I was three months pregnant with twins

when my husband Ross and I
went to my second sonogram.

I was 35 years old at the time,

and I knew that that meant
we had a higher risk

of having a child with a birth defect,

so Ross and I researched
the standard birth defects,

and we felt reasonably prepared.

Well, nothing would have prepared us

for the bizarre diagnosis
that we were about to face.

The doctor explained
that one of our twins, Thomas,

had a fatal birth defect
called anencephaly.

This means that his brain
was not formed correctly

because part of his skull was missing.

Babies with this diagnosis
typically die in utero

or within a few minutes, hours,
or days of being born.

But the other twin, Callum,

appeared to be healthy
as far as the doctor could tell,

and these twins were identical,

genetically identical.

So after a lot of questions about
how this could have possibly happened,

a selective reduction was mentioned,

and while this procedure
was not impossible,

it posed some unique risks
for the healthy twin and for me,

so we decided to carry the pregnancy

to term.

So there I was, three months pregnant
with two trimesters ahead of me

and I had to find a way

to manage my blood pressure and my stress.

And it felt like having a roommate

point a loaded gun at you for six months.

But I stared down the barrel of that gun

for so long that I saw a light

at the end of the tunnel.

While there was nothing we could do
to prevent the tragedy,

I wanted to find a way
for Thomas's brief life

to have some kind of positive impact.

So I asked my nurse about organ,
eye, and tissue donation.

She connected with my local
organ procurement organization,

the Washington Regional
Transplant Community.

WRTC explained to me

that Thomas would probably be too small
at birth to donate for transplant,

and I was shocked: I didn't even know
you could be rejected for that.

But they said that he would be
a good candidate to donate for research.

This helped me see Thomas in a new light.

As opposed to just a victim of a disease,

I started to see him as a possible key
to unlock a medical mystery.

On March 23, 2010,

the twins were born
and they were both born alive.

And just like the doctor said,

Thomas was missing
the top part of his skull,

but he could nurse,

drink from a bottle,

cuddle and grab our fingers
like a normal baby,

and he slept in our arms.

After six days, Thomas died
in Ross's arms

surrounded by our family.

We called WRTC, who sent a van to our home

and brought him to Children's
National Medical Center.

A few hours later, we got a call to say
that the recovery was a success,

and Thomas's donations would be going
to four different places.

His cord blood would go
to Duke University.

His liver would go to a cell therapy
company called Cytonet in Durham.

His corneas would go
to Schepens Eye Research Institute,

which is part of Harvard Medical School,

and his retinas would go
to the University of Pennsylvania.

A few days later, we had a funeral
with our immediate family,

including baby Callum,

and we basically closed this chapter

in our lives.

But I did find myself wondering,
what's happening now?

What are the researchers learning?

And was it even worthwhile to donate?

WRTC invited Ross and I
to a grief retreat,

and we met about
15 other grieving families

who had donated their loved one's
organs for transplant.

Some of them had even received letters

from the people who received
their loved one's organs

saying thank you.

I learned that they
could even meet each other

if they both sign a waiver,

almost like an open adoption.

And I was so excited. I thought
maybe I could write a letter

or maybe I could get a letter
and learn about what happened.

But I was disappointed to learn
that this process only exists

for people who donate for transplant.

So I was jealous:
I had transplant envy, I guess.

But over the years that followed,

I learned a lot more about donation,

and I even got a job in the field.

And I came up with an idea.

I wrote a letter that started out,

"Dear Researcher."

I explained who I was,

and I asked if they could tell me
why they requested infant retinas

in March of 2010,

and I asked if my family
could visit their lab.

I emailed it to the eye bank
that arranged the donation,

the Old Dominion Eye Foundation,

and asked if they could
send it to the right person.

They said that they had
never done this before,

and they couldn't guarantee a response,

but they wouldn't be an obstacle
and they would deliver it.

Two days later, I got a response

from Dr. Arupa Ganguly
of the University of Pennsylvania.

She thanked me for the donation,
and she explained that she is studying

retinoblastoma,

which is a deadly cancer of the retina
that affects children

under the age of five,

and she said that yes,
we were invited to visit her lab.

So next we talked on the phone,

and one of the first things
she said to me was that

she couldn't possibly imagine how we felt,

and that Thomas had given
the ultimate sacrifice,

and that she seemed
to feel indebted to us.

So I said, "Um,
nothing against your study,

but we didn't actually pick it.

We donated to the system,
and the system chose your study."

I said, "And second of all,
bad things happen to children

every day,

and if you didn't want these retinas,

they would probably
be buried in the ground right now.

So to be able to participate in your study

gives Thomas's life a new
layer of meaning.

So never feel guilty
about using this tissue."

Next she explained to me how rare it was.

She had placed a request for this tissue

six years earlier

with the National Disease
Research Interchange.

She got only one sample of tissue
that fit her criteria and it was Thomas's.

Next we arranged a date for me
to come visit the lab,

and we chose March 23, 2015,
which was the twins' fifth birthday.

After we hung up, I emailed her
some pictures of Thomas and Callum,

and a few weeks later we received
this t-shirt in the mail.

A few months later, Ross, Callum,
and I piled in the car

and we went for a road trip.

We met Arupa and her staff,

and Arupa said that when I told her
not to feel guilty that it was a relief,

and that she hadn't seen it
from our perspective.

She also explained that Thomas
had a secret code name.

The same way Henrietta Lacks
is called HeLa,

Thomas was called RES360.

RES means research,
and 360 means he was

the 360th specimen

over the course of about 10 years.

She also shared with us

a unique document,

and it was the shipping label

that sent his retinas
from DC to Philadelphia.

This shipping label is like
an heirloom to us now.

It's the same way that a military medal
or a wedding certificate might be.

Arupa also explained that she
is using Thomas's retina and his RNA

to try to inactivate the gene
that causes tumor formation,

and she even showed us some results
that were based on RES360.

Then she took us to the freezer

and she showed us the two samples
that she still has

that are still labeled RES360.

There's two little ones left.

She said she saved it

because she doesn't know
when she might get more.

After this we went to the conference room

and we relaxed and we had lunch together,

and the lab staff presented Callum
with a birthday gift.

It was a child's lab kit.

And they also offered him an internship.

(Laughter)

So in closing, I have two
simple messages today.

One is that most of us probably don't
think about donating to research.

I know I didn't.
I think I'm a normal person.

But I did it. It was a good experience,
and I recommend it,

and it brought my family a lot of peace.

And second is if you work
with human tissue

and you wonder about the donor
and you wonder about the family,

write them a letter.

Tell them you received it,
tell them what you're working on,

and invite them to visit your lab,

because that visit might be
even more gratifying for you

than it is for them.

And I'd also like to ask you a favor.

If you're ever successful in arranging
one of these visits,

please tell me about it.

The other part of my family story
is that we ended up visiting

all four facilities that received
Thomas's donations,

and we met amazing people

doing inspiring work.

The way I see it now is that

Thomas got into Harvard,

Duke, and Penn -- (Laughter) --

and he has a job at Cytonet,

and he has colleagues
and he has coworkers

who are in the top of their fields,

and they need him
in order to do their job.

And a life that once seemed
brief and insignificant

revealed itself

to be vital, everlasting, and relevant.

And I only hope that my life
can be as relevant.

Thank you.

(Applause)