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I was walking through St Pancras station
on my way here,

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and a little man came up to me and said,

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"Here, didn't you used to be 
Paddy Ashdown?"

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(Laughter)

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So, I said that I thought I had been,

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but the fact that Walter has invited me
here today

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seems to indicate that I still am.

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And that's jolly reassuring,
especially for me.

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Well, now for something 
completely different.

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There will be some poetry, 
one of my passions

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by the way, this thing says 8.41,
shouldn't it say something else?

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I was told I had 18 minutes.

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It will go on. Allright.
Thank God for that.

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Otherwise, you'd have a real problem.

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There will be some poetry 
and some history,

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and I shall unveil for you, 
mostly tounge in cheek,

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Ashdown's third law for the modern age.

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The poetry - and I don't suppose
there's anybody here

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that's not an Anglo -

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[in French] well, whose mother tongue
is not English?

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There's a poem written by
a very famous English poet

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at the end of the 19th century.

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It was said to echo in Churchill's brain

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in the 1930s.

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And the poem goes:

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"On the idle hill of summer,

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lazy with the flow of streams,

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hark I hear a distant drummer,

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drumming like a sound in dreams,

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far and near and low and louder
on the roads of earth go by,

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dear to friend and food to powder,

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soldiers marching,

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soon to die."

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Those who are interested in poetry,

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the poem is "A Shropshire Lad"
written by A.E. Housman.

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But what Housman understood,

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and you hear it in the symphonies
of Nielsen too,

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was that the long, hot, silvan summers

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of stability of the 19th century

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were coming to a close,

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and that we were about to move

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into one of those terrifying
periods of history

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when power changes.

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And these are always periods,
ladies and gentlemen,

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accompanied by turbulence,

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and all too often by blood.

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And my message for you

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is that I believe
we are condemned, if you like,

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to live at just one of those
moments in history

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when the gimbals upon which

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the established order of power
is beginning to change

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and the new look of the world,

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the new powers that exist in the world,

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are beginning to take form.

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And these are - and we see it
very clearly today -

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nearly always highly turbulent
times, highly difficult times,

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and all too often very bloody times.

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By the way, it happens
about once every century.

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You might argue that the last time
it happened -

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and that's what Housman felt coming
and what Churchill felt too -

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was that when power passed
from the old nations,

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the old powers of Europe,

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across the Atlantic
to the new emerging power

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of the United States of America -

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the beginning of the American century.

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And of course, into the vacuum

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where the too-old European
powers used to be

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were played the two bloody catastrophes

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of the last century -

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the one in the first part
and the one in the second part:

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the two great World Wars.

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Mao Zedong used to refer to them
as the European civil wars,

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and it's probably a more
accurate way of describing them.

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Well, ladies and gentlemen,

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we live at one of those times.

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But for us, I want to talk
about three factors today.

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And the first of these,
the first two of these,

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is about a shift in power.

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And the second is about some new
dimension which I want to refer to,

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which has never quite happened
in the way it's happening now.

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But let's talk about the shifts of power
that are occurring to the world.

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And what is happening today

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is, in one sense, frightening

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because it's never happened before.

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We have seen lateral shifts of power -

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the power of Greece passed to Rome

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and the power shifts that occurred

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during the European civilizations -

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but we are seeing something
slightly different.

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For power is not just moving laterally

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from nation to nation.

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It's also moving vertically.

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What's happening today
is that the power that was encased,

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held to accountability,
held to the rule of law,

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within the institution of the nation state

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has now migrated in very large
measure onto the global stage.

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The globalization of power -

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we talk about the globalization
of markets,

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but actually it's the globalization
of real power.

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And where, at the nation state level

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that power is held to accountability

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subject to the rule of law,

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on the international stage it is not.

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The international and the global stage
where power now resides:

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the power of the Internet, the power
of the satellite broadcasters,

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the power of the money changers -

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this vast money-go-round

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that circulates now 32 times
the amount of money necessary

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for the trade it's supposed
to be there to finance -

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the money changers, if you like,

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the financial speculators

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that have brought us all
to our knees quite recently,

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the power of the multinational
corporations

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now developing budgets

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often bigger than medium-sized countries.

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These live in a global space

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which is largely unregulated,

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not subject to the rule of law,

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and in which people may act
free of constraint.

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Now that suits the powerful

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up to a moment.

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It's always suitable for those
who have the most power

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to operate in spaces without constraint,

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but the lesson of history
is that, sooner or later,

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unregulated space -

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space not subject to the rule of law -

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becomes populated, not just
by the things you wanted -

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international trade, the Internet, etc. -

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but also by the things you don't want -

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international criminality,
international terrorism.

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The revelation of 9/11

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is that even if you
are the most powerful nation on Earth,

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nevertheless,

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those who inhabit
that space can attack you

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even in your most iconic of cities

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one bright September morning.

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It's said that something like 60 percent

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of the four million dollars
that was taken to fund 9/11

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actually passed through the institutions
of the Twin Towers

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which 9/11 destroyed.

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You see, our enemies
also use this space -

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the space of mass travel, the Internet,
satellite broadcasters -

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to be able to get around their poison,

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which is about destroying
our systems and our ways.

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Sooner or later,

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sooner or later,

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the rule of history

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is that where power goes

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governance must follow.

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And if it is therefore
the case, as I believe it is,

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that one of the phenomenon of our time

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is the globalization of power,

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then it follows
that one of the challenges of our time

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is to bring governance
to the global space.

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And I believe that the decades
ahead of us now

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will be to a greater
or lesser extent turbulent

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the more or less we are able
to achieve that aim:

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to bring governance to the global space.

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Now notice, I'm not talking
about government.

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I'm not talking about setting up

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some global democratic institution.

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My own view, by the way,
ladies and gentlemen,

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is that this is unlikely to be done

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by spawning more U.N. institutions.

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If we didn't have the U.N.,
we'd have to invent it.

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The world needs an international forum.

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It needs a means by which you can
legitimize international action.

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But when it comes to governance
of the global space,

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my guess is this won't happen

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through the creation of more U.N.
institutions.

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It will actually happen
by the powerful coming together

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and making treaty-based systems,

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treaty-based agreements,

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to govern that global space.

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And if you look, you can see them
happening, already beginning to emerge.

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The World Trade Organization:
treaty-based organization,

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entirely treaty-based,

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and yet, powerful enough to hold
even the most powerful, the United States,

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to account if necessary.

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Kyoto: the beginnings
of struggling to create

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a treaty-based organization.

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The G20:

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we know now that we have
to put together an institution

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which is capable of bringing governance

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to that financial space
for financial speculation.

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And that's what the G20 is,
a treaty-based institution.

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Now there's a problem there,

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and we'll come back to it in a minute,

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which is that if you bring
the most powerful together

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to make the rules
in treaty-based institutions,

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to fill that governance space,

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then what happens to the weak
who are left out?

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And that's a big problem,

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and we'll return to it in just a second.

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So there's my first message,

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that if you are to pass
through these turbulent times

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more or less turbulently,

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then our success in doing that

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will in large measure
depend on our capacity

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to bring sensible governance

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to the global space.

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And watch that beginning to happen.

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My second point is,

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and I know I don't have to talk
to an audience like this

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about such a thing,

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but power is not just shifting vertically,

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it's also shifting horizontally.

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You might argue that the story,
the history of civilizations,

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has been civilizations
gathered around seas -

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with the first ones
around the Mediterranean,

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the more recent ones in the ascendents
of Western power around the Atlantic.

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Well it seems to me

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00:09:04,701 --> 00:09:08,030
that we're now seeing a fundamental
shift of power, broadly speaking,

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away from nations gathered
around the Atlantic [seaboard]

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00:09:10,741 --> 00:09:13,312
to the nations gathered
around the Pacific rim.

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Now that begins with economic power,

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but that's the way it always begins.

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You already begin to see
the development of foreign policies,

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the augmentation of military budgets

220
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occurring in the other
growing powers in the world.

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I think actually

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this is not so much a shift
from the West to the East;

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something different is happening.

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My guess is, for what it's worth,

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is that the United States will remain

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the most powerful nation on Earth

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for the next 10 years, 15,

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but the context
in which she holds her power

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has now radically altered;
it has radically changed.

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We are coming out of 50 years,

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most unusual years, of history

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in which we have had
a totally mono-polar world,

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in which every compass needle

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for or against

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has to be referenced by its
position to Washington -

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a world bestrode by a single colossus.

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But that's not a usual case in history.

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In fact, what's now emerging

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is the much more normal case of history.

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You're beginning to see the emergence

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of a multi-polar world.

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Up until now,

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the United States has been the dominant
feature of our world.

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They will remain the most powerful nation,

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but they will be the most powerful nation

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in an increasingly multi-polar world.

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And you begin to see the alternative
centers of power building up -

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in China, of course,

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though my own guess is that China's ascent
to greatness is not smooth.

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It's going to be quite grumpy

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as China begins to democratize her society

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after liberalizing her economy.

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But that's a subject
of a different discussion.

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You see India, you see Brazil.

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You see increasingly

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00:10:45,479 --> 00:10:49,315
that the world now looks
actually, for us Europeans,

257
00:10:49,372 --> 00:10:52,371
much more like Europe in the 19th century.

258
00:10:52,500 --> 00:10:54,218
Europe in the 19th century:

259
00:10:54,239 --> 00:10:56,525
a great British foreign
secretary, Lord Canning,

260
00:10:56,546 --> 00:10:59,297
used to describe it as
the "European concert of powers."

261
00:10:59,325 --> 00:11:01,360
There was a balance, a five-sided balance.

262
00:11:01,384 --> 00:11:03,469
Britain always played to the balance.

263
00:11:03,490 --> 00:11:05,961
If Paris got together with Berlin,

264
00:11:05,961 --> 00:11:09,242
Britain got together with Vienna
and Rome to provide a counterbalance.

265
00:11:09,242 --> 00:11:10,342
Now notice,

266
00:11:10,363 --> 00:11:13,585
in a period which is dominated
by a mono-polar world,

267
00:11:13,606 --> 00:11:15,061
you have fixed alliances -

268
00:11:15,082 --> 00:11:17,081
NATO, the Warsaw Pact.

269
00:11:17,102 --> 00:11:19,021
A fixed polarity of power

270
00:11:19,042 --> 00:11:20,894
means fixed alliances.

271
00:11:20,915 --> 00:11:22,914
But a multiple polarity of power

272
00:11:23,262 --> 00:11:25,261
means shifting and changing alliances.

273
00:11:25,282 --> 00:11:27,132
And that's the world we're coming into,

274
00:11:27,153 --> 00:11:29,069
in which we will increasingly see

275
00:11:29,090 --> 00:11:31,089
that our alliances are not fixed.

276
00:11:31,500 --> 00:11:34,199
Canning, the great British
foreign secretary once said,

277
00:11:34,199 --> 00:11:35,799
"Britain has a common interest,

278
00:11:35,799 --> 00:11:37,323
but no common allies."

279
00:11:37,344 --> 00:11:39,343
And we will see increasingly

280
00:11:39,500 --> 00:11:40,820
that even we in the West

281
00:11:40,841 --> 00:11:42,840
will reach out, have to reach out,

282
00:11:42,861 --> 00:11:45,574
beyond the cozy circle
of the Atlantic powers

283
00:11:45,595 --> 00:11:47,431
to make alliances with others

284
00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:49,804
if we want to get things
done in the world.

285
00:11:49,825 --> 00:11:51,824
Note, that when we went into Libya,

286
00:11:52,047 --> 00:11:54,604
it was not good enough for the West
to do it alone;

287
00:11:54,631 --> 00:11:56,144
we had to bring others in.

288
00:11:56,165 --> 00:11:58,628
We had to bring, in this case,
the Arab League in.

289
00:11:58,649 --> 00:12:01,874
My guess is Iraq and Afghanistan
are the last times

290
00:12:01,903 --> 00:12:04,595
when the West has tried
to do it themselves,

291
00:12:04,616 --> 00:12:06,241
and we haven't succeeded.

292
00:12:06,262 --> 00:12:07,606
My guess

293
00:12:07,627 --> 00:12:11,471
is that we're reaching the beginning
of the end of 400 years -

294
00:12:11,520 --> 00:12:14,499
I say 400 years because it's the end
of the Ottoman Empire -

295
00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:16,499
of the hegemony of Western power,

296
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:19,500
Western institutions and Western values.

297
00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:23,499
You know, up until now,
if the West got its act together,

298
00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:24,907
it could propose and dispose

299
00:12:24,907 --> 00:12:26,787
in every corner of the world.

300
00:12:27,751 --> 00:12:29,499
But that's no longer true.

301
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:31,499
Take the last financial crisis

302
00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:33,499
after the Second World War.

303
00:12:33,500 --> 00:12:34,878
The West got together -

304
00:12:34,899 --> 00:12:38,362
the Bretton Woods Institution,
World Bank, International Monetary Fund -

305
00:12:38,362 --> 00:12:39,945
the problem solved.

306
00:12:39,945 --> 00:12:41,927
Now we have to call in others.

307
00:12:41,967 --> 00:12:43,807
Now we have to create the G20.

308
00:12:43,828 --> 00:12:46,497
Now we have to reach
beyond the cozy circle

309
00:12:46,568 --> 00:12:48,354
of our Western friends.

310
00:12:48,375 --> 00:12:50,204
Let me make a prediction for you,

311
00:12:50,225 --> 00:12:52,950
which is probably even more startling.

312
00:12:52,971 --> 00:12:55,970
I suspect we are now reaching the end

313
00:12:55,991 --> 00:12:57,788
of 400 years

314
00:12:57,809 --> 00:12:59,808
when Western power was enough.

315
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:02,500
People say to me, "The Chinese, of course,

316
00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:04,305
they'll never get themselves involved

317
00:13:04,305 --> 00:13:07,217
in peace-making, multilateral
peace-making around the world."

318
00:13:07,217 --> 00:13:08,432
Oh yes? Why not?

319
00:13:08,453 --> 00:13:09,988
How many Chinese troops

320
00:13:10,009 --> 00:13:13,014
are serving under the blue beret,
serving under the blue flag,

321
00:13:13,014 --> 00:13:15,386
serving under the U.N.
command in the world today?

322
00:13:15,386 --> 00:13:16,414
3,700.

323
00:13:16,414 --> 00:13:18,612
How many Americans? 11.

324
00:13:18,633 --> 00:13:21,144
What is the largest naval contingent

325
00:13:21,174 --> 00:13:24,173
tackling the issue of Somali pirates?

326
00:13:24,475 --> 00:13:25,914
The Chinese naval contingent.

327
00:13:25,935 --> 00:13:28,434
Of course they are,
they are a mercantilist nation.

328
00:13:28,434 --> 00:13:30,274
They want to keep the sea lanes open.

329
00:13:30,274 --> 00:13:32,964
Increasingly, we are going
to have to do business

330
00:13:32,985 --> 00:13:35,984
with people with whom
we do not share values,

331
00:13:36,005 --> 00:13:38,917
but with whom, for the moment,
we share common interests.

332
00:13:38,938 --> 00:13:40,937
It's a whole new different way

333
00:13:40,958 --> 00:13:43,957
of looking at the world
that is now emerging.

334
00:13:44,396 --> 00:13:46,178
And here's the third factor,

335
00:13:46,199 --> 00:13:48,584
which is totally different.

336
00:13:48,738 --> 00:13:50,737
Today in our modern world,

337
00:13:50,758 --> 00:13:52,375
because of the Internet,

338
00:13:52,396 --> 00:13:55,616
because of the kinds of things
people have been talking about here,

339
00:13:55,616 --> 00:13:58,417
everything is connected to everything.

340
00:13:59,651 --> 00:14:01,650
We are now interdependent.

341
00:14:01,671 --> 00:14:03,670
We are now interlocked,

342
00:14:03,991 --> 00:14:05,990
as nations, as individuals,

343
00:14:06,011 --> 00:14:08,202
in a way which has never
been the case before,

344
00:14:08,223 --> 00:14:10,111
never been the case before.

345
00:14:10,864 --> 00:14:13,127
The interrelationship of nations,

346
00:14:13,148 --> 00:14:14,994
well it's always existed.

347
00:14:15,015 --> 00:14:17,951
Diplomacy is about managing
the interrelationship of nations.

348
00:14:17,951 --> 00:14:20,012
But now we are intimately locked together.

349
00:14:20,012 --> 00:14:21,967
You get swine flu in Mexico,

350
00:14:22,309 --> 00:14:24,405
it's a problem
for Charles de Gaulle Airport

351
00:14:24,426 --> 00:14:25,775
24 hours later.

352
00:14:25,796 --> 00:14:28,442
Lehman Brothers goes down,
the whole lot collapses.

353
00:14:28,463 --> 00:14:31,462
There are fires in the steppes of Russia,

354
00:14:31,682 --> 00:14:33,681
food riots in Africa.

355
00:14:33,702 --> 00:14:37,747
We are all now deeply, deeply,
deeply interconnected.

356
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:40,787
And what that means

357
00:14:40,808 --> 00:14:43,808
is the idea of a nation state
acting alone,

358
00:14:45,190 --> 00:14:47,189
not connected with others,

359
00:14:47,210 --> 00:14:49,055
not working with others,

360
00:14:49,076 --> 00:14:51,075
is no longer a viable proposition.

361
00:14:51,095 --> 00:14:53,476
Because the actions of a nation state

362
00:14:53,497 --> 00:14:55,496
are neither confined to itself,

363
00:14:55,951 --> 00:14:58,436
nor is it sufficient
for the nation state itself

364
00:14:58,480 --> 00:15:00,173
to control its own territory,

365
00:15:00,194 --> 00:15:02,919
because the effects
outside the nation state

366
00:15:02,940 --> 00:15:05,601
are now beginning to affect
what happens inside them.

367
00:15:05,622 --> 00:15:07,427
I was a young soldier

368
00:15:07,448 --> 00:15:11,307
in the last of the small
empire wars of Britain.

369
00:15:11,992 --> 00:15:13,991
At that time, the defense of my country

370
00:15:14,012 --> 00:15:16,759
was about one thing and one thing only:

371
00:15:16,780 --> 00:15:19,466
how strong was our army,
how strong was our air force,

372
00:15:19,487 --> 00:15:22,132
how strong was our navy
and how strong were our allies.

373
00:15:22,153 --> 00:15:24,344
That was when the enemy
was outside the walls.

374
00:15:24,365 --> 00:15:26,601
Now the enemy is inside the walls.

375
00:15:26,622 --> 00:15:29,191
Now if I want to talk
about the defense of my country,

376
00:15:29,191 --> 00:15:31,351
I have to speak to the Minister of Health

377
00:15:31,351 --> 00:15:34,061
because pandemic disease
is a threat to my security,

378
00:15:34,082 --> 00:15:36,296
I have to speak to the Minister
of Agriculture

379
00:15:36,296 --> 00:15:38,613
because food security
is a threat to my security,

380
00:15:38,634 --> 00:15:41,634
I have to speak
to the Minister of Industry

381
00:15:41,655 --> 00:15:44,931
because the fragility
of our hi-tech infrastructure

382
00:15:44,952 --> 00:15:47,000
is now a point of attack
for our enemies -

383
00:15:48,026 --> 00:15:49,499
as we see from cyber warfare -

384
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:51,976
I have to speak
to the Minister of Home Affairs

385
00:15:51,997 --> 00:15:54,405
because who has entered my country,

386
00:15:54,426 --> 00:15:57,230
who lives in that terraced
house in that inner city

387
00:15:57,251 --> 00:15:59,743
has a direct effect
on what happens in my country -

388
00:15:59,743 --> 00:16:02,584
as we in London saw in the 7/7 bombings.

389
00:16:03,158 --> 00:16:05,983
It's no longer the case
that the security of a country

390
00:16:06,004 --> 00:16:09,004
is simply a matter for its soldiers
and its ministry of defense.

391
00:16:09,025 --> 00:16:11,956
It's its capacity to lock
together its institutions.

392
00:16:12,317 --> 00:16:15,028
And this tells you
something very important.

393
00:16:15,049 --> 00:16:17,048
It tells you that, in fact,

394
00:16:17,069 --> 00:16:19,544
our governments, vertically constructed,

395
00:16:19,565 --> 00:16:22,673
constructed on the economic model
of the Industrial Revolution -

396
00:16:22,673 --> 00:16:25,499
vertical hierarchy,
specialization of tasks,

397
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:27,286
command structures -

398
00:16:27,307 --> 00:16:29,306
have got the wrong structures completely.

399
00:16:29,327 --> 00:16:30,413
You in business know

400
00:16:30,434 --> 00:16:33,507
that the paradigm structure
of our time, ladies and gentlemen,

401
00:16:33,507 --> 00:16:34,533
is the network.

402
00:16:34,697 --> 00:16:36,745
It's your capacity
to network that matters,

403
00:16:37,163 --> 00:16:40,094
both within your governments
and externally.

404
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:42,499
So here is Ashdown's third law.

405
00:16:42,500 --> 00:16:45,434
By the way, don't ask me
about Ashdown's first and second law

406
00:16:45,434 --> 00:16:47,278
because I haven't invented those yet;

407
00:16:47,278 --> 00:16:50,043
it always sounds better
if there's a third law, doesn't it?

408
00:16:50,043 --> 00:16:52,182
Ashdown's third law
is that in the modern age,

409
00:16:52,182 --> 00:16:54,299
where everything
is connected to everything,

410
00:16:54,299 --> 00:16:57,033
the most important thing
about what you can do

411
00:16:57,068 --> 00:16:59,110
is what you can do with others.

412
00:16:59,131 --> 00:17:01,322
The most important bit
about your structure -

413
00:17:01,322 --> 00:17:04,227
whether you're a government,
whether you're an army regiment,

414
00:17:04,227 --> 00:17:05,665
whether you're a business -

415
00:17:05,665 --> 00:17:07,817
is your docking points,
your inter-connectors,

416
00:17:07,817 --> 00:17:09,746
your capacity to network with others.

417
00:17:09,746 --> 00:17:11,499
You understand that in industry;

418
00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:13,021
governments don't.

419
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:15,800
But now one final thing.

420
00:17:15,820 --> 00:17:18,664
If it is the case, ladies
and gentlemen - and it is -

421
00:17:18,693 --> 00:17:20,377
that we are now locked together

422
00:17:20,398 --> 00:17:22,828
in a way that has never
been quite the same before,

423
00:17:23,123 --> 00:17:26,123
then it's also the case that we share
a destiny with each other.

424
00:17:26,563 --> 00:17:29,562
Suddenly and for the very first time,

425
00:17:29,583 --> 00:17:32,582
collective defense, the thing
that has dominated us

426
00:17:32,896 --> 00:17:34,895
as the concept of securing our nations,

427
00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:37,007
is no longer enough.

428
00:17:37,007 --> 00:17:38,185
It used to be the case

429
00:17:38,185 --> 00:17:41,252
that if my tribe was more powerful
than their tribe, I was safe;

430
00:17:41,252 --> 00:17:44,380
if my country was more powerful
than their country, I was safe;

431
00:17:44,380 --> 00:17:47,864
my alliance, like NATO, was more powerful
than their alliance, I was safe.

432
00:17:47,864 --> 00:17:49,319
It is no longer the case.

433
00:17:49,319 --> 00:17:52,247
The advent of the interconnectedness

434
00:17:52,268 --> 00:17:54,232
and of the weapons of mass destruction

435
00:17:54,232 --> 00:17:55,893
means that, increasingly,

436
00:17:55,894 --> 00:17:57,893
I share a destiny with my enemy.

437
00:17:58,000 --> 00:17:59,398
When I was a diplomat

438
00:17:59,419 --> 00:18:02,418
negotiating the disarmament
treaties with the Soviet Union

439
00:18:02,603 --> 00:18:04,602
in Geneva in the 1970s,

440
00:18:04,623 --> 00:18:06,622
we succeeded because we understood

441
00:18:06,643 --> 00:18:08,642
we shared a destiny with them.

442
00:18:08,713 --> 00:18:11,712
Collective security is not enough.

443
00:18:12,159 --> 00:18:13,914
Peace has come to Northern Ireland

444
00:18:13,935 --> 00:18:17,112
because both sides realized
that the zero-sum game couldn't work.

445
00:18:17,139 --> 00:18:19,779
They shared a destiny with their enemies.

446
00:18:19,808 --> 00:18:22,429
One of the great barriers
to peace in the Middle East

447
00:18:22,429 --> 00:18:25,439
is that both sides, both Israel
and, I think, the Palestinians,

448
00:18:25,470 --> 00:18:26,701
do not understand

449
00:18:26,722 --> 00:18:29,288
that they share a collective destiny.

450
00:18:29,627 --> 00:18:31,626
And so suddenly, ladies and gentlemen,

451
00:18:31,647 --> 00:18:33,296
what has been the proposition

452
00:18:33,317 --> 00:18:36,316
of visionaries and poets down the ages

453
00:18:36,508 --> 00:18:38,926
becomes something we have
to take seriously

454
00:18:38,947 --> 00:18:40,878
as a matter of public policy.

455
00:18:41,047 --> 00:18:44,046
I started with a poem, I'll end with one.

456
00:18:44,067 --> 00:18:46,505
The great poem of John Donne's.

457
00:18:47,047 --> 00:18:50,047
"Send not for whom the bell tolls."

458
00:18:51,079 --> 00:18:53,157
The poem is called "No Man is an Island."

459
00:18:53,157 --> 00:18:54,671
And it goes:

460
00:18:55,253 --> 00:18:57,881
"Every man's death affected me,

461
00:18:57,913 --> 00:19:00,239
for I am involved in mankind,

462
00:19:00,500 --> 00:19:02,499
send not to ask

463
00:19:02,500 --> 00:19:04,499
for whom the bell tolls,

464
00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:06,499
it tolls for thee."

465
00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:09,499
For John Donne,
a recommendation of morality.

466
00:19:10,084 --> 00:19:11,499
For us, I think,

467
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:14,054
part of the equation for our survival.

468
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:15,619
Thank you very much.

469
00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:18,161
(Applause)