[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.98,0:00:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you're at a football game
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.72,0:00:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when this obnoxious guy sits next to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.21,0:00:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's loud,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.91,0:00:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he spills his drink on you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.24,0:00:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he makes fun of your team.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.100,0:00:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Days later, you're walking in the park
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.23,0:00:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when suddenly it starts to pour rain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.82,0:00:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who should show up at your side
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.13,0:00:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to offer you an umbrella?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.42,0:00:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same guy from the football game.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.05,0:00:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you change your mind about him
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.49,0:00:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on this second encounter,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.21,0:00:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or do you go with your first impression
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.71,0:00:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and write him off?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.91,0:00:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research in social psychology suggests
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.30,0:00:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're quick to form lasting impressions of others
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.11,0:00:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on their behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.02,0:00:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We manage to do this with little effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.31,0:00:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inferring stable character traits
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.31,0:00:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a single behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.65,0:00:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a harsh word
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.48,0:00:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a clumsy step.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.97,0:00:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using our impressions as guides,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.73,0:00:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can accurately predict
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.04,0:00:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how people are going to behave in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.19,0:00:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Armed with the knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.08,0:00:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the guy from the football game
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.46,0:00:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a jerk the first time you met him,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.29,0:00:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might expect more of the same down the road.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.79,0:01:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If so, you might choose to avoid him
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.67,0:01:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next time you see him.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.01,0:01:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said, we can change our impressions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.29,0:01:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in light of new information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.34,0:01:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behavioral researchers have identified
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.87,0:01:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consistent patterns that seem to guide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.21,0:01:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this process of impression updating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.63,0:01:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one hand, learning very negative,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.01,0:01:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highly immoral information about someone
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.71,0:01:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically has a stronger impact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.44,0:01:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than learning very positive, highly moral information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.52,0:01:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, unfortunately for our new friend
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.80,0:01:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the football game,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.82,0:01:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his bad behavior at the game
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.24,0:01:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might outweigh his good behavior at the park.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.07,0:01:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research suggests that this bias occurs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.63,0:01:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because immoral behaviors are more diagnostic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.83,0:01:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or revealing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.88,0:01:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a person's true character.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.04,0:01:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so by this logic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.88,0:01:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bad is always stronger than good
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.25,0:01:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to updating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.92,0:01:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, not necessarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.75,0:01:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certain types of learning don't seem to lead
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.88,0:01:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this sort of negativity bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.21,0:01:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When learning about another person's abilities and competencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.43,0:01:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.30,0:01:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this bias flips.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.88,0:02:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually the positive information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.35,0:02:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gets weighted more heavily.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.63,0:02:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to that football game.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.13,0:02:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a player scores a goal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.62,0:02:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it ultimately has a stronger impact
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.29,0:02:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your impression of their skills
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.20,0:02:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than if they miss the net.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The two sides of the updating story
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.90,0:02:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are ultimately quite consistent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.21,0:02:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Overall, behaviors that are perceived
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.31,0:02:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being less frequent are also the ones
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.54,0:02:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people tend to weigh more heavily
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.38,0:02:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when forming and updating impressions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.63,0:02:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highly immoral actions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.91,0:02:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and highly competent actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.29,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what's happening at the level of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're updating our impressions?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.87,0:02:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using fMRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.26,0:02:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.88,0:02:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers have identified
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.29,0:02:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an extended network of brain regions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.48,0:02:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that respond to new information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.21,0:02:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's inconsistent with initial impressions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.10,0:02:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include areas typically associated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.30,0:02:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with social cognition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.57,0:02:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.65,0:02:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cognitive control.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.46,0:02:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, when updating impressions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.57,0:02:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on people's behaviors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.57,0:02:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.71,0:03:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the superior temporal sulcus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.06,0:03:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,correlates with perceptions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.49,0:03:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how frequently those behaviors occur in daily life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.88,0:03:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, the brain seems to be tracking
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.29,0:03:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-level, statistical properties of behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.18,0:03:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to make complex decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.90,0:03:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regarding other people's character.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.42,0:03:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs to decide
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.46,0:03:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this person's behavior typical
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.64,0:03:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is it out of the ordinary?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.48,0:03:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the situation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.31,0:03:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the obnoxious-football-fan-turned-good-samaritan,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.31,0:03:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain says,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.48,0:03:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, in my experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.65,0:03:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty much anyone would lend someone their umbrella,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.78,0:03:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the way this guy acted at the football game,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.45,0:03:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was unusual."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.30,0:03:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, you decide to go with your first impression.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.25,0:03:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a good moral in this data:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.98,0:03:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain, and by extension you,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.41,0:03:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might care more about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.79,0:03:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very negative, immoral things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.55,0:03:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another person has done
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.79,0:03:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the very positive, moral things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.66,0:03:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a direct result
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.19,0:03:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the comparative rarity of those bad behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.69,0:03:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're more used to people being basically good,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.33,0:04:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like taking time to help a stranger in need.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.67,0:04:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this context, bad might be stronger than good,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.20,0:04:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but only because good is more plentiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.80,0:04:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about the last time you judged someone
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.83,0:04:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on their behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.14,0:04:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially a time when you really feel
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.84,0:04:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you changed your mind about someone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.27,0:04:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was the behavior that caused you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.72,0:04:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to update your impression
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.90,0:04:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something you'd expect anyone to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.20,0:04:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or was it something totally out of the ordinary?