbow. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And if we could look [br]at this rainbow closely, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we would see that some[br]dark lines are missing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And here's our sun, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the white light of our sun split up, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you can see all these dark, vertical lines. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Some are narrow, some are wide, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some are shaded at the edges. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this is how astronomers have studied[br]objects in the heavens 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 literally, for over a century. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So here, each different atom and molecule 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has a special set of lines, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a fingerprint, if you will. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that's how we study[br]exoplanet atmospheres. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And, I'll just never forget[br]when I started working 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on exoplanet atmospheres[br]20 years ago, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 how many people told me, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "This will never happen, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we'll never be able to study them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Why are you bothering?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that's why I'm pleased [br]to tell you about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all the atmospheres studied now, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and this is really a whole field[br]of its own. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So when it comes to other planets,[br]other earths, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the future when we can observe them, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what kind of gasses would be looking for? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, you know, our own earth has oxygen[br]in the atmosphere 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to 20 percent by volume. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's a lot of oxygen. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But without plants [br]and photosynthetic life, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 there would be no oxygen,[br]virtually no oxygen 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in our atmosphere. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So oxygen is here because of life 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and our goal then is to look for gasses 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in other planet atmospheres, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 gasses that don't belong, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we might be able to attribute to life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But which molecules should [br]we search for? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I actually told you how diverse[br]exoplanets are, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we expect that to continue in the future 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when we find other earths. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that's one of the main things[br]I'm working on now, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I have a theory about this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It reminds me that nearly everyday, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I receive an email -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 email or emails-- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from someone with a crazy theory[br]about physics, gravity 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or cosmology or some such. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Please don't email me[br]one of your crazy theories. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, I have my own crazy theory. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But, who does the MIT professor go to? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well I emailed a Nobel Laureate [br]in physiology and medicine 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So I brought my two biochemistry frirnds 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and we went to talk to him[br]about our crazy theory. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that theory was that life produces[br]all small molecules, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so many molecules. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Like, everything I could think of, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but not being a chemist. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Think about it: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 methane, methal choloride (?) -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so many gasses, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they also exist for other reasons, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but just life even produces ozone. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So we go to talk to him about this, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and immediately, he shot down[br]the theory. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He found an example that didn't exist. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, we went back to the drawing board 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and we actually think we have[br]found something 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 very interesting in another field. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But back to exoplanets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the point is that life produces[br]so many different types of gases, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 literally thousands of gasses. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so what we're doing now [br]is just trying to figure out 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on which types of exoplanets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which gasses could be attributed to life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so when it comes time 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we find gasses on exoplanet[br]atmospheres, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we won't know if they're [br]being produced 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by intelligent aliens or by trees, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or earth(?) swamp, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or even just by simple, single celled [br]microbial life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so working on the models 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and thinking about biochemistry 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's all well and good. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But a really big challenge ahead of us 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is how. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 How are we going to find these planets? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They're actually many ways to find planets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 several different ways. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the one that I'm most focused on 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is how can we open a gateway 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that in the future, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we can find hundreds of earths. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We have a real shot[br]at finding signs of life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And actually, I just finished[br]leading a two-year project 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in this very special phase[br]of a concept 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we call the star shade. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the star shade is very[br]specially shaped screen 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the goal is to fly that star shade 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so it blocks out the light of a star 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that a telescope can see [br]the planets directly. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here, you can see myself [br]and two team members 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 holding up one small part of the star shade. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's shaped like a giant flower, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and this is one of the prototype petals. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The concept is that a star shade [br]and telescope launch together, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with the petals unfurling[br]from the stowed position. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The central trust would expand, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with the petals snapping into place. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, this has to be made very precisely, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 literally, the petals to microns 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they have to deploy to millimeters. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this hole structure would have to fly 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 tens of thousands of kilometers[br]away from the telescope, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's about tens of meters in diameter. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the goal is to block out[br]the starlight to incredible percussion 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that we'd be able to see [br]the planets directly. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It has to be a very special shape 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because of the physics of defraction. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now this is a really project [br]that we worked on, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 literally, you would not believe how hard. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just so you believe that it's [br]not just in movie format, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 here's a real photograph[br]of a second generation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 star shade deployment [br]test bed in the lab. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in this case, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I just want you to know, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that that central trust[br]has heritage left over 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from large radio deployables in space. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So after all of that hard work 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where we try to think of all [br]the crazy gasses 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that might be out there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we build the very[br]complicated space telescopes, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what are we going to find? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, in the best case, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we will find an image [br]of another eco-earth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here's earth as a pale blue dot. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is actually a real photograph[br]of earth 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 taken by the Voyager I spacecraft, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 four billion miles away. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that red light is just scattered light[br]in the camera optics.[br] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But what's so awesome to consider[br]is that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if there are intelligent aliens[br]orbiting on a planet 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 around a star near to us 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they build complicated[br]space telescopes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of a kind we're trying to build, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all they'll see is this pale blue dot, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a pinprick of light. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so sometimes when I pause[br]to think about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 my professional struggle[br]and huge ambition, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's hard to think about that[br]in contrast 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the vastness of the universe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But nonetheless, I am devoting[br]the rest of my life 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to finding another earth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I can guarantee that in [br]the next generation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of space telescopes, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the second generation, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we will have the capability to find[br]and identity other earths. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the capability to split up [br]the starlight 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that we can look for gasses 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and assess the greenhouse gasses[br]in the atmosphere, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 estimate the surface temperature, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and look for signs of life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But there's more, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in this case of searching[br]for other planets,