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The world suffers at the hands of a

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dictatorship of no alternatives

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Its power is manifest in many ways.

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There is now a very limited

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range of institutional options for the

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organization of different areas

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of social life.

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This restrictive institutional repertory

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has become the fate of the

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contemporary societies

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There are two types of leftists

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or of progressives

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There is a resign, surrender left

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it accepts the market economy in its 


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present form

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and globalization on its present course

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and tries to humanize them

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especially through compensatory

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redistribution by tax and transfer

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the key note of its politics

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is the humanization of the inevitable

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its program, is the program of its

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conservative adversaries

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with a humanizing discount

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Then there is a recalcitrant,

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nostalgic left

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It too lacks an alternative

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to the present form of a market

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or the present direction of globalization

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It wants simply, to slow their course

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the better to defend the prerogatives

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of its historical constituency

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the organized labour force headquartered

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in the capital intensive

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sectors of industry

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In every country in the world

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that base is a shrinking part of a

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population increasingly seen

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as just one more interest group

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rather than as the bearer

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of the universal interests

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of society

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In the rich north atlantic world

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the horizon of programmatic debate

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has become increasingly narrowed

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down to the attempt

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to reconcile American-style economic

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flexibility and European-style social

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protection within the limits of the inherited

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institutional framework

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that frame work was designed

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in the social democratic settlement

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of the mid twentieth century

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under the terms of that settlement

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the forces that challenged

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the existing organization

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of power and of production

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abandoned the challenge

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the state was allowed to acquire the power

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to redistribute by tax and transfer

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to regulate the economy

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more thoroughly

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and to conduct a counter cyclical

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economic policy

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now however none of the fundamental

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problems of contemporary societies

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can be solved

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or even addressed

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unless we reopen the terms

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of that social democratic settlement

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and innovate in the institutional

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arrangements that organize democracies

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market economies and free civil societies

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the consequences of the dictatorship

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of no alternatives are far reaching

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the result of the restrictive

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institutional repertory

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is to hold hostage

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all of our recognized

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ideals and interests

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our interests and ideals

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always remain nailed to the cross

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of the institutions and practices

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that represent them in fact

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the dictatorship of no alternatives

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undermines the force

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and hollows out the content

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of the most powerful message

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in the world today

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the message shared

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by the revolutionary projects

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of democracy, liberalism, and socialism

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and by the world wide popular

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romantic culture

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the essential creed of democracy

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is faith

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in the constructive genius of ordinary


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men and women

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and the message of the popular 


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revolutionary romantic culture

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is that all men and women

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are god-like

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and can raise themselves up

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to a greater life

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here I outline

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a path for the progressives

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I advance in four steps

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the incitements, the direction

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the change

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and the obstacles

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the incitements

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a first incitement is the opportunity

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presented by a momentous

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shift in the style of production

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a new form of production

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is emerging in the world

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in the major developing countries

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as well as in the richest economies

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it is characterized not simply

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by the accumulation

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of capital technology and

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knowledge but also

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by a set of practices

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of productive experimentalism

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these practices

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soften the contrast between

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conception and execution

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they relativize the distinctions

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amongst specialized work roles

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they mix cooperation and competition

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in the same domains

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above all

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they transform productive activity

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into a collective practice

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of permanent discovery

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and innovation

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the problem

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is that this productive vanguardism

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remains isolated in advance sectors

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only weakly linked

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to the other sectors

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of the national economies in which

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they exist

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the vast majority of humanity

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is excluded from them

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in richer countries

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as well as in poorer ones

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the two traditional devices

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for the attenuation of inequality

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compensatory redistribution

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and promotion of small business

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prove inadequate to the task

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of mastering the vast

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forces of inequality

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and of exclusion

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that result

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from this new form

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of the hierarchical segmentation of

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the economy

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the emerging style of production

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is not a horse that we can ride to freedom

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It is simply an occassion

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to be mastered and redirected

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a second incitement

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is the desire of nations to be different

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the role of nations and nation-states in a

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world of democracies

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is to represent a moral specialization

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within mankind

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humanity develops its powers

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only by developing them in different

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directions and expressing them

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in divergent forms of life

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to be strong and independent

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nations must give up a part of

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themselves

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emptying out the tangible

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and customary content

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of their collective identities

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two neighbouring peoples

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come to hate each other

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not because they are different

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but because they are becoming alike

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and want to be different

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the poisonous character of contemporary

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nationalism lies in this

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the desire to differ

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is inflamed

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by an impotent

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will to difference

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in the presence of the weighting of

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actual difference

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but the solution

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is not to retreat

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into an empty cosmopolitanism

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it is to equip

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the desire for collective difference

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with institutional instruments

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the differences to be created in the

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future matter more than the

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differences inherited from the past

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prophecy over memory

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a third incitement is the desire of

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hundreds of millions of ordinary

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men and women

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to rise to a condition

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of modest prosperity

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and independence

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and to escape

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the servile circumstance

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of dependent wage labour

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when Abraham Lincoln remarked

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that no one would accept

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the life long condition of

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hired labour

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other than either because

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of a dependent nature

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or improvidence folly or singular

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misfortune, he was expressing

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a view widely shared

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by the liberals and socialists

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of the nineteenth century

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but then given up

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by the ideologists

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of the left

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in the twentieth century

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by default

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the desire for independence

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is commonly fixed

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on the narrow forms

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of small holding

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or isolated

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family business

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the task of the progressives

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would be to meet this desire

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on its own terms

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and to provide it

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with a broader range

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of forms of satisfaction

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through the institutional reorganization

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of the market economy

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the direction

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the distinguishing feature

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of a progressive or left position

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today is to combine

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devotion to the achievement of a greater

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life for the ordinary man and woman

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with a program for the institutional

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reorganization of society

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the liberals and socialists of

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the nineteenth century understood

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that equality is subordinate

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to greatness

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and entrenched an extreme inequality

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is to be combated as a restraint

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on the achievement

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of that larger objective

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and they all had an institutional proposal

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for the socialists the governmental

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direction of the economy

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for the liberals

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the establishment

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of a single dogmatic version

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of the market ecocomy and of democracy

265
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their view of greatness was

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too narrowly modelled on

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the aristocratic experience

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of self possession

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and their institutional forumlas

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are no longer credible to us

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but we must reassert

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the vital combination between

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the idea of greatness

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and the commitment to the

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institutional transformation

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of the economy

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of politics

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and of civil society

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that is the only way

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to be faithful to the most

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powerful message that

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the political programs of

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democracy, liberalism, and socialism

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share with the popular romantic

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revolutionary message

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of the empowerment

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of ordinary humanity

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whichever force, right or left

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most plausibly embodies this message

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of vitality

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of capability

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of greatness

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will command the political agenda

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of the future

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I now outline four planks in a

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progressive platform

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a democratized market economy

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that provides the majority

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of men and women

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with the instruments of

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effective agency

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a form of education that

303
00:14:50,623 --> 00:14:52,092
allows them to see beyond

304
00:14:52,092 --> 00:14:53,789
the present context

305
00:14:53,789 --> 00:14:57,351
a way of organizing civil society

306
00:14:57,351 --> 00:15:00,928
that ensures a practical basis

307
00:15:00,928 --> 00:15:03,391
for social solidarity

308
00:15:03,391 --> 00:15:05,966
stronger than money transfers

309
00:15:05,966 --> 00:15:08,696
and a high energy democracy

310
00:15:08,696 --> 00:15:11,395
that diminishes the dependence

311
00:15:11,395 --> 00:15:14,243
of change upon crisis

312
00:15:14,243 --> 00:15:18,805
such a program is not a blueprint

313
00:15:18,805 --> 00:15:21,524
it is a direction

314
00:15:21,524 --> 00:15:23,459
a succession of steps

315
00:15:23,459 --> 00:15:26,232
not architecture, but music

316
00:15:26,232 --> 00:15:31,004
its intentions are not merely local

317
00:15:31,004 --> 00:15:34,957
a universal orthodoxy

318
00:15:34,957 --> 00:15:38,296
such as neoliberalism

319
00:15:38,296 --> 00:15:41,600
can be successfully

320
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:43,655
resisted only by

321
00:15:43,655 --> 00:15:46,452
a universalizing heresy

322
00:15:46,452 --> 00:15:48,636
as liberalism and socialism

323
00:15:48,636 --> 00:15:51,426
were in their day

324
00:15:51,426 --> 00:15:52,790
and the whole world

325
00:15:52,790 --> 00:15:54,177
is now bound together

326
00:15:54,177 --> 00:15:55,779
by a chain

327
00:15:55,779 --> 00:15:57,697
of analogous problems

328
00:15:57,697 --> 00:16:00,517
and solutions

329
00:16:00,517 --> 00:16:03,213
a democratized market economy

330
00:16:03,213 --> 00:16:06,486
distinguish a point of departure

331
00:16:06,486 --> 00:16:08,440
and a horizon

332
00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:09,733
the point of departure

333
00:16:09,733 --> 00:16:10,526
is the effort

334
00:16:10,526 --> 00:16:12,193
to broaden access

335
00:16:12,193 --> 00:16:14,180
to the new vanguards

336
00:16:14,180 --> 00:16:14,878
of production

337
00:16:14,878 --> 00:16:18,975
and allow the practices

338
00:16:18,975 --> 00:16:21,740
of productive experimentalism

339
00:16:21,740 --> 00:16:25,302
to spread through large parts

340
00:16:25,302 --> 00:16:28,341
of the society and the economy

341
00:16:28,341 --> 00:16:30,641
to this end we must innovate

342
00:16:30,641 --> 00:16:33,693
in the institutional arrangements

343
00:16:33,693 --> 00:16:35,482
shaping the relations

344
00:16:35,482 --> 00:16:37,669
between governments and firms

345
00:16:37,669 --> 00:16:40,909
there are now two models

346
00:16:40,909 --> 00:16:42,992
of government-firm relations

347
00:16:42,992 --> 00:16:45,461
available in the world

348
00:16:45,461 --> 00:16:47,745
the American model of arms-length

349
00:16:47,745 --> 00:16:51,084
regulation of business by government

350
00:16:51,084 --> 00:16:53,194
and the north east Asian model of

351
00:16:53,194 --> 00:16:57,821
formulation of unitary trade and industrial

352
00:16:57,821 --> 00:16:59,779
policy imposed top down

353
00:16:59,779 --> 00:17:02,726
by the bureaucratic apparatus

354
00:17:02,726 --> 00:17:04,779
of the state

355
00:17:04,779 --> 00:17:07,354
we require a third model

356
00:17:07,354 --> 00:17:10,584
a form of strategic coordination

357
00:17:10,584 --> 00:17:12,680
between governments and firms

358
00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:15,718
that is decentralized, pluralistic

359
00:17:15,718 --> 00:17:19,810
participatory, and experimental

360
00:17:19,810 --> 00:17:25,769
the horizon is a change

361
00:17:25,769 --> 00:17:27,756
in the character of production

362
00:17:27,756 --> 00:17:29,264
and of labour

363
00:17:29,264 --> 00:17:32,941
with two aspects

364
00:17:32,941 --> 00:17:34,493
one aspect

365
00:17:34,493 --> 00:17:39,003
is the reconstruction of free labour

366
00:17:39,003 --> 00:17:42,709
economically dependent wage labour

367
00:17:42,709 --> 00:17:45,696
was always a compromise

368
00:17:45,696 --> 00:17:49,159
retaining some of the characteristics

369
00:17:49,159 --> 00:17:52,554
of slavery and serfdom

370
00:17:52,554 --> 00:17:56,669
the aim is to affirm the predominance

371
00:17:56,669 --> 00:18:00,356
of the two other forms of free labour

372
00:18:00,356 --> 00:18:02,476
combined with each other

373
00:18:02,476 --> 00:18:06,270
self employment and cooperation

374
00:18:06,270 --> 00:18:08,058
in such a way that they can

375
00:18:08,058 --> 00:18:09,047
address the problems of scale

376
00:18:09,047 --> 00:18:14,751
the other aspect

377
00:18:14,751 --> 00:18:16,752
is to change the relations

378
00:18:16,752 --> 00:18:21,199
between people and machines

379
00:18:21,199 --> 00:18:24,151
everything that we have learned how

380
00:18:24,151 --> 00:18:27,392
to repeat we can express in a formula

381
00:18:27,392 --> 00:18:30,004
and whatever we can express in a

382
00:18:30,004 --> 00:18:32,101
forumla we can embody in a

383
00:18:32,101 --> 00:18:35,131
physical contraption - a machine

384
00:18:35,131 --> 00:18:36,786
the point of machines

385
00:18:36,786 --> 00:18:39,763
is to do for us everything that we

386
00:18:39,763 --> 00:18:42,805
have learned to repeat

387
00:18:42,805 --> 00:18:45,103
the better to preserve the time of our

388
00:18:45,103 --> 00:18:48,978
lives for the not yet repeatable

389
00:18:48,978 --> 00:18:51,452
and inbetween the point of departure

390
00:18:51,452 --> 00:18:53,519
and the horizon

391
00:18:53,519 --> 00:18:55,916
the institutional reshaping of

392
00:18:55,916 --> 00:18:56,922
the market economy

393
00:18:56,922 --> 00:19:00,632
so that it ceases to be fastened to a

394
00:19:00,632 --> 00:19:04,995
single institutional version of itself

395
00:19:04,995 --> 00:19:10,554
the familiar idea of economic freedom

396
00:19:10,554 --> 00:19:15,849
as the power to recombine factors of

397
00:19:15,849 --> 00:19:17,545
production within an institutional

398
00:19:17,545 --> 00:19:20,409
structure of production and exchange

399
00:19:20,409 --> 00:19:22,941
that is left unchallenged

400
00:19:22,941 --> 00:19:25,214
should be deepened

401
00:19:25,214 --> 00:19:30,509
into a larger power to innovate

402
00:19:30,509 --> 00:19:33,218
in the institutional arrangements

403
00:19:33,218 --> 00:19:35,051
of production and exchange

404
00:19:35,051 --> 00:19:40,033
alternative regimes of private

405
00:19:40,033 --> 00:19:42,629
and social property would come

406
00:19:42,629 --> 00:19:45,382
to co-exist experimentally

407
00:19:45,382 --> 00:19:48,324
within the same market economy

408
00:19:48,324 --> 00:19:51,188
education

409
00:19:51,188 --> 00:19:53,662
the role of a school in a democracy

410
00:19:53,662 --> 00:19:56,915
is to be the voice of the future

411
00:19:56,915 --> 00:19:59,233
recognizing in every child

412
00:19:59,233 --> 00:20:03,273
a tongue tied prophet

413
00:20:03,273 --> 00:20:05,738
the school should not serve

414
00:20:05,738 --> 00:20:09,978
as the instrumentality of the family

415
00:20:09,978 --> 00:20:12,481
which says 'become like me'

416
00:20:12,481 --> 00:20:13,729
or of the state which says

417
00:20:13,729 --> 00:20:16,683
'be useful to me'

418
00:20:16,683 --> 00:20:19,740
education is to empower the mind

419
00:20:19,740 --> 00:20:23,173
to see and to discover

420
00:20:23,173 --> 00:20:26,384
more than the established context

421
00:20:26,384 --> 00:20:29,756
can countenance

422
00:20:29,756 --> 00:20:32,252
there are two priorities

423
00:20:32,252 --> 00:20:34,716
the first priority is to reconcile

424
00:20:34,716 --> 00:20:37,734
especially in countries that are

425
00:20:37,734 --> 00:20:40,724
large, unequal and decentralized

426
00:20:40,724 --> 00:20:43,917
the local management of the schools

427
00:20:43,917 --> 00:20:46,581
with national standards of investment

428
00:20:46,581 --> 00:20:48,601
and quality

429
00:20:48,601 --> 00:20:50,166
the quality of the education

430
00:20:50,166 --> 00:20:52,220
that a child receives

431
00:20:52,220 --> 00:20:54,861
should not depend on the

432
00:20:54,861 --> 00:20:57,292
happenstance of its birth

433
00:20:57,292 --> 00:21:01,629
to reconcile local management

434
00:21:01,629 --> 00:21:04,948
with national standards

435
00:21:04,948 --> 00:21:07,472
three tools are necessary

436
00:21:07,472 --> 00:21:11,156
the first is a national system of

437
00:21:11,156 --> 00:21:13,398
evaluation of performance

438
00:21:13,398 --> 00:21:17,217
the second is a mechanism to

439
00:21:17,217 --> 00:21:19,793
redistribute resources and staff

440
00:21:19,793 --> 00:21:23,276
from richer places to poor places

441
00:21:23,276 --> 00:21:25,785
the third is a procedure

442
00:21:25,785 --> 00:21:28,227
for corrective intervention

443
00:21:28,227 --> 00:21:31,867
in local failing school systems

444
00:21:31,867 --> 00:21:37,075
the second priority is radically to change

445
00:21:37,075 --> 00:21:40,591
the way of teaching and learning

446
00:21:40,591 --> 00:21:43,722
it is not enough

447
00:21:43,722 --> 00:21:50,958
to subordinate information to analysis

448
00:21:50,958 --> 00:21:54,487
and problem solving

449
00:21:54,487 --> 00:21:57,095
or to sacrifice superficial

450
00:21:57,095 --> 00:22:01,013
encyclopaedic coverage to selective

451
00:22:01,013 --> 00:22:04,562
deepening in the service of analytic

452
00:22:04,562 --> 00:22:11,367
capability or to prefer cooperation

453
00:22:11,367 --> 00:22:14,418
to the combination of individualism

454
00:22:14,418 --> 00:22:16,206
and authoritarianism

455
00:22:16,206 --> 00:22:20,799
it is also necessary to establish

456
00:22:20,799 --> 00:22:24,784
in the approach to receive knowledge

457
00:22:24,784 --> 00:22:27,050
a dialectical attitude

458
00:22:27,050 --> 00:22:33,681
every subject should be addressed from

459
00:22:33,681 --> 00:22:37,611
at least two contrasting points of view

460
00:22:37,611 --> 00:22:41,284
civil society

461
00:22:41,284 --> 00:22:45,334
in even the most equal countries in the world

462
00:22:45,334 --> 00:22:48,033
money transfers in the form of social

463
00:22:48,033 --> 00:22:50,306
entitlements have become the major

464
00:22:50,306 --> 00:22:53,539
basis of social solidarity

465
00:22:53,539 --> 00:22:56,282
money is too weak a social cement

466
00:22:56,282 --> 00:23:00,571
the only adequate basis of social solidarity

467
00:23:00,571 --> 00:23:02,365
is direct responsibility to

468
00:23:02,365 --> 00:23:03,965
take care of other people

469
00:23:03,965 --> 00:23:05,472
the very young

470
00:23:05,472 --> 00:23:06,733
the very old

471
00:23:06,733 --> 00:23:08,478
or the infirm and the needy

472
00:23:08,478 --> 00:23:10,196
outside the boundaries

473
00:23:10,196 --> 00:23:12,449
of ones own family

474
00:23:12,449 --> 00:23:13,948
every able bodied adult

475
00:23:13,948 --> 00:23:17,487
should have at least two positions

476
00:23:17,487 --> 00:23:18,731
in society

477
00:23:18,731 --> 00:23:21,361
one in the production system

478
00:23:21,361 --> 00:23:24,988
the other in the caring economy

479
00:23:24,988 --> 00:23:28,791
this change in the practical basis of

480
00:23:28,791 --> 00:23:32,241
social solidarity should be prepared by

481
00:23:32,241 --> 00:23:35,703
an innovation in the way in which we provide

482
00:23:35,703 --> 00:23:36,877
public services

483
00:23:36,877 --> 00:23:39,612
an innovation of enormous value

484
00:23:39,612 --> 00:23:42,207
in its own right

485
00:23:42,207 --> 00:23:43,520
what we now have

486
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,360
is the bureaucratic provision

487
00:23:46,360 --> 00:23:51,155
of standardized low quality public services

488
00:23:51,155 --> 00:23:52,614
that is to say

489
00:23:52,614 --> 00:23:54,982
public services of lower quality than the

490
00:23:54,982 --> 00:23:57,830
analogous services that can be bought

491
00:23:57,830 --> 00:23:59,705
by those who have money

492
00:23:59,705 --> 00:24:02,406
and the only alternative seems to be

493
00:24:02,406 --> 00:24:06,193
the privatization of public services

494
00:24:06,193 --> 00:24:08,711
in favour of profit driven firms

495
00:24:08,711 --> 00:24:10,265
there is however

496
00:24:10,462 --> 00:24:14,388
another option

497
00:24:14,388 --> 00:24:17,704
that the state act to equip

498
00:24:17,704 --> 00:24:19,503
to finance

499
00:24:19,503 --> 00:24:21,823
and to coordinate

500
00:24:21,823 --> 00:24:24,022
independent civil society

501
00:24:24,022 --> 00:24:27,105
so that it shares in the competitive

502
00:24:27,105 --> 00:24:29,417
and experimental provision of

503
00:24:29,417 --> 00:24:31,426
public services

504
00:24:31,426 --> 00:24:34,500
that is the best way to

505
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:36,732
enhance their quality

506
00:24:36,732 --> 00:24:39,197
and at the same time

507
00:24:39,197 --> 00:24:42,205
to create the arrangements and

508
00:24:42,205 --> 00:24:47,412
the attitudes hospitable to a higher

509
00:24:47,412 --> 00:24:50,285
level of social cohesion

510
00:24:50,285 --> 00:24:53,979
democracy

511
00:24:53,979 --> 00:24:56,456
democratic politics is not just one more

512
00:24:56,456 --> 00:25:00,783
terrain for institutional experimentation

513
00:25:00,783 --> 00:25:03,338
it is the area in which we determine

514
00:25:03,338 --> 00:25:05,612
the condition for the revision of

515
00:25:05,612 --> 00:25:09,909
the arrangements in all the other areas

516
00:25:09,909 --> 00:25:13,074
the democracies that now exist in the world

517
00:25:13,074 --> 00:25:18,145
continue to make change depend upon crisis

518
00:25:18,145 --> 00:25:21,717
their rule is - no crisis, no change

519
00:25:21,717 --> 00:25:26,979
a high energy democracy will diminish

520
00:25:26,979 --> 00:25:30,451
the dependence of change upon crisis

521
00:25:30,451 --> 00:25:33,147
and turn democracy

522
00:25:33,147 --> 00:25:36,752
not simply into a form of majority rule

523
00:25:36,752 --> 00:25:40,439
qualified by minority rights

524
00:25:40,439 --> 00:25:43,846
but also into a collective

525
00:25:43,846 --> 00:25:45,788
practice of the creation of the new

526
00:25:45,788 --> 00:25:50,894
a high energy democracy requires

527
00:25:50,894 --> 00:25:54,101
five sets of convergent

528
00:25:54,101 --> 00:25:56,834
institutional innovations

529
00:25:56,834 --> 00:26:00,517
the first set of innovations is

530
00:26:00,517 --> 00:26:03,114
designed to increase the temperature

531
00:26:03,114 --> 00:26:04,159
of politics

532
00:26:04,159 --> 00:26:06,034
the level of organized

533
00:26:06,034 --> 00:26:10,507
popular engagement in public life

534
00:26:10,507 --> 00:26:13,360
the premise is that a politics

535
00:26:13,360 --> 00:26:15,290
with rich structural content

536
00:26:15,290 --> 00:26:19,273
is necessarily a high temperature politics

537
00:26:19,273 --> 00:26:23,340
innovations that establish the

538
00:26:23,340 --> 00:26:25,692
public financing of campaigns

539
00:26:25,692 --> 00:26:30,674
that extend free access to the means

540
00:26:30,674 --> 00:26:32,175
of mass communication

541
00:26:32,175 --> 00:26:34,451
to the benefit of the organized

542
00:26:34,451 --> 00:26:36,271
social movements as well as the

543
00:26:36,271 --> 00:26:39,700
political parties

544
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:44,187
and that change the electoral regimes

545
00:26:44,187 --> 00:26:47,049
in ways that favour the presentation of

546
00:26:47,049 --> 00:26:50,842
definite options for society

547
00:26:50,842 --> 00:26:55,105
a second set of innovations

548
00:26:55,105 --> 00:26:58,247
hastens the pace of politics

549
00:26:58,247 --> 00:27:00,946
take the example of American-style

550
00:27:00,946 --> 00:27:03,375
presidential government

551
00:27:03,375 --> 00:27:05,880
imitated in much of Latin America

552
00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:08,189
it combines a liberal principle

553
00:27:08,189 --> 00:27:10,242
of fragmentation of power

554
00:27:10,242 --> 00:27:12,749
with a conservative principle of the

555
00:27:12,749 --> 00:27:14,320
slowing down of politics

556
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:16,883
the result

557
00:27:16,883 --> 00:27:19,111
is to establish a kind of

558
00:27:19,111 --> 00:27:20,866
correspondence between the

559
00:27:20,866 --> 00:27:23,953
transformative ambition of a political

560
00:27:23,953 --> 00:27:26,650
project and the severity of the

561
00:27:26,650 --> 00:27:29,212
constitutional obstacles they must

562
00:27:29,212 --> 00:27:33,098
overcome to be implemented

563
00:27:33,098 --> 00:27:35,785
our interest is to reaffirm the liberal

564
00:27:35,785 --> 00:27:38,060
principle but to repudiate the

565
00:27:38,060 --> 00:27:40,047
conservative one

566
00:27:40,047 --> 00:27:42,410
the Americans imagine

567
00:27:42,410 --> 00:27:44,700
that they are naturally and

568
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:46,533
necessarily combined

569
00:27:46,533 --> 00:27:48,252
they are not

570
00:27:48,252 --> 00:27:50,339
they are combined by design

571
00:27:50,339 --> 00:27:52,926
to inhibit the political transformation

572
00:27:52,926 --> 00:27:55,537
of society

573
00:27:55,537 --> 00:27:56,966
if the context is that of

574
00:27:56,966 --> 00:27:59,786
a presidential form of government

575
00:27:59,786 --> 00:28:02,171
we would equip the regime

576
00:28:02,171 --> 00:28:04,889
with instruments for the rapid

577
00:28:04,889 --> 00:28:09,607
overcoming of deadlock between

578
00:28:09,607 --> 00:28:12,016
the political branches

579
00:28:12,016 --> 00:28:13,614
for example

580
00:28:13,614 --> 00:28:15,602
either of the political branches

581
00:28:15,602 --> 00:28:21,727
would enjoy the prerogative of calling

582
00:28:21,727 --> 00:28:24,463
early elections which however

583
00:28:24,463 --> 00:28:27,189
would always be bilateral

584
00:28:27,189 --> 00:28:29,519
for both political branches

585
00:28:29,519 --> 00:28:30,909
in this way

586
00:28:30,909 --> 00:28:32,470
the branch that exercised

587
00:28:32,470 --> 00:28:34,722
the constitutional prerogative

588
00:28:34,722 --> 00:28:37,755
would have to pay the political price

589
00:28:37,755 --> 00:28:41,065
of running the electoral risk

590
00:28:41,065 --> 00:28:44,781
a third set of innovations

591
00:28:44,781 --> 00:28:49,984
would exploit the latent experimentalist

592
00:28:49,984 --> 00:28:54,133
potential of a federal regime

593
00:28:54,133 --> 00:28:58,454
different parts of the country

594
00:28:58,454 --> 00:29:02,971
or even different sectors of society

595
00:29:02,971 --> 00:29:06,060
would enjoy the right to opt out

596
00:29:06,060 --> 00:29:08,567
of the general solutions

597
00:29:08,567 --> 00:29:12,165
and to create counter models of the future

598
00:29:12,165 --> 00:29:14,006
without it being the case that

599
00:29:14,006 --> 00:29:16,482
the degree of deviation that is

600
00:29:16,482 --> 00:29:18,636
allowed to one locality

601
00:29:18,636 --> 00:29:20,175
or one sector

602
00:29:20,175 --> 00:29:22,041
would have to be universalized

603
00:29:22,041 --> 00:29:23,741
for all of them

604
00:29:23,741 --> 00:29:27,303
a fourth set of innovations

605
00:29:27,303 --> 00:29:29,125
establishes in the state

606
00:29:29,125 --> 00:29:32,141
a distinct power or even a new

607
00:29:32,141 --> 00:29:36,691
branch designed, equipped, and

608
00:29:36,691 --> 00:29:38,267
legitimated to come to the rescue

609
00:29:38,267 --> 00:29:41,517
of groups suffering from forms of

610
00:29:41,517 --> 00:29:44,536
exclusion or disadvantage

611
00:29:44,536 --> 00:29:47,412
from which they are unable to escape

612
00:29:47,412 --> 00:29:49,843
by the means of collective action

613
00:29:49,843 --> 00:29:51,154
that are available to them

614
00:29:51,154 --> 00:29:56,259
it is a form of structural but

615
00:29:56,259 --> 00:29:58,912
localized intervention

616
00:29:58,912 --> 00:30:01,807
that does not fit within

617
00:30:01,807 --> 00:30:04,206
the limits of the present

618
00:30:04,206 --> 00:30:07,224
organization of government

619
00:30:07,224 --> 00:30:10,011
a fifth set of innovations

620
00:30:10,011 --> 00:30:12,807
enriches representative democracy

621
00:30:12,807 --> 00:30:15,539
with elements of direct or

622
00:30:15,539 --> 00:30:18,390
participatory democracy

623
00:30:18,390 --> 00:30:21,509
the best terrain in which to

624
00:30:21,509 --> 00:30:23,333
advance in this way

625
00:30:23,333 --> 00:30:26,483
is the engagement of independent

626
00:30:26,483 --> 00:30:28,158
civil society

627
00:30:28,158 --> 00:30:31,748
in the experimental and competitive

628
00:30:31,748 --> 00:30:36,207
provision of public services

629
00:30:36,207 --> 00:30:40,724
the path marked by these changes

630
00:30:40,724 --> 00:30:43,519
in the organization of the market economy

631
00:30:43,519 --> 00:30:46,042
of education, of civil society,

632
00:30:46,042 --> 00:30:48,615
and of democracy

633
00:30:48,615 --> 00:30:50,812
has as its counterpart

634
00:30:50,812 --> 00:30:55,019
a reshaping of the world political

635
00:30:55,019 --> 00:30:57,892
and economic order

636
00:30:57,892 --> 00:30:59,581
globalization is not there on

637
00:30:59,581 --> 00:31:01,226
a take it or leave it basis

638
00:31:01,226 --> 00:31:03,644
we are not confined to having

639
00:31:03,644 --> 00:31:06,374
more of it or less of it

640
00:31:06,374 --> 00:31:09,680
we need a different globalization

641
00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:13,687
the political and economic order that

642
00:31:13,687 --> 00:31:15,497
has been developed in the world

643
00:31:15,497 --> 00:31:16,928
since the second world war is a

644
00:31:16,928 --> 00:31:20,078
Metternichean project

645
00:31:20,078 --> 00:31:24,975
in the name of political security

646
00:31:24,975 --> 00:31:27,752
and economic openness

647
00:31:27,752 --> 00:31:31,216
it threatens to impose on all

648
00:31:31,216 --> 00:31:34,133
of humanity a formula of

649
00:31:34,133 --> 00:31:37,728
compulsive convergence to the same

650
00:31:37,728 --> 00:31:41,235
set of institutions and practices

651
00:31:41,235 --> 00:31:43,800
when in fact our interest lies

652
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:47,507
in radical experiments in the

653
00:31:47,507 --> 00:31:51,911
institutional forms of the market economy

654
00:31:51,911 --> 00:31:54,977
of free civil society

655
00:31:54,977 --> 00:31:58,308
and of democracy

656
00:31:58,308 --> 00:32:00,090
take the example of the world

657
00:32:00,090 --> 00:32:01,478
trade regime

658
00:32:01,478 --> 00:32:04,853
the regime that is being established

659
00:32:04,853 --> 00:32:06,876
in the world

660
00:32:06,876 --> 00:32:09,423
conforms to four principles

661
00:32:09,423 --> 00:32:11,697
all of which should be replaced

662
00:32:11,697 --> 00:32:14,295
the first principle is to

663
00:32:14,295 --> 00:32:17,412
maximize the opportunities for free trade

664
00:32:17,412 --> 00:32:20,199
but free trade is not an end

665
00:32:20,199 --> 00:32:21,931
it is just a means

666
00:32:21,931 --> 00:32:25,393
the end should be the co-existence

667
00:32:25,393 --> 00:32:28,024
of alternative experiences of

668
00:32:28,024 --> 00:32:29,600
civilization and alternative

669
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:31,098
trajectories of development

670
00:32:31,098 --> 00:32:34,773
within a world economic order

671
00:32:34,773 --> 00:32:37,791
that becomes progressively more open

672
00:32:37,791 --> 00:32:41,523
the second principle is to

673
00:32:41,523 --> 00:32:44,831
impose on the trading nations

674
00:32:44,831 --> 00:32:47,484
in the name of free trade

675
00:32:47,484 --> 00:32:50,724
adherence not simply to an abstract

676
00:32:50,724 --> 00:32:53,201
idea of a market economy

677
00:32:53,201 --> 00:32:56,431
but to a particular version of the

678
00:32:56,431 --> 00:32:58,262
market economy

679
00:32:58,262 --> 00:33:00,660
thus for example

680
00:33:00,660 --> 00:33:04,768
to outlaw under the label 'subsidies'

681
00:33:04,768 --> 00:33:08,451
all the forms of strategic coordination

682
00:33:08,451 --> 00:33:10,612
between governments and firms

683
00:33:10,612 --> 00:33:12,781
that the countries now rich

684
00:33:12,781 --> 00:33:14,611
used to become rich

685
00:33:14,611 --> 00:33:17,021
or to incorporate into the rules

686
00:33:17,021 --> 00:33:18,467
of free trade

687
00:33:18,467 --> 00:33:21,761
the odious regime of intellectual property

688
00:33:21,761 --> 00:33:24,322
developed since the late nineteenth

689
00:33:24,322 --> 00:33:28,277
century that places many of the

690
00:33:28,277 --> 00:33:31,414
technological innovations of greatest

691
00:33:31,414 --> 00:33:35,200
value to humanity in the control of a

692
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:39,693
handful of big multinational businesses

693
00:33:39,693 --> 00:33:43,134
we should replace this institutional

694
00:33:43,134 --> 00:33:47,877
maximalism by an institutional minimalism

695
00:33:47,877 --> 00:33:52,368
the greatest economic openness

696
00:33:52,368 --> 00:33:55,545
with the least possible restraint

697
00:33:55,545 --> 00:33:59,094
on national institutional experiments

698
00:33:59,094 --> 00:34:02,193
including experiments in the way to

699
00:34:02,193 --> 00:34:05,977
organize a market economy

700
00:34:05,977 --> 00:34:07,687
a third principle

701
00:34:07,687 --> 00:34:12,237
is to grant goods and capital

702
00:34:12,237 --> 00:34:15,215
increasing freedom to roam the world

703
00:34:15,215 --> 00:34:18,386
while imprisoning people in

704
00:34:18,386 --> 00:34:20,373
the nation state

705
00:34:20,373 --> 00:34:22,280
or in blocks of relatively homogenous

706
00:34:22,280 --> 00:34:23,813
nation states

707
00:34:23,813 --> 00:34:26,278
such as the European Union

708
00:34:26,278 --> 00:34:29,941
freedom for labour to move could

709
00:34:29,941 --> 00:34:34,003
never be instantaneously established

710
00:34:34,003 --> 00:34:37,353
but things, money, and people

711
00:34:37,353 --> 00:34:40,240
should gain freedom together

712
00:34:40,240 --> 00:34:43,824
to cross national frontiers

713
00:34:43,824 --> 00:34:47,675
in small, cumulative steps

714
00:34:47,675 --> 00:34:51,884
there is no more powerful mechanism

715
00:34:51,884 --> 00:34:54,645
by which to achieve greater

716
00:34:54,645 --> 00:34:58,075
equalization in the world

717
00:34:58,075 --> 00:35:01,636
the freedom of things

718
00:35:01,636 --> 00:35:02,804
and of money to move

719
00:35:02,804 --> 00:35:05,549
is sometimes useful

720
00:35:05,549 --> 00:35:08,287
and sometimes harmful

721
00:35:08,287 --> 00:35:11,107
but the freedom of people to move

722
00:35:11,107 --> 00:35:13,193
is sacrosanct

723
00:35:13,193 --> 00:35:14,869
because it is part of the process

724
00:35:14,869 --> 00:35:17,275
by which humanity becomes

725
00:35:17,275 --> 00:35:20,816
both unified and diverse

726
00:35:20,816 --> 00:35:24,325
the fourth principle is that the

727
00:35:24,325 --> 00:35:26,923
world trading system is being organized

728
00:35:26,923 --> 00:35:32,163
on the pretence of universal free labour

729
00:35:32,163 --> 00:35:35,754
no matter how oppressive

730
00:35:35,754 --> 00:35:38,323
the conditions of economically

731
00:35:38,323 --> 00:35:41,522
dependent wage labour in fact are

732
00:35:41,522 --> 00:35:44,960
free labour must be really free

733
00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:48,011
and in the future free labour must mean

734
00:35:48,011 --> 00:35:51,197
the predominance of self employment

735
00:35:51,197 --> 00:35:53,617
and cooperation over economically

736
00:35:53,617 --> 00:35:56,193
dependent wage labour

737
00:35:56,193 --> 00:36:01,553
this example of reconstruction of the

738
00:36:01,553 --> 00:36:04,494
world trading system

739
00:36:04,494 --> 00:36:07,490
illustrates a larger principle

740
00:36:07,490 --> 00:36:10,889
the progressive program

741
00:36:10,889 --> 00:36:13,094
that I have outlined

742
00:36:13,094 --> 00:36:16,204
has as its ally

743
00:36:16,204 --> 00:36:20,171
the construction of a world political

744
00:36:20,171 --> 00:36:22,575
and economic order

745
00:36:22,575 --> 00:36:26,552
more hospitable to alternatives

746
00:36:26,552 --> 00:36:28,437
to divergence

747
00:36:28,437 --> 00:36:30,302
to experiments

748
00:36:30,302 --> 00:36:32,310
to heresies

749
00:36:32,310 --> 00:36:35,466
than the order that is now established

750
00:36:35,466 --> 00:36:39,122
the obstacles

751
00:36:39,122 --> 00:36:41,777
consider an intellectual

752
00:36:41,777 --> 00:36:44,639
and a spiritual obstacle

753
00:36:44,639 --> 00:36:47,215
to a progressive program

754
00:36:47,215 --> 00:36:49,556
like the one I have sketched

755
00:36:49,556 --> 00:36:52,055
the prevailing ideas

756
00:36:52,055 --> 00:36:55,153
in the whole field of social and

757
00:36:55,153 --> 00:36:56,173
historical studies

758
00:36:56,173 --> 00:36:59,446
are antagonistic to the exploration

759
00:36:59,446 --> 00:37:02,076
of institutional alternatives

760
00:37:02,076 --> 00:37:03,685
they have severed the link

761
00:37:03,685 --> 00:37:06,383
between insight into the actual

762
00:37:06,383 --> 00:37:08,780
and imagination of the possible

763
00:37:08,780 --> 00:37:10,645
they have become

764
00:37:10,645 --> 00:37:12,954
part of the problem

765
00:37:12,954 --> 00:37:15,550
rather than part of the solution

766
00:37:15,550 --> 00:37:18,715
sources of superstition

767
00:37:18,715 --> 00:37:23,078
forming a chorus of fatalism

768
00:37:23,078 --> 00:37:25,741
above all

769
00:37:25,741 --> 00:37:28,016
we need to form

770
00:37:28,016 --> 00:37:32,576
in political economy and legal analysis

771
00:37:32,576 --> 00:37:35,708
the twin disciplines of

772
00:37:35,708 --> 00:37:39,104
the institutional imagination

773
00:37:39,104 --> 00:37:43,544
an aim of this progressive program

774
00:37:43,544 --> 00:37:47,139
is to create a world in which trauma

775
00:37:47,139 --> 00:37:49,414
no longer needs to be the

776
00:37:49,414 --> 00:37:53,854
enabling circumstance of transformation

777
00:37:53,854 --> 00:37:57,103
nevertheless, the institutions that

778
00:37:57,103 --> 00:37:58,826
would diminish the dependence

779
00:37:58,826 --> 00:38:00,588
of change upon crisis

780
00:38:00,588 --> 00:38:02,807
themselves seem to depend for their

781
00:38:02,807 --> 00:38:06,184
establishment upon crisis

782
00:38:06,184 --> 00:38:10,512
only the imagination can break this

783
00:38:10,512 --> 00:38:11,900
vicious circle

784
00:38:11,900 --> 00:38:15,917
the task of the imagination is to do

785
00:38:15,917 --> 00:38:19,124
the work of crisis without crisis

786
00:38:19,124 --> 00:38:24,209
the cold calculus of interest must

787
00:38:24,209 --> 00:38:28,584
be reinforced by the visionary impulse

788
00:38:28,584 --> 00:38:32,977
by the prophetic voice

789
00:38:32,977 --> 00:38:37,417
the goal of the progressives was

790
00:38:37,417 --> 00:38:41,434
never just to humanize society

791
00:38:41,434 --> 00:38:44,907
to attenuate its cruelties

792
00:38:44,907 --> 00:38:49,378
and to redress its injustices

793
00:38:49,378 --> 00:38:55,826
it was always also to divinize humanity

794
00:38:55,826 --> 00:39:00,965
to raise us up to a greater life