0:00:05.036,0:00:07.793
The world suffers at the hands of a

0:00:07.793,0:00:10.793
dictatorship of no alternatives

0:00:10.793,0:00:15.433
Its power is manifest in many ways.

0:00:15.433,0:00:18.433
There is now a very limited

0:00:18.433,0:00:20.973
range of institutional options for the

0:00:20.973,0:00:23.003
organization of different areas

0:00:23.003,0:00:24.485
of social life.

0:00:24.485,0:00:30.603
This restrictive institutional repertory

0:00:30.603,0:00:32.313
has become the fate of the

0:00:32.313,0:00:34.975
contemporary societies

0:00:34.975,0:00:36.805
There are two types of leftists

0:00:36.805,0:00:39.698
or of progressives

0:00:39.698,0:00:42.565
There is a resign, surrender left

0:00:42.565,0:00:43.565
it accepts the market economy in its [br]

0:00:43.565,0:00:46.202
present form

0:00:46.202,0:00:50.787
and globalization on its present course

0:00:50.787,0:00:52.725
and tries to humanize them

0:00:52.725,0:00:55.122
especially through compensatory

0:00:55.122,0:00:59.992
redistribution by tax and transfer

0:00:59.992,0:01:03.381
the key note of its politics

0:01:03.381,0:01:05.987
is the humanization of the inevitable

0:01:05.987,0:01:08.260
its program, is the program of its

0:01:08.260,0:01:11.260
conservative adversaries

0:01:11.260,0:01:14.145
with a humanizing discount

0:01:14.145,0:01:18.370
Then there is a recalcitrant,

0:01:18.370,0:01:20.620
nostalgic left

0:01:20.620,0:01:22.700
It too lacks an alternative

0:01:22.700,0:01:25.280
to the present form of a market

0:01:25.280,0:01:28.936
or the present direction of globalization

0:01:28.936,0:01:32.186
It wants simply, to slow their course

0:01:32.186,0:01:36.708
the better to defend the prerogatives

0:01:36.708,0:01:39.708
of its historical constituency

0:01:39.708,0:01:44.198
the organized labour force headquartered

0:01:44.198,0:01:47.198
in the capital intensive

0:01:47.198,0:01:48.672
sectors of industry

0:01:48.672,0:01:52.179
In every country in the world

0:01:52.179,0:01:56.006
that base is a shrinking part of a

0:01:56.006,0:01:59.989
population increasingly seen

0:01:59.989,0:02:04.609
as just one more interest group

0:02:04.609,0:02:08.268
rather than as the bearer

0:02:08.268,0:02:10.011
of the universal interests

0:02:10.011,0:02:11.808
of society

0:02:11.808,0:02:15.150
In the rich north atlantic world

0:02:15.150,0:02:19.490
the horizon of programmatic debate

0:02:19.490,0:02:22.963
has become increasingly narrowed

0:02:22.963,0:02:25.205
down to the attempt

0:02:25.205,0:02:28.711
to reconcile American-style economic

0:02:28.711,0:02:33.072
flexibility and European-style social

0:02:33.076,0:02:37.196
protection within the limits of the inherited

0:02:37.196,0:02:38.901
institutional framework

0:02:38.901,0:02:42.021
that frame work was designed

0:02:42.021,0:02:44.879
in the social democratic settlement

0:02:44.879,0:02:47.904
of the mid twentieth century

0:02:47.904,0:02:50.958
under the terms of that settlement

0:02:50.958,0:02:53.474
the forces that challenged

0:02:53.474,0:02:56.724
the existing organization

0:02:56.724,0:02:58.434
of power and of production

0:02:58.434,0:03:01.410
abandoned the challenge

0:03:01.410,0:03:04.971
the state was allowed to acquire the power

0:03:04.971,0:03:09.224
to redistribute by tax and transfer

0:03:09.224,0:03:11.929
to regulate the economy

0:03:11.929,0:03:13.183
more thoroughly

0:03:13.183,0:03:16.369
and to conduct a counter cyclical

0:03:16.369,0:03:19.254
economic policy

0:03:19.254,0:03:24.225
now however none of the fundamental

0:03:24.225,0:03:26.125
problems of contemporary societies

0:03:26.125,0:03:28.256
can be solved

0:03:28.256,0:03:31.896
or even addressed

0:03:31.896,0:03:35.901
unless we reopen the terms

0:03:35.901,0:03:38.922
of that social democratic settlement

0:03:38.922,0:03:43.679
and innovate in the institutional

0:03:43.679,0:03:45.837
arrangements that organize democracies

0:03:45.837,0:03:51.807
market economies and free civil societies

0:03:51.807,0:03:54.811
the consequences of the dictatorship

0:03:54.811,0:03:58.719
of no alternatives are far reaching

0:03:58.719,0:04:04.201
the result of the restrictive

0:04:04.201,0:04:05.804
institutional repertory

0:04:05.804,0:04:08.620
is to hold hostage

0:04:08.620,0:04:11.961
all of our recognized

0:04:11.961,0:04:16.112
ideals and interests

0:04:16.112,0:04:19.097
our interests and ideals

0:04:19.097,0:04:22.269
always remain nailed to the cross

0:04:22.269,0:04:25.189
of the institutions and practices

0:04:25.189,0:04:28.119
that represent them in fact

0:04:28.119,0:04:33.534
the dictatorship of no alternatives

0:04:33.534,0:04:36.430
undermines the force

0:04:36.430,0:04:39.993
and hollows out the content

0:04:39.993,0:04:43.536
of the most powerful message

0:04:43.536,0:04:45.368
in the world today

0:04:45.368,0:04:48.865
the message shared

0:04:48.865,0:04:52.582
by the revolutionary projects

0:04:52.582,0:04:56.655
of democracy, liberalism, and socialism

0:04:56.655,0:05:00.538
and by the world wide popular

0:05:00.538,0:05:01.341
romantic culture

0:05:01.341,0:05:05.909
the essential creed of democracy

0:05:05.909,0:05:07.379
is faith

0:05:07.379,0:05:11.093
in the constructive genius of ordinary[br]

0:05:11.093,0:05:13.024
men and women

0:05:13.024,0:05:16.387
and the message of the popular [br]

0:05:16.387,0:05:19.505
revolutionary romantic culture

0:05:19.505,0:05:24.765
is that all men and women

0:05:24.765,0:05:26.719
are god-like

0:05:26.719,0:05:30.192
and can raise themselves up

0:05:30.192,0:05:33.137
to a greater life

0:05:33.137,0:05:37.542
here I outline

0:05:37.542,0:05:40.418
a path for the progressives

0:05:40.418,0:05:43.559
I advance in four steps

0:05:43.559,0:05:48.578
the incitements, the direction

0:05:48.578,0:05:51.407
the change

0:05:51.407,0:05:55.193
and the obstacles

0:05:55.193,0:05:57.692
the incitements

0:05:57.692,0:06:00.187
a first incitement is the opportunity

0:06:00.187,0:06:02.861
presented by a momentous

0:06:02.861,0:06:06.002
shift in the style of production

0:06:06.002,0:06:09.787
a new form of production

0:06:09.787,0:06:11.574
is emerging in the world

0:06:11.574,0:06:15.170
in the major developing countries

0:06:15.170,0:06:18.737
as well as in the richest economies

0:06:18.737,0:06:22.794
it is characterized not simply

0:06:22.794,0:06:25.062
by the accumulation

0:06:25.062,0:06:27.139
of capital technology and

0:06:27.139,0:06:29.692
knowledge but also

0:06:29.692,0:06:32.699
by a set of practices

0:06:32.699,0:06:36.475
of productive experimentalism

0:06:36.475,0:06:39.884
these practices

0:06:39.884,0:06:43.899
soften the contrast between

0:06:43.899,0:06:45.727
conception and execution

0:06:45.727,0:06:51.040
they relativize the distinctions

0:06:51.040,0:06:53.766
amongst specialized work roles

0:06:53.766,0:06:59.231
they mix cooperation and competition

0:06:59.231,0:07:01.696
in the same domains

0:07:01.696,0:07:02.915
above all

0:07:02.915,0:07:07.132
they transform productive activity

0:07:07.132,0:07:10.595
into a collective practice

0:07:10.595,0:07:14.280
of permanent discovery

0:07:14.280,0:07:18.330
and innovation

0:07:18.330,0:07:19.430
the problem

0:07:19.430,0:07:23.013
is that this productive vanguardism

0:07:23.013,0:07:28.884
remains isolated in advance sectors

0:07:28.884,0:07:31.759
only weakly linked

0:07:31.759,0:07:34.168
to the other sectors

0:07:34.168,0:07:35.978
of the national economies in which

0:07:35.978,0:07:36.809
they exist

0:07:36.809,0:07:40.295
the vast majority of humanity

0:07:40.295,0:07:42.446
is excluded from them

0:07:42.446,0:07:45.645
in richer countries

0:07:45.645,0:07:48.219
as well as in poorer ones

0:07:48.219,0:07:52.303
the two traditional devices

0:07:52.303,0:07:55.444
for the attenuation of inequality

0:07:55.444,0:07:59.705
compensatory redistribution

0:07:59.705,0:08:04.366
and promotion of small business

0:08:04.366,0:08:07.120
prove inadequate to the task

0:08:07.120,0:08:11.116
of mastering the vast

0:08:11.116,0:08:13.587
forces of inequality

0:08:13.587,0:08:15.080
and of exclusion

0:08:15.080,0:08:17.211
that result

0:08:17.211,0:08:19.130
from this new form

0:08:19.130,0:08:21.950
of the hierarchical segmentation of

0:08:21.950,0:08:23.238
the economy

0:08:23.238,0:08:26.765
the emerging style of production

0:08:26.765,0:08:29.973
is not a horse that we can ride to freedom

0:08:29.973,0:08:32.826
It is simply an occassion

0:08:32.826,0:08:36.722
to be mastered and redirected

0:08:36.722,0:08:39.441
a second incitement

0:08:39.441,0:08:42.160
is the desire of nations to be different

0:08:42.160,0:08:46.424
the role of nations and nation-states in a

0:08:46.424,0:08:48.287
world of democracies

0:08:48.287,0:08:51.583
is to represent a moral specialization

0:08:51.583,0:08:54.715
within mankind

0:08:54.715,0:08:57.800
humanity develops its powers

0:08:57.800,0:08:59.466
only by developing them in different

0:08:59.466,0:09:00.964
directions and expressing them

0:09:00.964,0:09:03.660
in divergent forms of life

0:09:03.660,0:09:07.547
to be strong and independent

0:09:07.547,0:09:11.585
nations must give up a part of

0:09:11.585,0:09:12.584
themselves

0:09:12.584,0:09:16.036
emptying out the tangible

0:09:16.036,0:09:18.255
and customary content

0:09:18.255,0:09:20.634
of their collective identities

0:09:20.634,0:09:25.025
two neighbouring peoples

0:09:25.025,0:09:26.535
come to hate each other

0:09:26.535,0:09:28.810
not because they are different

0:09:28.810,0:09:31.484
but because they are becoming alike

0:09:31.484,0:09:33.376
and want to be different

0:09:33.376,0:09:37.368
the poisonous character of contemporary

0:09:37.368,0:09:39.067
nationalism lies in this

0:09:39.077,0:09:43.835
the desire to differ

0:09:43.861,0:09:47.172
is inflamed

0:09:47.172,0:09:49.187
by an impotent

0:09:49.187,0:09:51.054
will to difference

0:09:51.054,0:09:53.950
in the presence of the weighting of

0:09:53.950,0:09:57.757
actual difference

0:09:57.757,0:09:58.892
but the solution

0:09:58.892,0:10:00.724
is not to retreat

0:10:00.724,0:10:03.582
into an empty cosmopolitanism

0:10:03.582,0:10:07.799
it is to equip

0:10:07.799,0:10:10.619
the desire for collective difference

0:10:10.619,0:10:12.795
with institutional instruments

0:10:12.795,0:10:17.016
the differences to be created in the

0:10:17.016,0:10:19.730
future matter more than the

0:10:19.730,0:10:24.271
differences inherited from the past

0:10:24.271,0:10:26.590
prophecy over memory

0:10:26.590,0:10:29.599
a third incitement is the desire of

0:10:29.599,0:10:31.652
hundreds of millions of ordinary

0:10:31.652,0:10:32.809
men and women

0:10:32.809,0:10:35.161
to rise to a condition

0:10:35.161,0:10:37.794
of modest prosperity

0:10:37.794,0:10:39.068
and independence

0:10:39.068,0:10:41.509
and to escape

0:10:41.509,0:10:43.787
the servile circumstance

0:10:43.787,0:10:47.184
of dependent wage labour

0:10:47.184,0:10:49.137
when Abraham Lincoln remarked

0:10:49.137,0:10:50.669
that no one would accept

0:10:50.669,0:10:53.248
the life long condition of

0:10:53.248,0:10:55.298
hired labour

0:10:55.298,0:10:57.823
other than either because

0:10:57.823,0:10:59.754
of a dependent nature

0:10:59.754,0:11:03.804
or improvidence folly or singular

0:11:03.804,0:11:05.379
misfortune, he was expressing

0:11:05.379,0:11:07.101
a view widely shared

0:11:07.101,0:11:10.087
by the liberals and socialists

0:11:10.087,0:11:13.946
of the nineteenth century

0:11:13.946,0:11:15.801
but then given up

0:11:15.801,0:11:18.965
by the ideologists

0:11:18.965,0:11:21.728
of the left

0:11:21.728,0:11:23.981
in the twentieth century

0:11:23.981,0:11:27.221
by default

0:11:27.221,0:11:29.863
the desire for independence

0:11:29.863,0:11:31.683
is commonly fixed

0:11:31.683,0:11:34.148
on the narrow forms

0:11:34.148,0:11:36.290
of small holding

0:11:36.290,0:11:37.799
or isolated

0:11:37.799,0:11:39.687
family business

0:11:39.687,0:11:43.694
the task of the progressives

0:11:43.694,0:11:46.003
would be to meet this desire

0:11:46.003,0:11:48.699
on its own terms

0:11:48.699,0:11:50.175
and to provide it

0:11:50.175,0:11:51.708
with a broader range

0:11:51.708,0:11:55.214
of forms of satisfaction

0:11:55.214,0:11:57.234
through the institutional reorganization

0:11:57.234,0:12:00.897
of the market economy

0:12:00.897,0:12:02.817
the direction

0:12:02.817,0:12:05.712
the distinguishing feature

0:12:05.712,0:12:08.953
of a progressive or left position

0:12:08.953,0:12:10.330
today is to combine

0:12:10.330,0:12:13.716
devotion to the achievement of a greater

0:12:13.716,0:12:15.803
life for the ordinary man and woman

0:12:15.803,0:12:18.490
with a program for the institutional

0:12:18.490,0:12:22.018
reorganization of society

0:12:22.018,0:12:24.336
the liberals and socialists of

0:12:24.336,0:12:26.200
the nineteenth century understood

0:12:26.200,0:12:30.274
that equality is subordinate

0:12:30.274,0:12:32.745
to greatness

0:12:32.745,0:12:35.727
and entrenched an extreme inequality

0:12:35.727,0:12:39.154
is to be combated as a restraint

0:12:39.154,0:12:40.755
on the achievement

0:12:40.755,0:12:43.608
of that larger objective

0:12:43.608,0:12:49.135
and they all had an institutional proposal

0:12:49.135,0:12:51.798
for the socialists the governmental

0:12:51.798,0:12:53.185
direction of the economy

0:12:53.185,0:12:55.226
for the liberals

0:12:55.226,0:12:56.293
the establishment

0:12:56.293,0:12:59.646
of a single dogmatic version

0:12:59.646,0:13:04.241
of the market ecocomy and of democracy

0:13:04.241,0:13:08.247
their view of greatness was

0:13:08.247,0:13:10.334
too narrowly modelled on

0:13:10.334,0:13:12.388
the aristocratic experience

0:13:12.388,0:13:16.660
of self possession

0:13:16.660,0:13:18.802
and their institutional forumlas

0:13:18.802,0:13:20.001
are no longer credible to us

0:13:20.001,0:13:24.451
but we must reassert

0:13:24.451,0:13:27.495
the vital combination between

0:13:27.495,0:13:29.547
the idea of greatness

0:13:29.547,0:13:33.175
and the commitment to the

0:13:33.175,0:13:34.684
institutional transformation

0:13:34.684,0:13:37.391
of the economy

0:13:37.391,0:13:39.201
of politics

0:13:39.201,0:13:41.634
and of civil society

0:13:41.634,0:13:44.198
that is the only way

0:13:44.198,0:13:47.349
to be faithful to the most

0:13:47.349,0:13:49.656
powerful message that

0:13:49.656,0:13:51.657
the political programs of

0:13:51.657,0:13:54.596
democracy, liberalism, and socialism

0:13:54.596,0:13:57.416
share with the popular romantic

0:13:57.416,0:13:59.592
revolutionary message

0:13:59.592,0:14:02.122
of the empowerment

0:14:02.122,0:14:06.640
of ordinary humanity

0:14:06.640,0:14:11.457
whichever force, right or left

0:14:11.457,0:14:18.238
most plausibly embodies this message

0:14:18.238,0:14:20.644
of vitality

0:14:20.644,0:14:22.728
of capability

0:14:22.728,0:14:24.907
of greatness

0:14:24.907,0:14:29.723
will command the political agenda

0:14:29.723,0:14:31.454
of the future

0:14:31.454,0:14:37.236
I now outline four planks in a

0:14:37.236,0:14:38.257
progressive platform

0:14:38.257,0:14:41.219
a democratized market economy

0:14:41.219,0:14:44.905
that provides the majority

0:14:44.905,0:14:46.471
of men and women

0:14:46.471,0:14:47.615
with the instruments of

0:14:47.615,0:14:49.035
effective agency

0:14:49.035,0:14:50.623
a form of education that

0:14:50.623,0:14:52.092
allows them to see beyond

0:14:52.092,0:14:53.789
the present context

0:14:53.789,0:14:57.351
a way of organizing civil society

0:14:57.351,0:15:00.928
that ensures a practical basis

0:15:00.928,0:15:03.391
for social solidarity

0:15:03.391,0:15:05.966
stronger than money transfers

0:15:05.966,0:15:08.696
and a high energy democracy

0:15:08.696,0:15:11.395
that diminishes the dependence

0:15:11.395,0:15:14.243
of change upon crisis

0:15:14.243,0:15:18.805
such a program is not a blueprint

0:15:18.805,0:15:21.524
it is a direction

0:15:21.524,0:15:23.459
a succession of steps

0:15:23.459,0:15:26.232
not architecture, but music

0:15:26.232,0:15:31.004
its intentions are not merely local

0:15:31.004,0:15:34.957
a universal orthodoxy

0:15:34.957,0:15:38.296
such as neoliberalism

0:15:38.296,0:15:41.600
can be successfully

0:15:41.600,0:15:43.655
resisted only by

0:15:43.655,0:15:46.452
a universalizing heresy

0:15:46.452,0:15:48.636
as liberalism and socialism

0:15:48.636,0:15:51.426
were in their day

0:15:51.426,0:15:52.790
and the whole world

0:15:52.790,0:15:54.177
is now bound together

0:15:54.177,0:15:55.779
by a chain

0:15:55.779,0:15:57.697
of analogous problems

0:15:57.697,0:16:00.517
and solutions

0:16:00.517,0:16:03.213
a democratized market economy

0:16:03.213,0:16:06.486
distinguish a point of departure

0:16:06.486,0:16:08.440
and a horizon

0:16:08.440,0:16:09.733
the point of departure

0:16:09.733,0:16:10.526
is the effort

0:16:10.526,0:16:12.193
to broaden access

0:16:12.193,0:16:14.180
to the new vanguards

0:16:14.180,0:16:14.878
of production

0:16:14.878,0:16:18.975
and allow the practices

0:16:18.975,0:16:21.740
of productive experimentalism

0:16:21.740,0:16:25.302
to spread through large parts

0:16:25.302,0:16:28.341
of the society and the economy

0:16:28.341,0:16:30.641
to this end we must innovate

0:16:30.641,0:16:33.693
in the institutional arrangements

0:16:33.693,0:16:35.482
shaping the relations

0:16:35.482,0:16:37.669
between governments and firms

0:16:37.669,0:16:40.909
there are now two models

0:16:40.909,0:16:42.992
of government-firm relations

0:16:42.992,0:16:45.461
available in the world

0:16:45.461,0:16:47.745
the American model of arms-length

0:16:47.745,0:16:51.084
regulation of business by government

0:16:51.084,0:16:53.194
and the north east Asian model of

0:16:53.194,0:16:57.821
formulation of unitary trade and industrial

0:16:57.821,0:16:59.779
policy imposed top down

0:16:59.779,0:17:02.726
by the bureaucratic apparatus

0:17:02.726,0:17:04.779
of the state

0:17:04.779,0:17:07.354
we require a third model

0:17:07.354,0:17:10.584
a form of strategic coordination

0:17:10.584,0:17:12.680
between governments and firms

0:17:12.680,0:17:15.718
that is decentralized, pluralistic

0:17:15.718,0:17:19.810
participatory, and experimental

0:17:19.810,0:17:25.769
the horizon is a change

0:17:25.769,0:17:27.756
in the character of production

0:17:27.756,0:17:29.264
and of labour

0:17:29.264,0:17:32.941
with two aspects

0:17:32.941,0:17:34.493
one aspect

0:17:34.493,0:17:39.003
is the reconstruction of free labour

0:17:39.003,0:17:42.709
economically dependent wage labour

0:17:42.709,0:17:45.696
was always a compromise

0:17:45.696,0:17:49.159
retaining some of the characteristics

0:17:49.159,0:17:52.554
of slavery and serfdom

0:17:52.554,0:17:56.669
the aim is to affirm the predominance

0:17:56.669,0:18:00.356
of the two other forms of free labour

0:18:00.356,0:18:02.476
combined with each other

0:18:02.476,0:18:06.270
self employment and cooperation

0:18:06.270,0:18:08.058
in such a way that they can

0:18:08.058,0:18:09.047
address the problems of scale

0:18:09.047,0:18:14.751
the other aspect

0:18:14.751,0:18:16.752
is to change the relations

0:18:16.752,0:18:21.199
between people and machines

0:18:21.199,0:18:24.151
everything that we have learned how

0:18:24.151,0:18:27.392
to repeat we can express in a formula

0:18:27.392,0:18:30.004
and whatever we can express in a

0:18:30.004,0:18:32.101
forumla we can embody in a

0:18:32.101,0:18:35.131
physical contraption - a machine

0:18:35.131,0:18:36.786
the point of machines

0:18:36.786,0:18:39.763
is to do for us everything that we

0:18:39.763,0:18:42.805
have learned to repeat

0:18:42.805,0:18:45.103
the better to preserve the time of our

0:18:45.103,0:18:48.978
lives for the not yet repeatable

0:18:48.978,0:18:51.452
and inbetween the point of departure

0:18:51.452,0:18:53.519
and the horizon

0:18:53.519,0:18:55.916
the institutional reshaping of

0:18:55.916,0:18:56.922
the market economy

0:18:56.922,0:19:00.632
so that it ceases to be fastened to a

0:19:00.632,0:19:04.995
single institutional version of itself

0:19:04.995,0:19:10.554
the familiar idea of economic freedom

0:19:10.554,0:19:15.849
as the power to recombine factors of

0:19:15.849,0:19:17.545
production within an institutional

0:19:17.545,0:19:20.409
structure of production and exchange

0:19:20.409,0:19:22.941
that is left unchallenged

0:19:22.941,0:19:25.214
should be deepened

0:19:25.214,0:19:30.509
into a larger power to innovate

0:19:30.509,0:19:33.218
in the institutional arrangements

0:19:33.218,0:19:35.051
of production and exchange

0:19:35.051,0:19:40.033
alternative regimes of private

0:19:40.033,0:19:42.629
and social property would come

0:19:42.629,0:19:45.382
to co-exist experimentally

0:19:45.382,0:19:48.324
within the same market economy

0:19:48.324,0:19:51.188
education

0:19:51.188,0:19:53.662
the role of a school in a democracy

0:19:53.662,0:19:56.915
is to be the voice of the future

0:19:56.915,0:19:59.233
recognizing in every child

0:19:59.233,0:20:03.273
a tongue tied prophet

0:20:03.273,0:20:05.738
the school should not serve

0:20:05.738,0:20:09.978
as the instrumentality of the family

0:20:09.978,0:20:12.481
which says 'become like me'

0:20:12.481,0:20:13.729
or of the state which says

0:20:13.729,0:20:16.683
'be useful to me'

0:20:16.683,0:20:19.740
education is to empower the mind

0:20:19.740,0:20:23.173
to see and to discover

0:20:23.173,0:20:26.384
more than the established context

0:20:26.384,0:20:29.756
can countenance

0:20:29.756,0:20:32.252
there are two priorities

0:20:32.252,0:20:34.716
the first priority is to reconcile

0:20:34.716,0:20:37.734
especially in countries that are

0:20:37.734,0:20:40.724
large, unequal and decentralized

0:20:40.724,0:20:43.917
the local management of the schools

0:20:43.917,0:20:46.581
with national standards of investment

0:20:46.581,0:20:48.601
and quality

0:20:48.601,0:20:50.166
the quality of the education

0:20:50.166,0:20:52.220
that a child receives

0:20:52.220,0:20:54.861
should not depend on the

0:20:54.861,0:20:57.292
happenstance of its birth

0:20:57.292,0:21:01.629
to reconcile local management

0:21:01.629,0:21:04.948
with national standards

0:21:04.948,0:21:07.472
three tools are necessary

0:21:07.472,0:21:11.156
the first is a national system of

0:21:11.156,0:21:13.398
evaluation of performance

0:21:13.398,0:21:17.217
the second is a mechanism to

0:21:17.217,0:21:19.793
redistribute resources and staff

0:21:19.793,0:21:23.276
from richer places to poor places

0:21:23.276,0:21:25.785
the third is a procedure

0:21:25.785,0:21:28.227
for corrective intervention

0:21:28.227,0:21:31.867
in local failing school systems

0:21:31.867,0:21:37.075
the second priority is radically to change

0:21:37.075,0:21:40.591
the way of teaching and learning

0:21:40.591,0:21:43.722
it is not enough

0:21:43.722,0:21:50.958
to subordinate information to analysis

0:21:50.958,0:21:54.487
and problem solving

0:21:54.487,0:21:57.095
or to sacrifice superficial

0:21:57.095,0:22:01.013
encyclopaedic coverage to selective

0:22:01.013,0:22:04.562
deepening in the service of analytic

0:22:04.562,0:22:11.367
capability or to prefer cooperation

0:22:11.367,0:22:14.418
to the combination of individualism

0:22:14.418,0:22:16.206
and authoritarianism

0:22:16.206,0:22:20.799
it is also necessary to establish

0:22:20.799,0:22:24.784
in the approach to receive knowledge

0:22:24.784,0:22:27.050
a dialectical attitude

0:22:27.050,0:22:33.681
every subject should be addressed from

0:22:33.681,0:22:37.611
at least two contrasting points of view

0:22:37.611,0:22:41.284
civil society

0:22:41.284,0:22:45.334
in even the most equal countries in the world

0:22:45.334,0:22:48.033
money transfers in the form of social

0:22:48.033,0:22:50.306
entitlements have become the major

0:22:50.306,0:22:53.539
basis of social solidarity

0:22:53.539,0:22:56.282
money is too weak a social cement

0:22:56.282,0:23:00.571
the only adequate basis of social solidarity

0:23:00.571,0:23:02.365
is direct responsibility to

0:23:02.365,0:23:03.965
take care of other people

0:23:03.965,0:23:05.472
the very young

0:23:05.472,0:23:06.733
the very old

0:23:06.733,0:23:08.478
or the infirm and the needy

0:23:08.478,0:23:10.196
outside the boundaries

0:23:10.196,0:23:12.449
of ones own family

0:23:12.449,0:23:13.948
every able bodied adult

0:23:13.948,0:23:17.487
should have at least two positions

0:23:17.487,0:23:18.731
in society

0:23:18.731,0:23:21.361
one in the production system

0:23:21.361,0:23:24.988
the other in the caring economy

0:23:24.988,0:23:28.791
this change in the practical basis of

0:23:28.791,0:23:32.241
social solidarity should be prepared by

0:23:32.241,0:23:35.703
an innovation in the way in which we provide

0:23:35.703,0:23:36.877
public services

0:23:36.877,0:23:39.612
an innovation of enormous value

0:23:39.612,0:23:42.207
in its own right

0:23:42.207,0:23:43.520
what we now have

0:23:43.520,0:23:46.360
is the bureaucratic provision

0:23:46.360,0:23:51.155
of standardized low quality public services

0:23:51.155,0:23:52.614
that is to say

0:23:52.614,0:23:54.982
public services of lower quality than the

0:23:54.982,0:23:57.830
analogous services that can be bought

0:23:57.830,0:23:59.705
by those who have money

0:23:59.705,0:24:02.406
and the only alternative seems to be

0:24:02.406,0:24:06.193
the privatization of public services

0:24:06.193,0:24:08.711
in favour of profit driven firms

0:24:08.711,0:24:10.265
there is however

0:24:10.462,0:24:14.388
another option

0:24:14.388,0:24:17.704
that the state act to equip

0:24:17.704,0:24:19.503
to finance

0:24:19.503,0:24:21.823
and to coordinate

0:24:21.823,0:24:24.022
independent civil society

0:24:24.022,0:24:27.105
so that it shares in the competitive

0:24:27.105,0:24:29.417
and experimental provision of

0:24:29.417,0:24:31.426
public services

0:24:31.426,0:24:34.500
that is the best way to

0:24:34.500,0:24:36.732
enhance their quality

0:24:36.732,0:24:39.197
and at the same time

0:24:39.197,0:24:42.205
to create the arrangements and

0:24:42.205,0:24:47.412
the attitudes hospitable to a higher

0:24:47.412,0:24:50.285
level of social cohesion

0:24:50.285,0:24:53.979
democracy

0:24:53.979,0:24:56.456
democratic politics is not just one more

0:24:56.456,0:25:00.783
terrain for institutional experimentation

0:25:00.783,0:25:03.338
it is the area in which we determine

0:25:03.338,0:25:05.612
the condition for the revision of

0:25:05.612,0:25:09.909
the arrangements in all the other areas

0:25:09.909,0:25:13.074
the democracies that now exist in the world

0:25:13.074,0:25:18.145
continue to make change depend upon crisis

0:25:18.145,0:25:21.717
their rule is - no crisis, no change

0:25:21.717,0:25:26.979
a high energy democracy will diminish

0:25:26.979,0:25:30.451
the dependence of change upon crisis

0:25:30.451,0:25:33.147
and turn democracy

0:25:33.147,0:25:36.752
not simply into a form of majority rule

0:25:36.752,0:25:40.439
qualified by minority rights

0:25:40.439,0:25:43.846
but also into a collective

0:25:43.846,0:25:45.788
practice of the creation of the new

0:25:45.788,0:25:50.894
a high energy democracy requires

0:25:50.894,0:25:54.101
five sets of convergent

0:25:54.101,0:25:56.834
institutional innovations

0:25:56.834,0:26:00.517
the first set of innovations is

0:26:00.517,0:26:03.114
designed to increase the temperature

0:26:03.114,0:26:04.159
of politics

0:26:04.159,0:26:06.034
the level of organized

0:26:06.034,0:26:10.507
popular engagement in public life

0:26:10.507,0:26:13.360
the premise is that a politics

0:26:13.360,0:26:15.290
with rich structural content

0:26:15.290,0:26:19.273
is necessarily a high temperature politics

0:26:19.273,0:26:23.340
innovations that establish the

0:26:23.340,0:26:25.692
public financing of campaigns

0:26:25.692,0:26:30.674
that extend free access to the means

0:26:30.674,0:26:32.175
of mass communication

0:26:32.175,0:26:34.451
to the benefit of the organized

0:26:34.451,0:26:36.271
social movements as well as the

0:26:36.271,0:26:39.700
political parties

0:26:39.700,0:26:44.187
and that change the electoral regimes

0:26:44.187,0:26:47.049
in ways that favour the presentation of

0:26:47.049,0:26:50.842
definite options for society

0:26:50.842,0:26:55.105
a second set of innovations

0:26:55.105,0:26:58.247
hastens the pace of politics

0:26:58.247,0:27:00.946
take the example of American-style

0:27:00.946,0:27:03.375
presidential government

0:27:03.375,0:27:05.880
imitated in much of Latin America

0:27:05.880,0:27:08.189
it combines a liberal principle

0:27:08.189,0:27:10.242
of fragmentation of power

0:27:10.242,0:27:12.749
with a conservative principle of the

0:27:12.749,0:27:14.320
slowing down of politics

0:27:14.320,0:27:16.883
the result

0:27:16.883,0:27:19.111
is to establish a kind of

0:27:19.111,0:27:20.866
correspondence between the

0:27:20.866,0:27:23.953
transformative ambition of a political

0:27:23.953,0:27:26.650
project and the severity of the

0:27:26.650,0:27:29.212
constitutional obstacles they must

0:27:29.212,0:27:33.098
overcome to be implemented

0:27:33.098,0:27:35.785
our interest is to reaffirm the liberal

0:27:35.785,0:27:38.060
principle but to repudiate the

0:27:38.060,0:27:40.047
conservative one

0:27:40.047,0:27:42.410
the Americans imagine

0:27:42.410,0:27:44.700
that they are naturally and

0:27:44.700,0:27:46.533
necessarily combined

0:27:46.533,0:27:48.252
they are not

0:27:48.252,0:27:50.339
they are combined by design

0:27:50.339,0:27:52.926
to inhibit the political transformation

0:27:52.926,0:27:55.537
of society

0:27:55.537,0:27:56.966
if the context is that of

0:27:56.966,0:27:59.786
a presidential form of government

0:27:59.786,0:28:02.171
we would equip the regime

0:28:02.171,0:28:04.889
with instruments for the rapid

0:28:04.889,0:28:09.607
overcoming of deadlock between

0:28:09.607,0:28:12.016
the political branches

0:28:12.016,0:28:13.614
for example

0:28:13.614,0:28:15.602
either of the political branches

0:28:15.602,0:28:21.727
would enjoy the prerogative of calling

0:28:21.727,0:28:24.463
early elections which however

0:28:24.463,0:28:27.189
would always be bilateral

0:28:27.189,0:28:29.519
for both political branches

0:28:29.519,0:28:30.909
in this way

0:28:30.909,0:28:32.470
the branch that exercised

0:28:32.470,0:28:34.722
the constitutional prerogative

0:28:34.722,0:28:37.755
would have to pay the political price

0:28:37.755,0:28:41.065
of running the electoral risk

0:28:41.065,0:28:44.781
a third set of innovations

0:28:44.781,0:28:49.984
would exploit the latent experimentalist

0:28:49.984,0:28:54.133
potential of a federal regime

0:28:54.133,0:28:58.454
different parts of the country

0:28:58.454,0:29:02.971
or even different sectors of society

0:29:02.971,0:29:06.060
would enjoy the right to opt out

0:29:06.060,0:29:08.567
of the general solutions

0:29:08.567,0:29:12.165
and to create counter models of the future

0:29:12.165,0:29:14.006
without it being the case that

0:29:14.006,0:29:16.482
the degree of deviation that is

0:29:16.482,0:29:18.636
allowed to one locality

0:29:18.636,0:29:20.175
or one sector

0:29:20.175,0:29:22.041
would have to be universalized

0:29:22.041,0:29:23.741
for all of them

0:29:23.741,0:29:27.303
a fourth set of innovations

0:29:27.303,0:29:29.125
establishes in the state

0:29:29.125,0:29:32.141
a distinct power or even a new

0:29:32.141,0:29:36.691
branch designed, equipped, and

0:29:36.691,0:29:38.267
legitimated to come to the rescue

0:29:38.267,0:29:41.517
of groups suffering from forms of

0:29:41.517,0:29:44.536
exclusion or disadvantage

0:29:44.536,0:29:47.412
from which they are unable to escape

0:29:47.412,0:29:49.843
by the means of collective action

0:29:49.843,0:29:51.154
that are available to them

0:29:51.154,0:29:56.259
it is a form of structural but

0:29:56.259,0:29:58.912
localized intervention

0:29:58.912,0:30:01.807
that does not fit within

0:30:01.807,0:30:04.206
the limits of the present

0:30:04.206,0:30:07.224
organization of government

0:30:07.224,0:30:10.011
a fifth set of innovations

0:30:10.011,0:30:12.807
enriches representative democracy

0:30:12.807,0:30:15.539
with elements of direct or

0:30:15.539,0:30:18.390
participatory democracy

0:30:18.390,0:30:21.509
the best terrain in which to

0:30:21.509,0:30:23.333
advance in this way

0:30:23.333,0:30:26.483
is the engagement of independent

0:30:26.483,0:30:28.158
civil society

0:30:28.158,0:30:31.748
in the experimental and competitive

0:30:31.748,0:30:36.207
provision of public services

0:30:36.207,0:30:40.724
the path marked by these changes

0:30:40.724,0:30:43.519
in the organization of the market economy

0:30:43.519,0:30:46.042
of education, of civil society,

0:30:46.042,0:30:48.615
and of democracy

0:30:48.615,0:30:50.812
has as its counterpart

0:30:50.812,0:30:55.019
a reshaping of the world political

0:30:55.019,0:30:57.892
and economic order

0:30:57.892,0:30:59.581
globalization is not there on

0:30:59.581,0:31:01.226
a take it or leave it basis

0:31:01.226,0:31:03.644
we are not confined to having

0:31:03.644,0:31:06.374
more of it or less of it

0:31:06.374,0:31:09.680
we need a different globalization

0:31:09.680,0:31:13.687
the political and economic order that

0:31:13.687,0:31:15.497
has been developed in the world

0:31:15.497,0:31:16.928
since the second world war is a

0:31:16.928,0:31:20.078
Metternichean project

0:31:20.078,0:31:24.975
in the name of political security

0:31:24.975,0:31:27.752
and economic openness

0:31:27.752,0:31:31.216
it threatens to impose on all

0:31:31.216,0:31:34.133
of humanity a formula of

0:31:34.133,0:31:37.728
compulsive convergence to the same

0:31:37.728,0:31:41.235
set of institutions and practices

0:31:41.235,0:31:43.800
when in fact our interest lies

0:31:43.800,0:31:47.507
in radical experiments in the

0:31:47.507,0:31:51.911
institutional forms of the market economy

0:31:51.911,0:31:54.977
of free civil society

0:31:54.977,0:31:58.308
and of democracy

0:31:58.308,0:32:00.090
take the example of the world

0:32:00.090,0:32:01.478
trade regime

0:32:01.478,0:32:04.853
the regime that is being established

0:32:04.853,0:32:06.876
in the world

0:32:06.876,0:32:09.423
conforms to four principles

0:32:09.423,0:32:11.697
all of which should be replaced

0:32:11.697,0:32:14.295
the first principle is to

0:32:14.295,0:32:17.412
maximize the opportunities for free trade

0:32:17.412,0:32:20.199
but free trade is not an end

0:32:20.199,0:32:21.931
it is just a means

0:32:21.931,0:32:25.393
the end should be the co-existence

0:32:25.393,0:32:28.024
of alternative experiences of

0:32:28.024,0:32:29.600
civilization and alternative

0:32:29.600,0:32:31.098
trajectories of development

0:32:31.098,0:32:34.773
within a world economic order

0:32:34.773,0:32:37.791
that becomes progressively more open

0:32:37.791,0:32:41.523
the second principle is to

0:32:41.523,0:32:44.831
impose on the trading nations

0:32:44.831,0:32:47.484
in the name of free trade

0:32:47.484,0:32:50.724
adherence not simply to an abstract

0:32:50.724,0:32:53.201
idea of a market economy

0:32:53.201,0:32:56.431
but to a particular version of the

0:32:56.431,0:32:58.262
market economy

0:32:58.262,0:33:00.660
thus for example

0:33:00.660,0:33:04.768
to outlaw under the label 'subsidies'

0:33:04.768,0:33:08.451
all the forms of strategic coordination

0:33:08.451,0:33:10.612
between governments and firms

0:33:10.612,0:33:12.781
that the countries now rich

0:33:12.781,0:33:14.611
used to become rich

0:33:14.611,0:33:17.021
or to incorporate into the rules

0:33:17.021,0:33:18.467
of free trade

0:33:18.467,0:33:21.761
the odious regime of intellectual property

0:33:21.761,0:33:24.322
developed since the late nineteenth

0:33:24.322,0:33:28.277
century that places many of the

0:33:28.277,0:33:31.414
technological innovations of greatest

0:33:31.414,0:33:35.200
value to humanity in the control of a

0:33:35.200,0:33:39.693
handful of big multinational businesses

0:33:39.693,0:33:43.134
we should replace this institutional

0:33:43.134,0:33:47.877
maximalism by an institutional minimalism

0:33:47.877,0:33:52.368
the greatest economic openness

0:33:52.368,0:33:55.545
with the least possible restraint

0:33:55.545,0:33:59.094
on national institutional experiments

0:33:59.094,0:34:02.193
including experiments in the way to

0:34:02.193,0:34:05.977
organize a market economy

0:34:05.977,0:34:07.687
a third principle

0:34:07.687,0:34:12.237
is to grant goods and capital

0:34:12.237,0:34:15.215
increasing freedom to roam the world

0:34:15.215,0:34:18.386
while imprisoning people in

0:34:18.386,0:34:20.373
the nation state

0:34:20.373,0:34:22.280
or in blocks of relatively homogenous

0:34:22.280,0:34:23.813
nation states

0:34:23.813,0:34:26.278
such as the European Union

0:34:26.278,0:34:29.941
freedom for labour to move could

0:34:29.941,0:34:34.003
never be instantaneously established

0:34:34.003,0:34:37.353
but things, money, and people

0:34:37.353,0:34:40.240
should gain freedom together

0:34:40.240,0:34:43.824
to cross national frontiers

0:34:43.824,0:34:47.675
in small, cumulative steps

0:34:47.675,0:34:51.884
there is no more powerful mechanism

0:34:51.884,0:34:54.645
by which to achieve greater

0:34:54.645,0:34:58.075
equalization in the world

0:34:58.075,0:35:01.636
the freedom of things

0:35:01.636,0:35:02.804
and of money to move

0:35:02.804,0:35:05.549
is sometimes useful

0:35:05.549,0:35:08.287
and sometimes harmful

0:35:08.287,0:35:11.107
but the freedom of people to move

0:35:11.107,0:35:13.193
is sacrosanct

0:35:13.193,0:35:14.869
because it is part of the process

0:35:14.869,0:35:17.275
by which humanity becomes

0:35:17.275,0:35:20.816
both unified and diverse

0:35:20.816,0:35:24.325
the fourth principle is that the

0:35:24.325,0:35:26.923
world trading system is being organized

0:35:26.923,0:35:32.163
on the pretence of universal free labour

0:35:32.163,0:35:35.754
no matter how oppressive

0:35:35.754,0:35:38.323
the conditions of economically

0:35:38.323,0:35:41.522
dependent wage labour in fact are

0:35:41.522,0:35:44.960
free labour must be really free

0:35:44.960,0:35:48.011
and in the future free labour must mean

0:35:48.011,0:35:51.197
the predominance of self employment

0:35:51.197,0:35:53.617
and cooperation over economically

0:35:53.617,0:35:56.193
dependent wage labour

0:35:56.193,0:36:01.553
this example of reconstruction of the

0:36:01.553,0:36:04.494
world trading system

0:36:04.494,0:36:07.490
illustrates a larger principle

0:36:07.490,0:36:10.889
the progressive program

0:36:10.889,0:36:13.094
that I have outlined

0:36:13.094,0:36:16.204
has as its ally

0:36:16.204,0:36:20.171
the construction of a world political

0:36:20.171,0:36:22.575
and economic order

0:36:22.575,0:36:26.552
more hospitable to alternatives

0:36:26.552,0:36:28.437
to divergence

0:36:28.437,0:36:30.302
to experiments

0:36:30.302,0:36:32.310
to heresies

0:36:32.310,0:36:35.466
than the order that is now established

0:36:35.466,0:36:39.122
the obstacles

0:36:39.122,0:36:41.777
consider an intellectual

0:36:41.777,0:36:44.639
and a spiritual obstacle

0:36:44.639,0:36:47.215
to a progressive program

0:36:47.215,0:36:49.556
like the one I have sketched

0:36:49.556,0:36:52.055
the prevailing ideas

0:36:52.055,0:36:55.153
in the whole field of social and

0:36:55.153,0:36:56.173
historical studies

0:36:56.173,0:36:59.446
are antagonistic to the exploration

0:36:59.446,0:37:02.076
of institutional alternatives

0:37:02.076,0:37:03.685
they have severed the link

0:37:03.685,0:37:06.383
between insight into the actual

0:37:06.383,0:37:08.780
and imagination of the possible

0:37:08.780,0:37:10.645
they have become

0:37:10.645,0:37:12.954
part of the problem

0:37:12.954,0:37:15.550
rather than part of the solution

0:37:15.550,0:37:18.715
sources of superstition

0:37:18.715,0:37:23.078
forming a chorus of fatalism

0:37:23.078,0:37:25.741
above all

0:37:25.741,0:37:28.016
we need to form

0:37:28.016,0:37:32.576
in political economy and legal analysis

0:37:32.576,0:37:35.708
the twin disciplines of

0:37:35.708,0:37:39.104
the institutional imagination

0:37:39.104,0:37:43.544
an aim of this progressive program

0:37:43.544,0:37:47.139
is to create a world in which trauma

0:37:47.139,0:37:49.414
no longer needs to be the

0:37:49.414,0:37:53.854
enabling circumstance of transformation

0:37:53.854,0:37:57.103
nevertheless, the institutions that

0:37:57.103,0:37:58.826
would diminish the dependence

0:37:58.826,0:38:00.588
of change upon crisis

0:38:00.588,0:38:02.807
themselves seem to depend for their

0:38:02.807,0:38:06.184
establishment upon crisis

0:38:06.184,0:38:10.512
only the imagination can break this

0:38:10.512,0:38:11.900
vicious circle

0:38:11.900,0:38:15.917
the task of the imagination is to do

0:38:15.917,0:38:19.124
the work of crisis without crisis

0:38:19.124,0:38:24.209
the cold calculus of interest must

0:38:24.209,0:38:28.584
be reinforced by the visionary impulse

0:38:28.584,0:38:32.977
by the prophetic voice

0:38:32.977,0:38:37.417
the goal of the progressives was

0:38:37.417,0:38:41.434
never just to humanize society

0:38:41.434,0:38:44.907
to attenuate its cruelties

0:38:44.907,0:38:49.378
and to redress its injustices

0:38:49.378,0:38:55.826
it was always also to divinize humanity

0:38:55.826,0:39:00.965
to raise us up to a greater life