[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1956,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a documentary by Jacque Cousteau\Nwon both the Palm d'Or
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an Oscar award.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This film was called\N"Le Monde de Silence,"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "The Silent World."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the premise of the title
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the underwater world\Nwas a quiet world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know 60 years later
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the underwater world\Nis anything but silent.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the sounds\Nare inaudible above water
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on where you are\Nand the time of year,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the underwater soundscape can be\Nas noisy as any jungle or rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Invertebrates like snapping shrimp,\Nfish and marine mammals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all use sound.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use sound to study their habitat,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep in communication with each other,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to navigate,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect predators and prey.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they also use sound by listening\Nto know something about their environment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take for an example, the arctic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's considered a vast,\Ninhospitable place,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes described as a desert
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is so cold and so remote,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ice-covered much of the year.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And despite this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no place on Earth\Nthat I would rather be than the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially as days lengthen\Nand spring comes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arctic really embodies this disconnect\Nbetween what we see on the surface
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's going on under water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can look out across the ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all white and blue and cold,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see nothing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you could hear underwater,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sounds you would hear\Nwould at first amaze
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then delight you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while your eyes are seeing nothing\Nfor kilometers but ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your ears are telling you that out there\Nare bowhead and beluga whales,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walrus and beared deals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ice, too, makes sounds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It screeches and cracks\Nand pops and groans
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it collides and rubs when temperature\Nor currents and winds change.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And under 100 percent sea ice\Nin the dead of winter,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bowhead whales are singing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you would never expect that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we humans,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to be very visual animals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of us --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not all --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our sense of sight is how\Nwe navigate our world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For marine mammals that live underwater,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where chemical cues and light\Ntransmit poorly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sound is the sense by which they see.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sound transmits very well under water,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much better than it does in air,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so signals can be heard\Nover great distances.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is especially important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because not only do Arctic marine\Nmammals have to hear each other,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also have to listen\Nfor cues in the environment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might indicate\Nheavy ice ahead or open water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, although they spend\Nmost of their lives underwater,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are mammals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so they have to surface to breathe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they might listen\Nfor thin ice or no ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or listen for echoes off nearby ice.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arctic marine animals live in a rich\Nand very underwater soundscape.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spring,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be a cacophony of sound.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Arctic sound)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when the ice is frozen solid,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are no big temperature\Nshifts or current changes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the underwater Arctic has some\Nof the lowest ambient noise levels
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's oceans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is changing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is primarily due to a decrease\Nin seasonal sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a direct result of human\Ngreenhouse gas emissions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in effect,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with climate change,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conducting a completely uncontrolled\Nexperiment with our planet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the past 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,areas of the Arctic have seen\Ndecreases in seasonal sea ice
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from anywhere from\Nsix weeks to four months.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This decrease in sea ice is sometimes\Nreferred to as an increase
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the open water season.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the time of year when\Nthe Arctic is navigatable to vessels.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only is the extent\Nof ice changing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the age and the width of ice is, too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you may well have heard
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a decrease in sea ice is causing\Na loss of habitat for animals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rely on sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as ice seals,\Nor walrus, or polar bears.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decreasing sea ice is also causing\Nincreased erosion
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along coastal villages,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and changing prey availability\Nfrom marine birds and mammals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change and decreases in sea ice
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also altering the underwater\Nsound scape of the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do I mean by soundscape?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of us who eavesdrop\Non the oceans for a living
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use instruments called hydrophones,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are underwater microphones,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we record ambient noise --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the noise all around us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the soundscape describes\Nthe different contributors
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this noise field.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are hearing on our hydrophones
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the very real sounds\Nof climate change.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are hearing these changes\Nfrom three fronts:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the air,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the water
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from land.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, air.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wind on water creates waves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These waves make bubbles;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bubbles break.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they do,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they make noise.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this noise is like a hiss\Nor a static in the background.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Arctic when it's ice-covered,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the noise from wind\Ndoesn't make it into the water column
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they ice acts as a buffer\Nbetween the atmosphere and the water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is one of the reasons
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Arctic can have very low\Nambient noise levels.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with decreases in seasonal sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only is the Artic now open\Nto this wave noise,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the number storms
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the intensity of storms\Nin the Arctic has been increasing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this is raising noise levels\Nin a previously quiet ocean.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With less seasonal sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sub-Arctic species are moving North,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taking advantage of the new habitat\Nthat is created by more open water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Arctic whales,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this Bowhead,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have no dorsal fin
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have evolved to live\Nand swim in ice-covered waters,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having something sticking\Noff of your back is not very conducive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to migrating through ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may, in fact, be excluding\Nanimals from the ice.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, everywhere we've listened,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're hearing the sounds\Nof Fin whales and Humpback whales
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Killer whales,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further and further North,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later and later in the season.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are hearing, in essence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an invasion of the Arctic\Nby sub-Arctic species.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't know what this means.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will there be competition for food
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Arctic and sub-Arctic animals?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might this sub-Arctic species\Nintroduce diseases
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or parasites into the Arctic?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are the new sounds\Nthat they are producing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing to the soundscape under water?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by land, I mean people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More open water means increased\Nhuman use of the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just this past summer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a massive cruise ship made its way\Nthrough the Northwest passage --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the once mythical route between\NEurope and the Pacific.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decreases in sea ice have allowed\Nhumans to occupy the Arctic more often.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has allowed increases in oil\Nand gas exploration and extraction,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the potential for commercial shipping,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as increased tourism.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we now know that ship noise increases\Nlevels of stress hormones in whales,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can disrupt feeding behavior.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Air guns,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which produce loud,\Nlow-frequency "whoomps"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every 10 to 20 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed the swimming and vocal\Nbehavior of whales.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of these sound sources\Nare decreasing the acoustic space
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over which Arctic marine mammals\Ncan communicate.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Arctic marine mammals are used to\Nvery high levels of noise
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at certain times of the year.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is primarily from other\Nanimals or from sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the sounds\Nwith which they've evolved,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are sounds that are vital\Nto their very survival.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These new sounds\Nare loud and they're alien.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might impact the environment\Nin ways that we think we understand,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also in ways that we don't.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, sound is the most\Nimportant sense for these animals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only is the physical habitat\Nof the Arctic changing rapidly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the acoustic habitat is, too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if we've plucked these animals up\Nfrom the quiet countryside
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dropped them into a big city\Nin the middle of rush hour.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they can't espcape it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do now?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't decrease wind speeds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or keep sub-Arctic animals\Nfrom migrating north,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can work on local solutions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reducing human-caused\Nunderwater noise.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these solutions\Nis to slow down ships
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that traverse the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a slower ship is a quieter ship.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can restrict access\Nin seasons and regions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are important for mating,\Nor feeding or migrating.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get smarter about quieting ships,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find better ways\Nto explore the ocean bottom.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the good news is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are people\Nworking on this right now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ultimately,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we humans have to do the hard work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of reversing or at the very\Nleast decelerating
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human-caused atmospheric changes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's return to this idea\Nof a silent world under water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's entirely possible
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of the whales\Nswimming in the Arctic today,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially long-lived species\Nlike the bowhead whale
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Inuits say can live\Ntwo human lives --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's possible that these whales\Nwere alive in 1956
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Jacques Cousteau made his film.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in retrospect,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering all the noise\Nwe are creating in the oceans today,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps it really was "The Silent World."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)