[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.17,0:00:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1956,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.74,0:00:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a documentary by Jacques Cousteau\Nwon both the Palme d'Or
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.14,0:00:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an Oscar award.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.100,0:00:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This film was called\N"Le Monde de Silence,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.88,0:00:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "The Silent World."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.53,0:00:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The premise of the title
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.23,0:00:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the underwater world\Nwas a quiet world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.56,0:00:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know 60 years later
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.90,0:00:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the underwater world\Nis anything but silent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.78,0:00:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the sounds\Nare inaudible above water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.98,0:00:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on where you are\Nand the time of year,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.31,0:00:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the underwater soundscape can be\Nas noisy as any jungle or rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.99,0:00:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Invertebrates like snapping shrimp,\Nfish and marine mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.87,0:00:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all use sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.36,0:00:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use sound to study their habitat,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.49,0:00:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep in communication with each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.82,0:00:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to navigate,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.12,0:00:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect predators and prey.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.94,0:01:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also use sound by listening\Nto know something about their environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.25,0:01:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take for an example, the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.86,0:01:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's considered a vast,\Ninhospitable place,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.20,0:01:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes described as a desert
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.81,0:01:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is so cold and so remote,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.77,0:01:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ice-covered much of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.35,0:01:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And despite this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.09,0:01:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no place on Earth\Nthat I would rather be than the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.27,0:01:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially as days lengthen\Nand spring comes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.66,0:01:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.92,0:01:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arctic really embodies this disconnect\Nbetween what we see on the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.60,0:01:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's going on underwater.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.88,0:01:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can look out across the ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.08,0:01:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all white and blue and cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.92,0:01:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.72,0:01:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you could hear underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.38,0:01:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sounds you would hear\Nwould at first amaze
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.92,0:01:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then delight you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.03,0:01:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while your eyes are seeing nothing\Nfor kilometers but ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.08,0:02:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your ears are telling you that out there\Nare bowhead and beluga whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.56,0:02:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walrus and bearded seals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.86,0:02:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ice, too, makes sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.79,0:02:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It screeches and cracks\Nand pops and groans
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.30,0:02:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it collides and rubs when temperature\Nor currents or winds change.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.22,0:02:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And under 100 percent sea ice\Nin the dead of winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.87,0:02:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bowhead whales are singing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.45,0:02:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would never expect that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.34,0:02:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.55,0:02:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to be very visual animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.53,0:02:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of us --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.89,0:02:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not all --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.70,0:02:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our sense of sight is how\Nwe navigate our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.76,0:02:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For marine mammals that live underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.75,0:02:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where chemical cues\Nand light transmit poorly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.64,0:02:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sound is the sense by which they see.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.66,0:02:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sound transmits very well underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.99,0:02:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much better than it does in air,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.01,0:02:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so signals can be heard\Nover great distances.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.41,0:02:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.65,0:02:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is especially important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.48,0:03:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because not only do Arctic marine\Nmammals have to hear each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.52,0:03:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also have to listen\Nfor cues in the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.66,0:03:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might indicate\Nheavy ice ahead or open water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.06,0:03:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, although they spend\Nmost of their lives underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.36,0:03:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.73,0:03:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so they have to surface to breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.66,0:03:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they might listen\Nfor thin ice or no ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.39,0:03:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or listen for echoes off nearby ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.16,0:03:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arctic marine mammals live in a rich\Nand varied underwater soundscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.87,0:03:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spring,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.14,0:03:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be a cacophony of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.62,0:03:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Arctic recording)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.28,0:03:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when the ice is frozen solid,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.19,0:03:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are no big temperature\Nshifts or current changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.87,0:04:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the underwater Arctic has some\Nof the lowest ambient noise levels
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.34,0:04:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.08,0:04:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.43,0:04:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is primarily due to a decrease\Nin seasonal sea ice ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.10,0:04:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a direct result of human\Ngreenhouse gas emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.55,0:04:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.83,0:04:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.48,0:04:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conducting a completely uncontrolled\Nexperiment with our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.85,0:04:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the past 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.08,0:04:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,areas of the Arctic have seen\Ndecreases in seasonal sea ice
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.96,0:04:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from anywhere from\Nsix weeks to four months.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.12,0:04:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This decrease in sea ice is sometimes\Nreferred to as an increase
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.65,0:04:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the open water season.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.68,0:04:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the time of year when\Nthe Arctic is navigatable to vessels.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.76,0:04:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only is the extent\Nof ice changing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.54,0:04:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the age and the width of ice is, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.44,0:04:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you may well have heard
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.04,0:04:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a decrease in seasonal sea ice\Nis causing a loss of habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.54,0:05:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for animals that rely on sea ice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.70,0:05:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as ice seals,\Nor walrus, or polar bears.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.10,0:05:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decreasing sea ice is also causing\Nincreased erosion along coastal villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.92,0:05:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and changing prey availability\Nfor marine birds and mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.46,0:05:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change and decreases in sea ice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.62,0:05:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also altering the underwater\Nsoundscape of the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.31,0:05:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do I mean by soundscape?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.03,0:05:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of us who eavesdrop\Non the oceans for a living
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.91,0:05:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use instruments called hydrophones,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.19,0:05:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are underwater microphones,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.26,0:05:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we record ambient noise --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.23,0:05:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the noise all around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.18,0:05:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the soundscape describes\Nthe different contributors
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.54,0:05:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this noise field.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.94,0:05:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are hearing on our hydrophones
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.57,0:05:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the very real sounds\Nof climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.70,0:05:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are hearing these changes\Nfrom three fronts:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.03,0:05:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.66,0:05:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.26,0:05:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from land.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.45,0:06:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, air.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.99,0:06:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wind on water creates waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.74,0:06:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These waves make bubbles;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.59,0:06:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bubbles break,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.98,0:06:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.51,0:06:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they make noise.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.74,0:06:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this noise is like a hiss\Nor a static in the background.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.50,0:06:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Arctic when it's ice-covered,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.47,0:06:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the noise from wind\Ndoesn't make it into the water column
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.13,0:06:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the ice acts as a buffer\Nbetween the atmosphere and the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.20,0:06:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.57,0:06:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Arctic can have very low\Nambient noise levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.84,0:06:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with decreases in seasonal sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.69,0:06:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only is the Artic now open\Nto this wave noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.66,0:06:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the number of storms
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.17,0:06:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the intensity of storms\Nin the Arctic has been increasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.76,0:06:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this is raising noise levels\Nin a previously quiet ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.95,0:06:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.49,0:06:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.48,0:06:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With less seasonal sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.58,0:06:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subarctic species are moving north,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.28,0:07:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taking advantage of the new habitat\Nthat is created by more open water.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.54,0:07:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Arctic whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.34,0:07:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this bowhead,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.75,0:07:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have no dorsal fin
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.49,0:07:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have evolved to live\Nand swim in ice-covered waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.28,0:07:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having something sticking\Noff of your back is not very conducive
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to migrating through ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.66,0:07:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may, in fact, be excluding\Nanimals from the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.90,0:07:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, everywhere we've listened,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.71,0:07:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're hearing the sounds\Nof fin whales and humpback whales
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.79,0:07:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and killer whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.28,0:07:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further and further north,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.45,0:07:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later and later in the season.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.05,0:07:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are hearing, in essence,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.64,0:07:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an invasion of the Arctic\Nby subarctic species.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.07,0:07:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't know what this means.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.06,0:07:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will there be competition for food
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.45,0:07:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Arctic and subarctic animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.16,0:07:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might these subarctic species\Nintroduce diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.34,0:07:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or parasites into the Arctic?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.24,0:07:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are the new sounds\Nthat they are producing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.04,0:08:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing to the soundscape underwater?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.18,0:08:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.28,0:08:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.39,0:08:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by land ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.07,0:08:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.91,0:08:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More open water means increased\Nhuman use of the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.32,0:08:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just this past summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.80,0:08:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a massive cruise ship made its way\Nthrough the Northwest Passage --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.91,0:08:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the once mythical route between\NEurope and the Pacific.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.59,0:08:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decreases in sea ice have allowed\Nhumans to occupy the Arctic more often.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.37,0:08:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has allowed increases in oil\Nand gas exploration and extraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.03,0:08:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the potential for commercial shipping,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.69,0:08:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as increased tourism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.59,0:08:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we now know that ship noise increases\Nlevels of stress hormones in whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.48,0:08:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can disrupt feeding behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.08,0:08:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Air guns,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.33,0:08:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which produce loud,\Nlow-frequency "whoomps"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.65,0:08:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every 10 to 20 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.12,0:08:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed the swimming and vocal\Nbehavior of whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.92,0:09:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of these sound sources\Nare decreasing the acoustic space
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.88,0:09:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over which Arctic marine mammals\Ncan communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.11,0:09:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Arctic marine mammals are used to\Nvery high levels of noise
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.39,0:09:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at certain times of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.41,0:09:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is primarily from other\Nanimals or from sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.63,0:09:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the sounds\Nwith which they've evolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.06,0:09:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are sounds that are vital\Nto their very survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.66,0:09:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These new sounds\Nare loud and they're alien.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.36,0:09:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might impact the environment\Nin ways that we think we understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.54,0:09:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also in ways that we don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.20,0:09:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, sound is the most\Nimportant sense for these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.02,0:09:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only is the physical habitat\Nof the Arctic changing rapidly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.62,0:09:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the acoustic habitat is, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.29,0:09:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if we've plucked these animals up\Nfrom the quiet countryside
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.03,0:09:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dropped them into a big city\Nin the middle of rush hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.71,0:09:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they can't espcape it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.88,0:10:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do now?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.14,0:10:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't decrease wind speeds
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.63,0:10:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or keep subarctic animals\Nfrom migrating north,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.84,0:10:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can work on local solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.29,0:10:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reducing human-caused\Nunderwater noise.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.02,0:10:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these solutions\Nis to slow down ships
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.20,0:10:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that traverse the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.01,0:10:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a slower ship is a quieter ship.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.13,0:10:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can restrict access\Nin seasons and regions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.95,0:10:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are important for mating,\Nor feeding or migrating.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.70,0:10:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get smarter about quieting ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.13,0:10:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find better ways\Nto explore the ocean bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.93,0:10:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the good news is,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.89,0:10:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are people\Nworking on this right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.24,0:10:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ultimately,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.96,0:10:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we humans have to do the hard work
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.86,0:10:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of reversing or at the very\Nleast decelerating
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.86,0:10:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human-caused atmospheric changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.53,0:11:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's return to this idea\Nof a silent world underwater.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.11,0:11:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's entirely possible
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.72,0:11:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of the whales\Nswimming in the Arctic today,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.09,0:11:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially long-lived species\Nlike the bowhead whale
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.64,0:11:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Inuits say can live\Ntwo human lives --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.50,0:11:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's possible that these whales\Nwere alive in 1956
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.11,0:11:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Jacques Cousteau made his film.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.08,0:11:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in retrospect,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.81,0:11:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering all the noise\Nwe are creating in the oceans today,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.78,0:11:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps it really was "The Silent World."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.87,0:11:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.15,0:11:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)