WEBVTT

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The world suffers at the hands of a

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dictatorship of no alternatives

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Its power is manifest in many ways.

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There is now a very limited

NOTE Paragraph

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range of institutional options for the

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organization of different areas

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of social life.

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This restrictive institutional repertory

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has become the fate of the

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contemporary societies

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There are two types of leftists

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or of progressives

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There is a resign, surrender left

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it accepts the market economy in its 


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present form

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and globalization on its present course

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and tries to humanize them

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especially through compensatory

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redistribution by tax and transfer

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the key note of its politics

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is the humanization of the inevitable

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its program, is the program of its

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conservative adversaries

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with a humanizing discount

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Then there is a recalcitrant,

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nostalgic left

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It too lacks an alternative

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to the present form of a market

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or the present direction of globalization

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It wants simply, to slow their course

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the better to defend the prerogatives

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of its historical constituency

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the organized labour force headquartered

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in the capital intensive

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sectors of industry

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In every country in the world

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that base is a shrinking part of a

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population increasingly seen

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as just one more interest group

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rather than as the bearer

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of the universal interests

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of society

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In the rich north atlantic world

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the horizon of programmatic debate

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has become increasingly narrowed

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down to the attempt

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to reconcile American-style economic

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flexibility and European-style social

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protection within the limits of the inherited

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institutional framework

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that frame work was designed

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in the social democratic settlement

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of the mid twentieth century

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under the terms of that settlement

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the forces that challenged

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the existing organization

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of power and of production

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abandoned the challenge

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the state was allowed to acquire the power

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to redistribute by tax and transfer

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to regulate the economy

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more thoroughly

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and to conduct a counter cyclical

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economic policy

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now however none of the fundamental

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problems of contemporary societies

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can be solved

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or even addressed

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unless we reopen the terms

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of that social democratic settlement

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and innovate in the institutional

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arrangements that organize democracies

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market economies and free civil societies

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the consequences of the dictatorship

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of no alternatives are far reaching

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the result of the restrictive

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institutional repertory

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is to hold hostage

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all of our recognized

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ideals and interests

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our interests and ideals

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always remain nailed to the cross

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of the institutions and practices

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that represent them in fact

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the dictatorship of no alternatives

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undermines the force

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and hollows out the content

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of the most powerful message

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in the world today

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the message shared

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by the revolutionary projects

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of democracy, liberalism, and socialism

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and by the world wide popular

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romantic culture

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the essential creed of democracy

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is faith

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in the constructive genius of ordinary


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men and women

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and the message of the popular 


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revolutionary romantic culture

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is that all men and women

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are god-like

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and can raise themselves up

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to a greater life

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here I outline

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a path for the progressives

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I advance in four steps

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the incitements, the direction

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the change

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and the obstacles

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the incitements

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a first incitement is the opportunity

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presented by a momentous

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shift in the style of production

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a new form of production

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is emerging in the world

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in the major developing countries

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as well as in the richest economies

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it is characterized not simply

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by the accumulation

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of capital technology and

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knowledge but also

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by a set of practices

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of productive experimentalism

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these practices

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soften the contrast between

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conception and execution

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they relativize the distinctions

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amongst specialized work roles

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they mix cooperation and competition

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in the same domains

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above all

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they transform productive activity

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into a collective practice

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of permanent discovery

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and innovation

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the problem

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is that this productive vanguardism

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remains isolated in advance sectors

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only weakly linked

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to the other sectors

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of the national economies in which

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they exist

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the vast majority of humanity

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is excluded from them

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in richer countries

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as well as in poorer ones

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the two traditional devices

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for the attenuation of inequality

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compensatory redistribution

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and promotion of small business

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prove inadequate to the task

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of mastering the vast

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forces of inequality

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and of exclusion

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that result

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from this new form

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of the hierarchical segmentation of

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the economy

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the emerging style of production

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is not a horse that we can ride to freedom

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It is simply an occassion

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to be mastered and redirected

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a second incitement

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is the desire of nations to be different

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the role of nations and nation-states in a

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world of democracies

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is to represent a moral specialization

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within mankind

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humanity develops its powers

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only by developing them in different

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directions and expressing them

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in divergent forms of life

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to be strong and independent

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nations must give up a part of

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themselves

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emptying out the tangible

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and customary content

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of their collective identities

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two neighbouring peoples

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come to hate each other

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not because they are different

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but because they are becoming alike

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and want to be different

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the poisonous character of contemporary

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nationalism lies in this

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the desire to differ

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is inflamed

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by an impotent

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will to difference

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in the presence of the weighting of

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actual difference

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but the solution

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is not to retreat

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into an empty cosmopolitanism

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it is to equip

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the desire for collective difference

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with institutional instruments

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the differences to be created in the

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future matter more than the

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differences inherited from the past

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prophecy over memory

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a third incitement is the desire of

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hundreds of millions of ordinary

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men and women

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to rise to a condition

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of modest prosperity

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and independence

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and to escape

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the servile circumstance

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of dependent wage labour

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when Abraham Lincoln remarked

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that no one would accept

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the life long condition of

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hired labour

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other than either because

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of a dependent nature

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or improvidence folly or singular

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misfortune, he was expressing

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a view widely shared

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by the liberals and socialists

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of the nineteenth century

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but then given up

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by the ideologists

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of the left

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in the twentieth century

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by default

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the desire for independence

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is commonly fixed

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on the narrow forms

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of small holding

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or isolated

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family business

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the task of the progressives

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would be to meet this desire

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on its own terms

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and to provide it

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with a broader range

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of forms of satisfaction

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through the institutional reorganization

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of the market economy

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the direction

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the distinguishing feature

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of a progressive or left position

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today is to combine

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devotion to the achievement of a greater

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life for the ordinary man and woman

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with a program for the institutional

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reorganization of society

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the liberals and socialists of

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the nineteenth century understood

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that equality is subordinate

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to greatness

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and entrenched an extreme inequality

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is to be combated as a restraint

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on the achievement

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of that larger objective

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and they all had an institutional proposal

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for the socialists the governmental

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direction of the economy

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for the liberals

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the establishment

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of a single dogmatic version

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of the market ecocomy and of democracy

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their view of greatness was

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too narrowly modelled on

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the aristocratic experience

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of self possession

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and their institutional forumlas

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are no longer credible to us

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but we must reassert

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the vital combination between

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the idea of greatness

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and the commitment to the

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institutional transformation

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of the economy

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of politics

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and of civil society

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that is the only way

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to be faithful to the most

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powerful message that

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the political programs of

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democracy, liberalism, and socialism

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share with the popular romantic

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revolutionary message

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of the empowerment

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of ordinary humanity

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whichever force, right or left

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most plausibly embodies this message

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of vitality

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of capability

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of greatness

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will command the political agenda

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of the future

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I now outline four planks in a

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progressive platform

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a democratized market economy

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that provides the majority

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of men and women

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with the instruments of

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effective agency

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a form of education that

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allows them to see beyond

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the present context

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a way of organizing civil society

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that ensures a practical basis

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for social solidarity

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stronger than money transfers

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and a high energy democracy

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that diminishes the dependence

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of change upon crisis

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such a program is not a blueprint

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it is a direction

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a succession of steps

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not architecture, but music

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its intentions are not merely local

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a universal orthodoxy

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such as neoliberalism

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can be successfully

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resisted only by

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a universalizing heresy

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as liberalism and socialism

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were in their day

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and the whole world

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is now bound together

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by a chain

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of analogous problems

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and solutions

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a democratized market economy

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distinguish a point of departure

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and a horizon

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the point of departure

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is the effort

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to broaden access

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to the new vanguards

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of production

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and allow the practices

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of productive experimentalism

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to spread through large parts

00:16:25.302 --> 00:16:28.341
of the society and the economy

00:16:28.341 --> 00:16:30.641
to this end we must innovate

00:16:30.641 --> 00:16:33.693
in the institutional arrangements

00:16:33.693 --> 00:16:35.482
shaping the relations

00:16:35.482 --> 00:16:37.669
between governments and firms

00:16:37.669 --> 00:16:40.909
there are now two models

00:16:40.909 --> 00:16:42.992
of government-firm relations

00:16:42.992 --> 00:16:45.461
available in the world

00:16:45.461 --> 00:16:47.745
the American model of arms-length

00:16:47.745 --> 00:16:51.084
regulation of business by government

00:16:51.084 --> 00:16:53.194
and the north east Asian model of

00:16:53.194 --> 00:16:57.821
formulation of unitary trade and industrial

00:16:57.821 --> 00:16:59.779
policy imposed top down

00:16:59.779 --> 00:17:02.726
by the bureaucratic apparatus

00:17:02.726 --> 00:17:04.779
of the state

00:17:04.779 --> 00:17:07.354
we require a third model

00:17:07.354 --> 00:17:10.584
a form of strategic coordination

00:17:10.584 --> 00:17:12.680
between governments and firms

00:17:12.680 --> 00:17:15.718
that is decentralized, pluralistic

00:17:15.718 --> 00:17:19.810
participatory, and experimental

00:17:19.810 --> 00:17:25.769
the horizon is a change

00:17:25.769 --> 00:17:27.756
in the character of production

00:17:27.756 --> 00:17:29.264
and of labour

00:17:29.264 --> 00:17:32.941
with two aspects

00:17:32.941 --> 00:17:34.493
one aspect

00:17:34.493 --> 00:17:39.003
is the reconstruction of free labour

00:17:39.003 --> 00:17:42.709
economically dependent wage labour

00:17:42.709 --> 00:17:45.696
was always a compromise

00:17:45.696 --> 00:17:49.159
retaining some of the characteristics

00:17:49.159 --> 00:17:52.554
of slavery and serfdom

00:17:52.554 --> 00:17:56.669
the aim is to affirm the predominance

00:17:56.669 --> 00:18:00.356
of the two other forms of free labour

00:18:00.356 --> 00:18:02.476
combined with each other

00:18:02.476 --> 00:18:06.270
self employment and cooperation

00:18:06.270 --> 00:18:08.058
in such a way that they can

00:18:08.058 --> 00:18:09.047
address the problems of scale

00:18:09.047 --> 00:18:14.751
the other aspect

00:18:14.751 --> 00:18:16.752
is to change the relations

00:18:16.752 --> 00:18:21.199
between people and machines

00:18:21.199 --> 00:18:24.151
everything that we have learned how

00:18:24.151 --> 00:18:27.392
to repeat we can express in a formula

00:18:27.392 --> 00:18:30.004
and whatever we can express in a

00:18:30.004 --> 00:18:32.101
forumla we can embody in a

00:18:32.101 --> 00:18:35.131
physical contraption - a machine

00:18:35.131 --> 00:18:36.786
the point of machines

00:18:36.786 --> 00:18:39.763
is to do for us everything that we

00:18:39.763 --> 00:18:42.805
have learned to repeat

00:18:42.805 --> 00:18:45.103
the better to preserve the time of our

00:18:45.103 --> 00:18:48.978
lives for the not yet repeatable

00:18:48.978 --> 00:18:51.452
and inbetween the point of departure

00:18:51.452 --> 00:18:53.519
and the horizon

00:18:53.519 --> 00:18:55.916
the institutional reshaping of

00:18:55.916 --> 00:18:56.922
the market economy

00:18:56.922 --> 00:19:00.632
so that it ceases to be fastened to a

00:19:00.632 --> 00:19:04.995
single institutional version of itself

00:19:04.995 --> 00:19:10.554
the familiar idea of economic freedom

00:19:10.554 --> 00:19:15.849
as the power to recombine factors of

00:19:15.849 --> 00:19:17.545
production within an institutional

00:19:17.545 --> 00:19:20.409
structure of production and exchange

00:19:20.409 --> 00:19:22.941
that is left unchallenged

00:19:22.941 --> 00:19:25.214
should be deepened

00:19:25.214 --> 00:19:30.509
into a larger power to innovate

00:19:30.509 --> 00:19:33.218
in the institutional arrangements

00:19:33.218 --> 00:19:35.051
of production and exchange

00:19:35.051 --> 00:19:40.033
alternative regimes of private

00:19:40.033 --> 00:19:42.629
and social property would come

00:19:42.629 --> 00:19:45.382
to co-exist experimentally

00:19:45.382 --> 00:19:48.324
within the same market economy

00:19:48.324 --> 00:19:51.188
education

00:19:51.188 --> 00:19:53.662
the role of a school in a democracy

00:19:53.662 --> 00:19:56.915
is to be the voice of the future

00:19:56.915 --> 00:19:59.233
recognizing in every child

00:19:59.233 --> 00:20:03.273
a tongue tied prophet

00:20:03.273 --> 00:20:05.738
the school should not serve

00:20:05.738 --> 00:20:09.978
as the instrumentality of the family

00:20:09.978 --> 00:20:12.481
which says 'become like me'

00:20:12.481 --> 00:20:13.729
or of the state which says

00:20:13.729 --> 00:20:16.683
'be useful to me'

00:20:16.683 --> 00:20:19.740
education is to empower the mind

00:20:19.740 --> 00:20:23.173
to see and to discover

00:20:23.173 --> 00:20:26.384
more than the established context

00:20:26.384 --> 00:20:29.756
can countenance

00:20:29.756 --> 00:20:32.252
there are two priorities

00:20:32.252 --> 00:20:34.716
the first priority is to reconcile

00:20:34.716 --> 00:20:37.734
especially in countries that are

00:20:37.734 --> 00:20:40.724
large, unequal and decentralized

00:20:40.724 --> 00:20:43.917
the local management of the schools

00:20:43.917 --> 00:20:46.581
with national standards of investment

00:20:46.581 --> 00:20:48.601
and quality

00:20:48.601 --> 00:20:50.166
the quality of the education

00:20:50.166 --> 00:20:52.220
that a child receives

00:20:52.220 --> 00:20:54.861
should not depend on the

00:20:54.861 --> 00:20:57.292
happenstance of its birth

00:20:57.292 --> 00:21:01.629
to reconcile local management

00:21:01.629 --> 00:21:04.948
with national standards

00:21:04.948 --> 00:21:07.472
three tools are necessary

00:21:07.472 --> 00:21:11.156
the first is a national system of

00:21:11.156 --> 00:21:13.398
evaluation of performance

00:21:13.398 --> 00:21:17.217
the second is a mechanism to

00:21:17.217 --> 00:21:19.793
redistribute resources and staff

00:21:19.793 --> 00:21:23.276
from richer places to poor places

00:21:23.276 --> 00:21:25.785
the third is a procedure

00:21:25.785 --> 00:21:28.227
for corrective intervention

00:21:28.227 --> 00:21:31.867
in local failing school systems

00:21:31.867 --> 00:21:37.075
the second priority is radically to change

00:21:37.075 --> 00:21:40.591
the way of teaching and learning

00:21:40.591 --> 00:21:43.722
it is not enough

00:21:43.722 --> 00:21:50.958
to subordinate information to analysis

00:21:50.958 --> 00:21:54.487
and problem solving

00:21:54.487 --> 00:21:57.095
or to sacrifice superficial

00:21:57.095 --> 00:22:01.013
encyclopaedic coverage to selective

00:22:01.013 --> 00:22:04.562
deepening in the service of analytic

00:22:04.562 --> 00:22:11.367
capability or to prefer cooperation

00:22:11.367 --> 00:22:14.418
to the combination of individualism

00:22:14.418 --> 00:22:16.206
and authoritarianism

00:22:16.206 --> 00:22:20.799
it is also necessary to establish

00:22:20.799 --> 00:22:24.784
in the approach to receive knowledge

00:22:24.784 --> 00:22:27.050
a dialectical attitude

00:22:27.050 --> 00:22:33.681
every subject should be addressed from

00:22:33.681 --> 00:22:37.611
at least two contrasting points of view

00:22:37.611 --> 00:22:41.284
civil society

00:22:41.284 --> 00:22:45.334
in even the most equal countries in the world

00:22:45.334 --> 00:22:48.033
money transfers in the form of social

00:22:48.033 --> 00:22:50.306
entitlements have become the major

00:22:50.306 --> 00:22:53.539
basis of social solidarity

00:22:53.539 --> 00:22:56.282
money is too weak a social cement

00:22:56.282 --> 00:23:00.571
the only adequate basis of social solidarity

00:23:00.571 --> 00:23:02.365
is direct responsibility to

00:23:02.365 --> 00:23:03.965
take care of other people

00:23:03.965 --> 00:23:05.472
the very young

00:23:05.472 --> 00:23:06.733
the very old

00:23:06.733 --> 00:23:08.478
or the infirm and the needy

00:23:08.478 --> 00:23:10.196
outside the boundaries

00:23:10.196 --> 00:23:12.449
of ones own family

00:23:12.449 --> 00:23:13.948
every able bodied adult

00:23:13.948 --> 00:23:17.487
should have at least two positions

00:23:17.487 --> 00:23:18.731
in society

00:23:18.731 --> 00:23:21.361
one in the production system

00:23:21.361 --> 00:23:24.988
the other in the caring economy

00:23:24.988 --> 00:23:28.791
this change in the practical basis of

00:23:28.791 --> 00:23:32.241
social solidarity should be prepared by

00:23:32.241 --> 00:23:35.703
an innovation in the way in which we provide

00:23:35.703 --> 00:23:36.877
public services

00:23:36.877 --> 00:23:39.612
an innovation of enormous value

00:23:39.612 --> 00:23:42.207
in its own right

00:23:42.207 --> 00:23:43.520
what we now have

00:23:43.520 --> 00:23:46.360
is the bureaucratic provision

00:23:46.360 --> 00:23:51.155
of standardized low quality public services

00:23:51.155 --> 00:23:52.614
that is to say

00:23:52.614 --> 00:23:54.982
public services of lower quality than the

00:23:54.982 --> 00:23:57.830
analogous services that can be bought

00:23:57.830 --> 00:23:59.705
by those who have money

00:23:59.705 --> 00:24:02.406
and the only alternative seems to be

00:24:02.406 --> 00:24:06.193
the privatization of public services

00:24:06.193 --> 00:24:08.711
in favour of profit driven firms

00:24:08.711 --> 00:24:10.265
there is however

00:24:10.462 --> 00:24:14.388
another option

00:24:14.388 --> 00:24:17.704
that the state act to equip

00:24:17.704 --> 00:24:19.503
to finance

00:24:19.503 --> 00:24:21.823
and to coordinate

00:24:21.823 --> 00:24:24.022
independent civil society

00:24:24.022 --> 00:24:27.105
so that it shares in the competitive

00:24:27.105 --> 00:24:29.417
and experimental provision of

00:24:29.417 --> 00:24:31.426
public services

00:24:31.426 --> 00:24:34.500
that is the best way to

00:24:34.500 --> 00:24:36.732
enhance their quality

00:24:36.732 --> 00:24:39.197
and at the same time

00:24:39.197 --> 00:24:42.205
to create the arrangements and

00:24:42.205 --> 00:24:47.412
the attitudes hospitable to a higher

00:24:47.412 --> 00:24:50.285
level of social cohesion

00:24:50.285 --> 00:24:53.979
democracy

00:24:53.979 --> 00:24:56.456
democratic politics is not just one more

00:24:56.456 --> 00:25:00.783
terrain for institutional experimentation

00:25:00.783 --> 00:25:03.338
it is the area in which we determine

00:25:03.338 --> 00:25:05.612
the condition for the revision of

00:25:05.612 --> 00:25:09.909
the arrangements in all the other areas

00:25:09.909 --> 00:25:13.074
the democracies that now exist in the world

00:25:13.074 --> 00:25:18.145
continue to make change depend upon crisis

00:25:18.145 --> 00:25:21.717
their rule is - no crisis, no change

00:25:21.717 --> 00:25:26.979
a high energy democracy will diminish

00:25:26.979 --> 00:25:30.451
the dependence of change upon crisis

00:25:30.451 --> 00:25:33.147
and turn democracy

00:25:33.147 --> 00:25:36.752
not simply into a form of majority rule

00:25:36.752 --> 00:25:40.439
qualified by minority rights

00:25:40.439 --> 00:25:43.846
but also into a collective

00:25:43.846 --> 00:25:45.788
practice of the creation of the new

00:25:45.788 --> 00:25:50.894
a high energy democracy requires

00:25:50.894 --> 00:25:54.101
five sets of convergent

00:25:54.101 --> 00:25:56.834
institutional innovations

00:25:56.834 --> 00:26:00.517
the first set of innovations is

00:26:00.517 --> 00:26:03.114
designed to increase the temperature

00:26:03.114 --> 00:26:04.159
of politics

00:26:04.159 --> 00:26:06.034
the level of organized

00:26:06.034 --> 00:26:10.507
popular engagement in public life

00:26:10.507 --> 00:26:13.360
the premise is that a politics

00:26:13.360 --> 00:26:15.290
with rich structural content

00:26:15.290 --> 00:26:19.273
is necessarily a high temperature politics

00:26:19.273 --> 00:26:23.340
innovations that establish the

00:26:23.340 --> 00:26:25.692
public financing of campaigns

00:26:25.692 --> 00:26:30.674
that extend free access to the means

00:26:30.674 --> 00:26:32.175
of mass communication

00:26:32.175 --> 00:26:34.451
to the benefit of the organized

00:26:34.451 --> 00:26:36.271
social movements as well as the

00:26:36.271 --> 00:26:39.700
political parties

00:26:39.700 --> 00:26:44.187
and that change the electoral regimes

00:26:44.187 --> 00:26:47.049
in ways that favour the presentation of

00:26:47.049 --> 00:26:50.842
definite options for society

00:26:50.842 --> 00:26:55.105
a second set of innovations

00:26:55.105 --> 00:26:58.247
hastens the pace of politics

00:26:58.247 --> 00:27:00.946
take the example of American-style

00:27:00.946 --> 00:27:03.375
presidential government

00:27:03.375 --> 00:27:05.880
imitated in much of Latin America

00:27:05.880 --> 00:27:08.189
it combines a liberal principle

00:27:08.189 --> 00:27:10.242
of fragmentation of power

00:27:10.242 --> 00:27:12.749
with a conservative principle of the

00:27:12.749 --> 00:27:14.320
slowing down of politics

00:27:14.320 --> 00:27:16.883
the result

00:27:16.883 --> 00:27:19.111
is to establish a kind of

00:27:19.111 --> 00:27:20.866
correspondence between the

00:27:20.866 --> 00:27:23.953
transformative ambition of a political

00:27:23.953 --> 00:27:26.650
project and the severity of the

00:27:26.650 --> 00:27:29.212
constitutional obstacles they must

00:27:29.212 --> 00:27:33.098
overcome to be implemented

00:27:33.098 --> 00:27:35.785
our interest is to reaffirm the liberal

00:27:35.785 --> 00:27:38.060
principle but to repudiate the

00:27:38.060 --> 00:27:40.047
conservative one

00:27:40.047 --> 00:27:42.410
the Americans imagine

00:27:42.410 --> 00:27:44.700
that they are naturally and

00:27:44.700 --> 00:27:46.533
necessarily combined

00:27:46.533 --> 00:27:48.252
they are not

00:27:48.252 --> 00:27:50.339
they are combined by design

00:27:50.339 --> 00:27:52.926
to inhibit the political transformation

00:27:52.926 --> 00:27:55.537
of society

00:27:55.537 --> 00:27:56.966
if the context is that of

00:27:56.966 --> 00:27:59.786
a presidential form of government

00:27:59.786 --> 00:28:02.171
we would equip the regime

00:28:02.171 --> 00:28:04.889
with instruments for the rapid

00:28:04.889 --> 00:28:09.607
overcoming of deadlock between

00:28:09.607 --> 00:28:12.016
the political branches

00:28:12.016 --> 00:28:13.614
for example

00:28:13.614 --> 00:28:15.602
either of the political branches

00:28:15.602 --> 00:28:21.727
would enjoy the prerogative of calling

00:28:21.727 --> 00:28:24.463
early elections which however

00:28:24.463 --> 00:28:27.189
would always be bilateral

00:28:27.189 --> 00:28:29.519
for both political branches

00:28:29.519 --> 00:28:30.909
in this way

00:28:30.909 --> 00:28:32.470
the branch that exercised

00:28:32.470 --> 00:28:34.722
the constitutional prerogative

00:28:34.722 --> 00:28:37.755
would have to pay the political price

00:28:37.755 --> 00:28:41.065
of running the electoral risk

00:28:41.065 --> 00:28:44.781
a third set of innovations

00:28:44.781 --> 00:28:49.984
would exploit the latent experimentalist

00:28:49.984 --> 00:28:54.133
potential of a federal regime

00:28:54.133 --> 00:28:58.454
different parts of the country

00:28:58.454 --> 00:29:02.971
or even different sectors of society

00:29:02.971 --> 00:29:06.060
would enjoy the right to opt out

00:29:06.060 --> 00:29:08.567
of the general solutions

00:29:08.567 --> 00:29:12.165
and to create counter models of the future

00:29:12.165 --> 00:29:14.006
without it being the case that

00:29:14.006 --> 00:29:16.482
the degree of deviation that is

00:29:16.482 --> 00:29:18.636
allowed to one locality

00:29:18.636 --> 00:29:20.175
or one sector

00:29:20.175 --> 00:29:22.041
would have to be universalized

00:29:22.041 --> 00:29:23.741
for all of them

00:29:23.741 --> 00:29:27.303
a fourth set of innovations

00:29:27.303 --> 00:29:29.125
establishes in the state

00:29:29.125 --> 00:29:32.141
a distinct power or even a new

00:29:32.141 --> 00:29:36.691
branch designed, equipped, and

00:29:36.691 --> 00:29:38.267
legitimated to come to the rescue

00:29:38.267 --> 00:29:41.517
of groups suffering from forms of

00:29:41.517 --> 00:29:44.536
exclusion or disadvantage

00:29:44.536 --> 00:29:47.412
from which they are unable to escape

00:29:47.412 --> 00:29:49.843
by the means of collective action

00:29:49.843 --> 00:29:51.154
that are available to them

00:29:51.154 --> 00:29:56.259
it is a form of structural but

00:29:56.259 --> 00:29:58.912
localized intervention

00:29:58.912 --> 00:30:01.807
that does not fit within

00:30:01.807 --> 00:30:04.206
the limits of the present

00:30:04.206 --> 00:30:07.224
organization of government

00:30:07.224 --> 00:30:10.011
a fifth set of innovations

00:30:10.011 --> 00:30:12.807
enriches representative democracy

00:30:12.807 --> 00:30:15.539
with elements of direct or

00:30:15.539 --> 00:30:18.390
participatory democracy

00:30:18.390 --> 00:30:21.509
the best terrain in which to

00:30:21.509 --> 00:30:23.333
advance in this way

00:30:23.333 --> 00:30:26.483
is the engagement of independent

00:30:26.483 --> 00:30:28.158
civil society

00:30:28.158 --> 00:30:31.748
in the experimental and competitive

00:30:31.748 --> 00:30:36.207
provision of public services

00:30:36.207 --> 00:30:40.724
the path marked by these changes

00:30:40.724 --> 00:30:43.519
in the organization of the market economy

00:30:43.519 --> 00:30:46.042
of education, of civil society,

00:30:46.042 --> 00:30:48.615
and of democracy

00:30:48.615 --> 00:30:50.812
has as its counterpart

00:30:50.812 --> 00:30:55.019
a reshaping of the world political

00:30:55.019 --> 00:30:57.892
and economic order

00:30:57.892 --> 00:30:59.581
globalization is not there on

00:30:59.581 --> 00:31:01.226
a take it or leave it basis

00:31:01.226 --> 00:31:03.644
we are not confined to having

00:31:03.644 --> 00:31:06.374
more of it or less of it

00:31:06.374 --> 00:31:09.680
we need a different globalization

00:31:09.680 --> 00:31:13.687
the political and economic order that

00:31:13.687 --> 00:31:15.497
has been developed in the world

00:31:15.497 --> 00:31:16.928
since the second world war is a

00:31:16.928 --> 00:31:20.078
Metternichean project

00:31:20.078 --> 00:31:24.975
in the name of political security

00:31:24.975 --> 00:31:27.752
and economic openness

00:31:27.752 --> 00:31:31.216
it threatens to impose on all

00:31:31.216 --> 00:31:34.133
of humanity a formula of

00:31:34.133 --> 00:31:37.728
compulsive convergence to the same

00:31:37.728 --> 00:31:41.235
set of institutions and practices

00:31:41.235 --> 00:31:43.800
when in fact our interest lies

00:31:43.800 --> 00:31:47.507
in radical experiments in the

00:31:47.507 --> 00:31:51.911
institutional forms of the market economy

00:31:51.911 --> 00:31:54.977
of free civil society

00:31:54.977 --> 00:31:58.308
and of democracy

00:31:58.308 --> 00:32:00.090
take the example of the world

00:32:00.090 --> 00:32:01.478
trade regime

00:32:01.478 --> 00:32:04.853
the regime that is being established

00:32:04.853 --> 00:32:06.876
in the world

00:32:06.876 --> 00:32:09.423
conforms to four principles

00:32:09.423 --> 00:32:11.697
all of which should be replaced

00:32:11.697 --> 00:32:14.295
the first principle is to

00:32:14.295 --> 00:32:17.412
maximize the opportunities for free trade

00:32:17.412 --> 00:32:20.199
but free trade is not an end

00:32:20.199 --> 00:32:21.931
it is just a means

00:32:21.931 --> 00:32:25.393
the end should be the co-existence

00:32:25.393 --> 00:32:28.024
of alternative experiences of

00:32:28.024 --> 00:32:29.600
civilization and alternative

00:32:29.600 --> 00:32:31.098
trajectories of development

00:32:31.098 --> 00:32:34.773
within a world economic order

00:32:34.773 --> 00:32:37.791
that becomes progressively more open

00:32:37.791 --> 00:32:41.523
the second principle is to

00:32:41.523 --> 00:32:44.831
impose on the trading nations

00:32:44.831 --> 00:32:47.484
in the name of free trade

00:32:47.484 --> 00:32:50.724
adherence not simply to an abstract

00:32:50.724 --> 00:32:53.201
idea of a market economy

00:32:53.201 --> 00:32:56.431
but to a particular version of the

00:32:56.431 --> 00:32:58.262
market economy

00:32:58.262 --> 00:33:00.660
thus for example

00:33:00.660 --> 00:33:04.768
to outlaw under the label 'subsidies'

00:33:04.768 --> 00:33:08.451
all the forms of strategic coordination

00:33:08.451 --> 00:33:10.612
between governments and firms

00:33:10.612 --> 00:33:12.781
that the countries now rich

00:33:12.781 --> 00:33:14.611
used to become rich

00:33:14.611 --> 00:33:17.021
or to incorporate into the rules

00:33:17.021 --> 00:33:18.467
of free trade

00:33:18.467 --> 00:33:21.761
the odious regime of intellectual property

00:33:21.761 --> 00:33:24.322
developed since the late nineteenth

00:33:24.322 --> 00:33:28.277
century that places many of the

00:33:28.277 --> 00:33:31.414
technological innovations of greatest

00:33:31.414 --> 00:33:35.200
value to humanity in the control of a

00:33:35.200 --> 00:33:39.693
handful of big multinational businesses

00:33:39.693 --> 00:33:43.134
we should replace this institutional

00:33:43.134 --> 00:33:47.877
maximalism by an institutional minimalism

00:33:47.877 --> 00:33:52.368
the greatest economic openness

00:33:52.368 --> 00:33:55.545
with the least possible restraint

00:33:55.545 --> 00:33:59.094
on national institutional experiments

00:33:59.094 --> 00:34:02.193
including experiments in the way to

00:34:02.193 --> 00:34:05.977
organize a market economy

00:34:05.977 --> 00:34:07.687
a third principle

00:34:07.687 --> 00:34:12.237
is to grant goods and capital

00:34:12.237 --> 00:34:15.215
increasing freedom to roam the world

00:34:15.215 --> 00:34:18.386
while imprisoning people in

00:34:18.386 --> 00:34:20.373
the nation state

00:34:20.373 --> 00:34:22.280
or in blocks of relatively homogenous

00:34:22.280 --> 00:34:23.813
nation states

00:34:23.813 --> 00:34:26.278
such as the European Union

00:34:26.278 --> 00:34:29.941
freedom for labour to move could

00:34:29.941 --> 00:34:34.003
never be instantaneously established

00:34:34.003 --> 00:34:37.353
but things, money, and people

00:34:37.353 --> 00:34:40.240
should gain freedom together

00:34:40.240 --> 00:34:43.824
to cross national frontiers

00:34:43.824 --> 00:34:47.675
in small, cumulative steps

00:34:47.675 --> 00:34:51.884
there is no more powerful mechanism

00:34:51.884 --> 00:34:54.645
by which to achieve greater

00:34:54.645 --> 00:34:58.075
equalization in the world

00:34:58.075 --> 00:35:01.636
the freedom of things

00:35:01.636 --> 00:35:02.804
and of money to move

00:35:02.804 --> 00:35:05.549
is sometimes useful

00:35:05.549 --> 00:35:08.287
and sometimes harmful

00:35:08.287 --> 00:35:11.107
but the freedom of people to move

00:35:11.107 --> 00:35:13.193
is sacrosanct

00:35:13.193 --> 00:35:14.869
because it is part of the process

00:35:14.869 --> 00:35:17.275
by which humanity becomes

00:35:17.275 --> 00:35:20.816
both unified and diverse

00:35:20.816 --> 00:35:24.325
the fourth principle is that the

00:35:24.325 --> 00:35:26.923
world trading system is being organized

00:35:26.923 --> 00:35:32.163
on the pretence of universal free labour

00:35:32.163 --> 00:35:35.754
no matter how oppressive

00:35:35.754 --> 00:35:38.323
the conditions of economically

00:35:38.323 --> 00:35:41.522
dependent wage labour in fact are

00:35:41.522 --> 00:35:44.960
free labour must be really free

00:35:44.960 --> 00:35:48.011
and in the future free labour must mean

00:35:48.011 --> 00:35:51.197
the predominance of self employment

00:35:51.197 --> 00:35:53.617
and cooperation over economically

00:35:53.617 --> 00:35:56.193
dependent wage labour

00:35:56.193 --> 00:36:01.553
this example of reconstruction of the

00:36:01.553 --> 00:36:04.494
world trading system

00:36:04.494 --> 00:36:07.490
illustrates a larger principle

00:36:07.490 --> 00:36:10.889
the progressive program

00:36:10.889 --> 00:36:13.094
that I have outlined

00:36:13.094 --> 00:36:16.204
has as its ally

00:36:16.204 --> 00:36:20.171
the construction of a world political

00:36:20.171 --> 00:36:22.575
and economic order

00:36:22.575 --> 00:36:26.552
more hospitable to alternatives

00:36:26.552 --> 00:36:28.437
to divergence

00:36:28.437 --> 00:36:30.302
to experiments

00:36:30.302 --> 00:36:32.310
to heresies

00:36:32.310 --> 00:36:35.466
than the order that is now established

00:36:35.466 --> 00:36:39.122
the obstacles

00:36:39.122 --> 00:36:41.777
consider an intellectual

00:36:41.777 --> 00:36:44.639
and a spiritual obstacle

00:36:44.639 --> 00:36:47.215
to a progressive program

00:36:47.215 --> 00:36:49.556
like the one I have sketched

00:36:49.556 --> 00:36:52.055
the prevailing ideas

00:36:52.055 --> 00:36:55.153
in the whole field of social and

00:36:55.153 --> 00:36:56.173
historical studies

00:36:56.173 --> 00:36:59.446
are antagonistic to the exploration

00:36:59.446 --> 00:37:02.076
of institutional alternatives

00:37:02.076 --> 00:37:03.685
they have severed the link

00:37:03.685 --> 00:37:06.383
between insight into the actual

00:37:06.383 --> 00:37:08.780
and imagination of the possible

00:37:08.780 --> 00:37:10.645
they have become

00:37:10.645 --> 00:37:12.954
part of the problem

00:37:12.954 --> 00:37:15.550
rather than part of the solution

00:37:15.550 --> 00:37:18.715
sources of superstition

00:37:18.715 --> 00:37:23.078
forming a chorus of fatalism

00:37:23.078 --> 00:37:25.741
above all

00:37:25.741 --> 00:37:28.016
we need to form

00:37:28.016 --> 00:37:32.576
in political economy and legal analysis

00:37:32.576 --> 00:37:35.708
the twin disciplines of

00:37:35.708 --> 00:37:39.104
the institutional imagination

00:37:39.104 --> 00:37:43.544
an aim of this progressive program

00:37:43.544 --> 00:37:47.139
is to create a world in which trauma

00:37:47.139 --> 00:37:49.414
no longer needs to be the

00:37:49.414 --> 00:37:53.854
enabling circumstance of transformation

00:37:53.854 --> 00:37:57.103
nevertheless, the institutions that

00:37:57.103 --> 00:37:58.826
would diminish the dependence

00:37:58.826 --> 00:38:00.588
of change upon crisis

00:38:00.588 --> 00:38:02.807
themselves seem to depend for their

00:38:02.807 --> 00:38:06.184
establishment upon crisis

00:38:06.184 --> 00:38:10.512
only the imagination can break this

00:38:10.512 --> 00:38:11.900
vicious circle

00:38:11.900 --> 00:38:15.917
the task of the imagination is to do

00:38:15.917 --> 00:38:19.124
the work of crisis without crisis

00:38:19.124 --> 00:38:24.209
the cold calculus of interest must

00:38:24.209 --> 00:38:28.584
be reinforced by the visionary impulse

00:38:28.584 --> 00:38:32.977
by the prophetic voice

00:38:32.977 --> 00:38:37.417
the goal of the progressives was

00:38:37.417 --> 00:38:41.434
never just to humanize society

00:38:41.434 --> 00:38:44.907
to attenuate its cruelties

00:38:44.907 --> 00:38:49.378
and to redress its injustices

00:38:49.378 --> 00:38:55.826
it was always also to divinize humanity

00:38:55.826 --> 00:39:00.965
to raise us up to a greater life