[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.74,0:00:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past 12 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.21,0:00:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have been a researcher\Nin the field of regenerative medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.71,0:00:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a doctor of neuroscience,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.64,0:00:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my work investigates\Nwhether or not we can use stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.94,0:00:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help children who have had brain injury\Nor adults with spinal cord injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.54,0:00:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I am going to speak with you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.69,0:00:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we are changing\Nthe future with stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.27,0:00:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that stem cells\Nare the new Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.66,0:00:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.26,0:00:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how the Internet completely\Nchanged the way that we communicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.04,0:00:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way that we do business,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.97,0:00:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even the way\Nthat we gather data and information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.30,0:01:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, I believe that stem cells\Nhave the power to revolutionize
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.23,0:01:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole concept of healthcare.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.07,0:01:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to start, let's have\Na little audience participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.42,0:01:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put your hand up: how many of you\Nhave heard of the term "stem cells"?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.03,0:01:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now leave your hand up\Nif you can tell me what they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.77,0:01:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This illustrates a very important part\Nof my work in science communications.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.32,0:01:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us have heard\Nof the term stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.12,0:01:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either through the media\Nor through our friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but very few of us\Nactually know what they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.94,0:01:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they can do,\Nand, importantly, what they can't do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.27,0:01:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, today, we're going to speak\Na little about what stem cells are,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.56,0:01:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to look\Nat what they're currently being used for,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.46,0:01:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where the future of the field lies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.29,0:01:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can't be expected to understand\Nabout stem cell treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.78,0:01:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't understand\Nwhat stem cells are to begin with.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.56,0:02:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is something\Nthat I like to call "Stem Cells: 101".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.90,0:02:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know that the hundreds of cells\Nin the human body
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.28,0:02:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all originate from one fertilized egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.39,0:02:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think of this\Nas a ball rolling down a hill:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.67,0:02:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the top of the hill, the ball can go\Nto any number of destinations downhill,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.89,0:02:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as it rolls down guided by gravity,\Nit hits a series of forks in the road.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.35,0:02:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After which it must make a decision\Nto go one way or the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.22,0:02:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that restricts its potential outcomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.75,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, stem cells\Nduring the process of differentiation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.02,0:02:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face a series of fate decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.25,0:02:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they must choose\Nwhich cell type to specialize into,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.46,0:02:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they cannot go back.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.71,0:02:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Near the top of the hill,\Nyou see pluripotent stem cells:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.43,0:02:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"pluri-" meaning "many";\N"potent", "potencies".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.93,0:02:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Embryonic pluripotent stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.65,0:02:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the type of stem cell that people\Nmost often associate with the word.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.43,0:03:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in reality, these cells\Nare virtually never used
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.57,0:03:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in transplant paradigms.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.23,0:03:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, we differentiate the cell down\Ninto multipotent progenitors
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.20,0:03:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are very specialized for the type\Nof tissue that we want to get.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.92,0:03:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's important to note\Nthat one type of multipotent cell
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.90,0:03:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot make adult cells of another type.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.35,0:03:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, fat stem cells\Ncannot make cells of the brain or the eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.09,0:03:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vice versa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.88,0:03:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you might ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.10,0:03:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if pluripotent stem cells can turn\Ninto any cell in the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.90,0:03:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why don't we just inject those?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.03,0:03:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, they could go to the site,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.05,0:03:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could travel to the site\Nof whatever is injured
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.56,0:03:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn into the cells that we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.87,0:03:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.90,0:03:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wrong!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.94,0:03:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they could turn\Ninto something like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.47,0:03:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called a teratoma.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.16,0:03:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is once we put stem cells in,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.36,0:03:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cannot control where they go\Nor what cells they turn into.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.24,0:04:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could turn\Ninto all of the cells in the body
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.36,0:04:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all at once, all in the same place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.35,0:04:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see hair,\Nfat, tooth, gut, bone -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.56,0:04:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine if this were\Nin your brain or your eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.65,0:04:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why we must differentiate cells
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.31,0:04:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the specific progenitors\Nas much as possible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.13,0:04:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we're thinking\Nof transplanting them in.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.46,0:04:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all of our adult tissue has\Nits own multipotent cells within it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.12,0:04:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what helps us to grow\Nor when we're repairing injury,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.35,0:04:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these can be harvested\Nin many tissues,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.40,0:04:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and grown in the lab\Nfor transplanting paradigms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.19,0:04:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there are some tissues\Nthat you can't harvest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.57,0:04:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about the brain\Nor the heart or the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.45,0:04:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Going in there to get cells\Ncould kill you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.33,0:04:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to think of other alternative\Ncell sources for these cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.20,0:04:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where\Npluripotent cells come in.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.14,0:05:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, up until now, embryonic drive cells\Nhave been differentiated down the hill
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.84,0:05:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the stem cell types that we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.57,0:05:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently, induced pluripotent\Nstem cells were developed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.12,0:05:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can take adult skin samples,\Nyour own consenting adult,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.32,0:05:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,push them back up the hill\Nusing four chemical factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.07,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then differentiate them down\Nto the cell type you need.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.28,0:05:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was discovered recently\Nby Shinya Yamanaka,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.92,0:05:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who went on to win the Nobel Prize.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.08,0:05:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good thing about this is\Nit uses non embryonic sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.66,0:05:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's your own tissue,\Nso your body is not likely to reject it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.40,0:05:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alternatively, direct lineage\Nreprogramming - there we go -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.04,0:05:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes you from A to B
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.76,0:05:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without this intermediate\Nstep up the hill.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.27,0:05:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can take adult skin samples
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.62,0:05:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and differentiate them directly\Ninto the cell type you choose
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.80,0:05:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using different chemical triggers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.83,0:05:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is only\Nin the lab phases, it's very new,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.80,0:05:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it represents\Na very interesting direction
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.20,0:05:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into where the field is heading.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.23,0:06:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we are we doing with stem cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.21,0:06:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another audience participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.34,0:06:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you are affected by,\Nor know someone who has been affected by,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.09,0:06:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any of these diseases?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.40,0:06:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put up your hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.62,0:06:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stroke, burns, diabetes,\Ninjuries to joints.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.13,0:06:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look around.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.18,0:06:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single one of us\Nis affected by diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.59,0:06:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stem cells could potentially\None day help treat.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.40,0:06:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because we are putting stem cells\Ninto the first person in the first trial
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.29,0:06:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean these are a treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.99,0:06:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean it's\Na regular accepted treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.70,0:06:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.14,0:06:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can take up to ten years or over
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.39,0:06:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get through\Nthe clinical trials pipeline.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.90,0:06:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is incremental,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.31,0:06:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the good news is\Nwe have a lot of treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.36,0:06:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been in the pipeline\Nfor many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.55,0:07:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are just now starting to come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.92,0:07:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, now more than ever before,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.47,0:07:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists, clinicians,\Nmembers of the public, policymakers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.96,0:07:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all working together\Nto streamline this process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.60,0:07:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means we can get\Nthe best stem cell treatments out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.73,0:07:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people who need them the most\Nin the shortest amount of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.11,0:07:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here you see these diseases\Nare colour-coded
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.58,0:07:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on where they are on the pipeline.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.54,0:07:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that we have\Ntwo current treatments using stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.15,0:07:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here in green.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.61,0:07:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first for bone and blood cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.38,0:07:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might know of\Nas a bone marrow transplant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.51,0:07:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Been used for decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.51,0:07:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next stem cell product\Nto come out of the pipeline
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.58,0:07:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is for burns and wound healing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.36,0:07:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This uses skin tissue\Nand helps with vision burns as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.13,0:07:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we're going to focus\Non two major areas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.53,0:07:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're using stem cells in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.16,0:07:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is stroke.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.28,0:08:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my work in childhood brain injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.75,0:08:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know that cerebral palsy\Nis more common
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.72,0:08:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than juvenile AIDS, childhood leukaemia,\Nmuscular dystrophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.100,0:08:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and juvenile diabetes combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.93,0:08:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cerebral palsy, which means\Nproblems sending signals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.33,0:08:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the brain to the muscles\Ncreating movement
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.40,0:08:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the most common\Nneurodevelopmental disability.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.83,0:08:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What my work does,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.43,0:08:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we inject stem cells into the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.30,0:08:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are able to incorporate\Nand turn into the types of cells
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.64,0:08:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are lost in the most\Ncommon forms of brain injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.49,0:08:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can enhance function\Nand restore brain tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.31,0:08:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what my work in particular\Nhas been able to show
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.42,0:08:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we are able to functionally\Ndouble the signal speed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.96,0:08:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the brains of animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.89,0:08:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What could this mean for a child\Nwith cerebral palsy?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.81,0:08:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could mean the potential\Nfor normal movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.40,0:09:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to go out and run and jump,\Nto play with their friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.14,0:09:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very exciting stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.21,0:09:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, these cells are being used\Nin clinical trials only.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.25,0:09:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are trials in adults\Nlooking at stroke,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.41,0:09:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are adult trials\Nlooking in spinal cord injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.97,0:09:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same cells are lost in these models.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.28,0:09:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Importantly, the first clinical trial\Nusing these types of cells
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.44,0:09:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has now started in children.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.72,0:09:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, I want to focus\Non a very interesting area
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.94,0:09:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's combining 3D bioprinting\Nwith stem cell regenerative medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.04,0:09:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in red, because it is\Nonly in the early stages,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.24,0:09:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it represents\Na very exciting avenue
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.02,0:09:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through which the field is heading.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.90,0:09:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With improvements\Nin imaging software and technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.23,0:09:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are now able to make accurate 3D images
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.74,0:09:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take scans of body structures\Ninside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.25,0:09:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using AutoCAD and 3D software,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.95,0:10:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are able to make CAD designs\Nwhich can be printed using 3D bioprinters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.97,0:10:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These bioprinters are kind of like\Nthe printers you have at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.54,0:10:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only, instead of using ink,\Nthey use special biogels
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.04,0:10:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create the structures\Nthat you have in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.57,0:10:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, you can seed them\Nwith stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.78,0:10:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see a heart valve being printed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.54,0:10:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can then later be seeded,\Npossibly with your own stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.80,0:10:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an image on the inset\Nof the heart valve.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.60,0:10:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also an image of an ear\Nbeing seeded with stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.65,0:10:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.06,0:10:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Underneath, you see\Na 3D printed image of a trachea.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.46,0:10:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the bottom right, you see an interview\Nthat I recently did with CTV national news
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.13,0:10:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the youngest ever\Ntransplant recipient of a trachea
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.64,0:10:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeded with her own stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.39,0:10:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's important to note\Nthat while this is very exciting,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.97,0:10:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is still in its infancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.58,0:11:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot make complicated structures\Nwith multiple cell types,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.82,0:11:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right now, it is just very basic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.36,0:11:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But think about where this can head.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.68,0:11:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about whether we could\Nuse it in the future
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.82,0:11:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to print structures in the body\Nand use our own cells for transplant.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.40,0:11:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a very exciting field,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.36,0:11:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as with every potentially\Ngame-changing technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.46,0:11:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.13,0:11:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This used to centre around the use\Nof embryonic drive stem cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.97,0:11:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, recently, with the advent\Nof the induced pluripotent stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.57,0:11:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and direct lineage reprogramming,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.48,0:11:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can use your own adult\Nconsenting tissues,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.59,0:11:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this conversation has become\Nless and less relevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.54,0:11:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.57,0:11:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially with the the increase\Nof treatments coming out of the pipeline,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.93,0:11:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is misrepresentation\Nof stem cell strategies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.27,0:12:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, some doctors are offering\Nunproven treatments using stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.24,0:12:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.59,0:12:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unproven - that means\Na) not proven to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.45,0:12:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and b) not proven to be safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.74,0:12:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently, "Scientific American"\Nhad an article
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.95,0:12:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a woman who went\Nto a very fancy clinic in Beverly Hills
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.81,0:12:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got the latest stem cell facelift\Nthat they were offering.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.28,0:12:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The doctors took advantage\Nof a loophole in the law,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.64,0:12:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sucked out her fat,\Nand put the stem cells in her face
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.32,0:12:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make her rejuvenated,\Nor healthier or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.46,0:12:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while they were under the hood,\Nthey gave her dermal filler.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.96,0:12:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the doctors didn't take into account
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.94,0:12:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that dermal filler
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.97,0:12:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,differentiates fat stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.68,0:12:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into bone.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.15,0:13:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this woman was left\Nwith bone fragments in her eyelids.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.80,0:13:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why we need clinical trials\Nto make sure that treatments are safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.38,0:13:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to take a drug,\Nand you had a bad side effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.24,0:13:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could stop taking the drug,\Nand that side effect would go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.22,0:13:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not the case with stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.98,0:13:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once stem cells are put in,\Nthey can never be taken back out.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.15,0:13:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, going\Nto an unregulated clinic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.96,0:13:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can exclude you\Nfrom future legitimate trials.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.09,0:13:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you know \Nwhether or not what you're looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.72,0:13:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a real stem cell treatment\Nor misrepresentation?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.37,0:13:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are some hints that can help you,\Nit's a difficult field to navigate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.03,0:13:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first: look at \Nhow many cell types per injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.48,0:13:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We mentioned that cell types need to be\Nvery specific to replace damaged tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.58,0:14:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one stem cell type\Ncannot turn into cells of another.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.90,0:14:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very important if someone's saying
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.98,0:14:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to suck out\None type of stem cell
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.32,0:14:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it for 12 different indications,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.75,0:14:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's likely something you should question.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.03,0:14:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second of all: you can check out\Ntheir preclinical track record;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.13,0:14:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clinicaltrials. gov\Nis a comprehensive database
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.14,0:14:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of the clinical trials\Nif they want to get FDA approval.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.60,0:14:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third and most important\Nthing that you can do
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.27,0:14:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be knowledgeable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.54,0:14:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do your research and get consensus.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.10,0:14:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ask your doctors, all of them,\Nbecause they are here to help you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.81,0:14:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, overall stem cells have the potential
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.17,0:14:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change life as we know it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.15,0:14:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single one of us\Nis affected by diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.72,0:14:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which stem cells could potentially\Nhelp to treat in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.34,0:15:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that you have the knowledge,\Nyou have the power.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.67,0:15:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is up to you to spread\Nthe word about stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.59,0:15:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to support reputable clinical trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.50,0:15:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can work hard\Nto get the best treatments out
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.73,0:15:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people who need them the most\Nin the shortest possible amount of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.16,0:15:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, there are \Nmany - more than ever before - treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.18,0:15:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pipeline, ready to come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.32,0:15:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the field of regenerative medicine\Nis at critical mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.99,0:15:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask you to come join me\Non this journey.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.89,0:15:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come with me as newly minted purveyors\Nof stem cell knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.61,0:15:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we turn science fiction\Ninto science fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.16,0:15:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.39,0:15:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)