[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.58,0:00:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most influential public health
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.66,0:00:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figures of the period is Joseph Goldberger
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.30,0:00:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1914 he was summoned by the surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.49,0:00:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general to investigate
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.83,0:00:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an especily baffling disease, ravaging the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.53,0:00:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American south.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.18,0:00:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Pellegra.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.45,0:00:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The victims develop redish, rough skin
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.83,0:00:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that often appears as a butterfly shaped
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.76,0:00:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rash.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.89,0:00:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the disease progresses, patients become
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.39,0:00:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confused, hallucinate, and finally go
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.96,0:00:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.88,0:00:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have been tens of thousands of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.61,0:00:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deaths in the rural south
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.29,0:00:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the time Joseph Golderberger is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.32,0:00:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assigned the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.58,0:00:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"At the time it was a mystery disease
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.80,0:00:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people had many theories about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.14,0:00:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what caused it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.16,0:01:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most prominent theory was that it was
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.76,0:01:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused by eating corn.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.96,0:01:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were other people who
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.59,0:01:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought that it must be carried by
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.33,0:01:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an insect.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.75,0:01:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was fairly early on in the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.46,0:01:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteriological revolution, and so some
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.69,0:01:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people thought that it was carried
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.01,0:01:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.43,0:01:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, no one knew."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.53,0:01:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger journey's through the south
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.53,0:01:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to observe first hand the conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.05,0:01:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Pellagra is most severe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.65,0:01:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everywhere he travels, the picture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.32,0:01:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is strikingly similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.52,0:01:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Desperately poor people,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.52,0:01:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working in cotton fields and textile mills
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.33,0:01:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffering from the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.42,0:01:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger visits insane asylums,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.55,0:01:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other state instituitions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.48,0:01:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where alarming numbers of new cases
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.42,0:01:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are being reported.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.60,0:01:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He knows the disease causes insanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.72,0:01:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which might account for victims in asylums
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.31,0:01:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why is it so prevolent in orphanages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.60,0:01:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prisons?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.46,0:02:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it is an infectious disease
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.38,0:02:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why isn't the staff getting sick as well?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.97,0:02:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"One would think that if this were a germ
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.59,0:02:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease, the germs certainly wouldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.81,0:02:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be aware of status boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.42,0:02:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would only the inmates get
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.35,0:02:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pellagra, and why never a nurse,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.47,0:02:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a physician, or a teacher?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.28,0:02:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And he began to look at what people ate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.02,0:02:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was horrified at what he saw
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.97,0:02:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the diet was so miserable.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.14,0:02:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not like anything he had ever seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.67,0:02:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the diet of the southern frontier.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.71,0:02:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consisting primarily of cornbread
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.38,0:02:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fat back or pork, and syrup."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.43,0:02:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger is well aware of the recent
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.59,0:02:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discoveries of chemical elements in food
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.63,0:02:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called vitamins.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.96,0:02:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also knows that diseases like scurvy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.34,0:02:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and berry berry have been linked to vitamin
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.94,0:02:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defficiencies, and he suspects Pellagra
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.53,0:02:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be the same kind of disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger decides to test his theory
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.07,0:03:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at two orphanages full of Pellagra victims
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.48,0:03:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Jackson, Mississippi.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.03,0:03:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He starts by improving the childrens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.76,0:03:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meager diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.83,0:03:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with fresh vegatables, meat, and milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.69,0:03:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foods rich in vitamins and proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.02,0:03:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And low and behold, much to his own
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.29,0:03:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delight, the children who had Pellagra
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.86,0:03:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got well, when their diets were changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.09,0:03:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those who didnt have Pellagra, didnt
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.06,0:03:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contract Pellagra after their diets
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.92,0:03:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were changed. Well that was all well
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.16,0:03:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and good, but it certainly wasn't
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.89,0:03:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientific evidence, and Golderberger
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.87,0:03:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very much aware of that."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.26,0:03:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger decides to show southerners
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.19,0:03:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he can actually give people pellagra
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.44,0:03:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by simply changing their diet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.72,0:03:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He persuades the governer of Mississippi
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.58,0:03:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pardon any convicts who volunteer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.84,0:03:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a controlled diet experiement.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.39,0:03:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He chooses the Randkin prison farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.83,0:04:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are no cases of Pellagra
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.73,0:04:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plenty of room to isolate the convicts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.12,0:04:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from germs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.18,0:04:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"They were moved to a special building,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.52,0:04:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had special screens on the windows,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.66,0:04:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that no insects could come in.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.23,0:04:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was scrubbed once a week very carefully
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.04,0:04:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they wore clean clothes every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.29,0:04:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing that was different
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.89,0:04:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about their lives, other than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.93,0:04:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the food that they ate."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.60,0:04:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six months later, seven of the eleven
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.21,0:04:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prisoners break out with the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.17,0:04:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,characteristic Pellagra rash.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.93,0:04:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger tells the pardoned men
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.82,0:04:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which food they should eat to cure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.53,0:04:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their Pellagra. And then waits for public
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.11,0:04:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acknowledgement of his breakthrough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.51,0:04:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But acceptance doesnt come.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.37,0:04:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some southerners even accuse him of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.56,0:04:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perpetrating a hoax.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.32,0:04:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he links Pellagra to jobs that dont
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.43,0:04:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay enough for people to eat well
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.39,0:05:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,southerns only hear his social criticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.07,0:05:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not his medical reasoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.53,0:05:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger the scientist is stunned,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.99,0:05:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by what he sees as total irrationality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.50,0:05:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldberger returns to the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.98,0:05:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dedicates the rest of his life
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.65,0:05:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finding the specific cause of a disease
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.24,0:05:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he already knows how to prevent and cure.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.08,0:05:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eight years after Goldberger's death
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.55,0:05:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists finally discovers that Niacin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.74,0:05:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a B complex vitamin can prevent the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.03,0:05:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease. It's soon added to common foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.39,0:05:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today there are no more cases
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.26,0:05:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Pellagra in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.83,0:05:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hardly anyone knows this terrible
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.68,0:05:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease, ever existed.