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<i>rC3 Wikipaka Music</i>

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Herald: Dear galactic beings, get ready[br]for the nerdiest niche topics, the most

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interesting ideas and the most absurd[br]discoveries from computers, art and the

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world - Operation Mindfuck! Directly from[br]rC3 world to your home and into your minds

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and hearts. Please welcome your hosts:[br]bleeptrack and blinry!

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bleeptrack: Hi everyone at rC3. This is[br]bleeptrack and blinry and we are already

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back to our yearly little talk about[br]computers, art and other curious stuff.

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And yeah, we already reached volume 4 this[br]year. So this is the fourth episode of

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this talk. And if you want to watch the[br]older talks, you can find them on blinry's

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website. They're all called Operation[br]Mindfuck and yeah, have fun with them. I

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think the older ones are, some of them are[br]in German and now we do them in English so

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more people can have fun. And the talks[br]work as follows: We have prepared

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different, very small topics and we will[br]explain them in alternating order. And

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today, blinry will start with an[br]interesting variation of keyboards.

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blinry: That's right. It's not the kind of[br]keyboard you might be thinking about right

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now, but it's about musical instruments.[br]So this is about isomorphic keyboard

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layouts, because in the beginning of this[br]year, I was like starting to learn how to

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play the piano. And I was researching a[br]bit of how that system works, basically.

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And I was a bit... started getting a bit[br]frustrated with it for the following

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reason: I can't give you a whole intro[br]about music theory right now, but what you

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need to know is that these little keys on[br]the piano keyboard are specific notes and

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the distance between them is always one[br]semitone, one semitone between them. And

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they are arranged in this linear fashion,[br]basically. And then, if you want to play

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some part, what you do is that you count[br]the right number of steps between these

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notes. So for example, to play a major[br]chord, what you do is always you start at

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the base note and then you count one, two,[br]three, four for the second note of this

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chord and then one, two, three for the[br]third. And you press those three together

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and then you have a major chord, which[br]sounds like this pleasant, positive chord.

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But then, there is this weird property of[br]this keyboard where... it's designed in a

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way so that if you play all the white keys[br]on the keyboard, you get the scale in C

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major. You can just play the whole scale[br]from C to the next C and the black keys

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are the ones you would skip in the scale.[br]And because of that, if you start your

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major chord at a different note, like F#[br]for example, you do the same counting -

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you would count one, two, three, four, for[br]the second note and then one, two, three

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for the third. But now the shape is a bit[br]different, you'll start playing on black

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keys and sometimes you have to mix them.[br]If you'll start playing a D-major chord,

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you'll have one black and two white ones,[br]for example, which is the strange

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properties of this keyboard, I thought,[br]because often when you play the song, you

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play it in a specific transposition, you[br]start playing with a specific tone. And

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moving all of the notes up and down by a[br]specific amount. And then you have to kind

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of try to re-learn how to play all these[br]chords and the melody, because they will

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have this different shape. Your fingers[br]have to do different things. And I thought

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this was really weird. And I researched a[br]bit about that. And the first thing I

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found, I think, was this instrument, which[br]is called the "Dodeka", which is just the

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name the company has given this thing,[br]where actually all the semitones are

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arranged next to each other without a[br]specific shape. I think, still the black

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keys here are like the C, the middle C or[br]something here to give you an impression

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of where you are in the scale, but then[br]you have 12 semitones until the next C

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just the way in a linear fashion, meaning[br]that if you know the shape of the major

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chord, for example, like you count four[br]and you count three, you can move this

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shape anywhere on the keyboard to, like,[br]move it up and down, which, I think, is

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pretty cool. Back then, I asked a specific[br]person who knows how to play keyboards

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really well in the greater community: What[br]might be the reason for this strange

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layout? And they gave me two reasons. One[br]was that if you have this shape with the

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black keys sticking out, you can, kind of,[br]feel where you are on the keyboard when

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you play it, which makes sense, I guess.[br]And the other reason is that, like the

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classical music notation also uses that[br]system where notes, which are directly on

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the lines or in the gaps of this classical[br]music notation, are the white keys on the

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piano keyboard. And if you put a b or a #[br]in front of it, you would use the black

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keys. So that kind of fits together. And[br]to change the layout, you would change the

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past few hundred years of music notation,[br]which I think might be worth it, but yeah.

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There are some even more advanced ways to[br]arrange the notes and they use hexagonal

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keys, which, I think, is really cool. So[br]this is the harmonic table layout where...

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like you arrange the notes, according to[br]this diagram here: If you are at a

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specific tone like a C here and you want[br]to go to the C#, you move one key to the

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right over these columns here and like [br]if you go diagonally up to the right, you do

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a major third, which is four semitones.[br]And if you go directly to the left, it's

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three semitones. So basically to play a[br]major chord, for example, you would push

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the bass key like the C and then in[br]addition, you go four semitones up to the

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E, right. And then this one above it is[br]always seven semitones up. So to play a

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major chord you would kind of... you can[br]play this with one finger and you press

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your finger in the middle of this three[br]and then you have a major chord. And to do

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a minor chord, which is like a sad sounding[br]sound, you can press your finger at this

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corner here. This would be a C minor[br]chord. And this is a really cool property.

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The harmonic table layout has some[br]properties which make it pretty weird. For

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example, to go an octave up, you have to[br]do a really big jump. You have to jump

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from this C up to all the way over here,[br]which is kind of inconvenient. So people

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also came up with another arrangement of[br]the Wicki-Hayden Layout. I think, this was

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invented in the 19th century already,[br]where you, if you start at a specific key,

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you go a whole step to the right. This is[br]like two semitones. And then, if you go

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diagonally up to the right, you have seven[br]semitones... perfect fifth. And to go an octave

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up, you go two rows up. And this is a[br]pretty nice layout. And, I can just show

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you how this works, actually, because[br]people made like a web-based demo on this.

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So you get this hexagon grid. If we start[br]at a D for example and want to play a

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major chord now, what we do is, we go four[br]semitones up. So we end up at the E. And

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then we add one seven up from the original[br]base note, so it's a G. And you can

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actually play this on your keyboard, like[br]I pressed the E and G - we have a major

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chord and again, you can move this shape[br]around anywhere. So if I start here and

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this sounds... it's a major chord here.[br]Here. Here. The minor chord is just

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another symmetric version of this form[br]starting at C. We add this one and this.

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This is minor. This is major. And you can[br]start transposing specific keys up and

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down, like this is the first inversion of[br]the chord. And yeah, this is... for me,

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this was really surprising to see that you[br]can build a structure like this, and then,

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if you remember the shape of melody, you[br]can just transpose it anywhere, which is

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cool. People are actually building[br]hardware for this. So this is something

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people call a Jammer Keyboard. And if[br]you're interested in this, you will find a

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small community on this who build their[br]own input devices like this. And also,

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while preparing this talk, I learned that[br]accordion, the specific accordion also

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uses structures to places where you put[br]your hands and one of them is used for

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playing chords. And the other one, some of[br]them use like a piano key layout, but some

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others, like this one, also have an[br]asymmetric layout where - I think it's

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another variation of this, where, if you[br]move diagonally up, it's one whole step.

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And to go up means to go two whole steps,[br]basically, and that defines this layout.

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But then it's, again, really easy to play[br]a melody and move it someplace else and

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play another key. Yeah, you know. What[br]have you prepared next?

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bleeptrack: All right, so I like a lot to[br]work with generative art and tiles and

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tiling is a super simple way to make[br]really fancy pattern. And two years ago, I

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looked a bit deeper into truchet tiles,[br]and that's still really fascinating to me.

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So I thought, might be a nice topic today[br]to show you a bit around truchet tiles.

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So, this was basically the first version.[br]So the idea of truchet tiles is, that you

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have rectangular tiles that are not[br]symmetric along their X and Y axis. So for

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example... or this other... like the first[br]proposed truchet tiles are these four

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tiles on the top that are basically made[br]off... that are rotated by 90 degrees. So

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you get all variations that you can make[br]out of them. Now you can use these tiles

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to make larger patterns. So you put them[br]in a large grid and you have different

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possibilities to do so. For example, the[br]left version and... ah, the most

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important: For example, like the left[br]version here - you can just throw in

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always the same tile and you get a very[br]nice repeating pattern, but maybe it's a

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bit boring and you wouldn't really need[br]tiling for that. But it's also possible.

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But you can also say, like you go on[br]alternating road and switch them every

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second place, so you get a bit of a mosaic[br]shape. And you can also play around more

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of that and place them in very certain[br]ways and directions to create bigger

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patterns. And that's usually what I find[br]really interesting. And of course, you can

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just place them randomly like the example[br]below here, which also makes a really

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intriguing pattern to me, maybe a bit...[br]like, it's not so quiet, sometimes a bit

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exhausting to look at, but it's fun to see[br]pattern emerge that are not planned. So

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this is the earliest version of the[br]truchet tiles. And I think this version

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here... ah, right. This is basically every[br]bit of the tiles that I just showed you.

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Maybe you know that one, this is called 10[br]print. And this is basically a super

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famous way of pattern generation, where[br]you just put diagonal lines instead of

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triangles. And in this case, you'd have[br]basically only two tiles. Right. You have

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this line that is flipped to the right and[br]you have the line that is flipped to the

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left side. And you can place it randomly[br]in it. This 10 print pattern became so

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famous because you can just write more or[br]less a one liner in nearly any coding

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language and this will come up in the[br]area. And yeah, in a time of Basic, when

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you can just write a one-liner in Basic[br]and have your whole screen field a random,

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nice pattern. So this is also derivative[br]truchet tiles, actually, but these are the

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ones that I think most people know when[br]they think of truchet tiles. It's a

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version where you don't work with[br]Rectangles or lines, but you have parts

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of, like quadrants of circles placed in[br]the edges. And in this case, you can't

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make four tiles. You can only make two[br]because if you rotate them by ninety

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degrees, third flip, so you can only get[br]two. And when you place them in a random

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order, that's the example you can see[br]below, you get a super fancy pattern that

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basically contains off - either you can[br]accidentally basically form a whole circle

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or like parts of circles, that get[br]entangled and form super long lines. And

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it looks really fun. And this is also the[br]first picture that I saw of truchet tiles.

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And I found that very intriguing. And,[br]well, it turns out, you can do even more

0:15:25.410,0:15:33.199
cool stuff with that. For example, I need[br]to find my mouse. Here we go. You can,

0:15:33.199,0:15:38.180
basically, you can start scaling the[br]pattern in different ways. And, for

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example, you can use it for ditherings. So[br]here, the background image is the image of

0:15:43.069,0:15:51.440
Mona Lisa, as you might have recognized,[br]and you can take the image, darkness and

0:15:51.440,0:15:56.799
then scale your pattern accordingly to[br]that point on your image. So you get sort

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of a dithering and it looks super fancy.[br]And what I also found recently, what I

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think is exceptionally good looking, is a[br]very special way of scaling truchet tiles

0:16:11.769,0:16:17.160
by Christopher Carlson. And he published a[br]paper at Bridges, which is a super nice

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math and art conference - I'm not sure if[br]it's a whole conference or more like a

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workshop, but they have super nice papers.[br]So if you're interested in these

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intertwined maths &amp; arts stuff look into[br]these papers, they are supercool. And

0:16:31.310,0:16:40.231
Christopher Carlson came up with a nice[br]way... a nice esthetic of having these

0:16:40.231,0:16:48.299
scalable truchet tiles. And you can see[br]these are three scale sizes. So this is

0:16:48.299,0:16:53.199
basically the original size and then you[br]go one step smaller and you can see that

0:16:53.199,0:17:01.319
he - in his case, he works with white and[br]black areas and you can now combine them

0:17:01.319,0:17:07.059
in ways. For example, this is a super,[br]super quick and easy example. So here on

0:17:07.059,0:17:12.350
the left side, you have that large tile[br]and you add on the right side two of the

0:17:12.350,0:17:18.420
smaller tiles. And you can see that the[br]posit let's, for the big one, let's say

0:17:18.420,0:17:25.870
the dark one is the positive space, that[br]your white space or your negative space

0:17:25.870,0:17:31.139
here becomes the positive space in the[br]next smaller scale. So this also always

0:17:31.139,0:17:38.830
iterating when you go one scale-step[br]smaller. And now you can think about how

0:17:38.830,0:17:44.740
can I combine these different scale...[br]these different scales? And he had - he

0:17:44.740,0:17:49.269
prepared some examples of, for example,[br]the left one. It's more or less like a

0:17:49.269,0:17:54.769
Quadri. So you can just choose a rectangle[br]and divide it by four and you get it one

0:17:54.769,0:18:00.039
scale smaller. You can do this[br]recursively, randomly, basically. Or you

0:18:00.039,0:18:05.519
can also do it in the form of a pattern or[br]maybe in a certain shape. So, when you

0:18:05.519,0:18:15.110
want to approximate certain outlines, you[br]can go smaller there to reach a certain

0:18:15.110,0:18:20.000
shape. And when you fill that in with[br]these tiles, you get this result. And that

0:18:20.000,0:18:25.179
looks super fancy, especially the left one[br]for my taste is super awesome and looks

0:18:25.179,0:18:32.630
really, really nice. And even in this[br]paper he even goes one step further and

0:18:32.630,0:18:38.889
thinks about different additional motives[br]that he could do with these different

0:18:38.889,0:18:42.221
scales. So I'm not sure if this would be[br]considered truchet tiles, because they

0:18:42.221,0:18:51.900
lose this not symmetrical attribute in[br]some occasions like the TS version here

0:18:51.900,0:18:56.019
that would be symmetrical along this axis.[br]So I'm not sure if this would actually be

0:18:56.019,0:19:00.980
considered truchet tiles, but it looks[br]nice, so who cares? So he made different

0:19:00.980,0:19:07.419
versions that can also be applied or added[br]to that set of tiles. So you just have,

0:19:07.419,0:19:11.730
basically you have these four entry or[br]exit points like on the top, bottom left

0:19:11.730,0:19:18.809
and right. And you need to have at least a[br]circle there or connect your entry or exit

0:19:18.809,0:19:25.820
points in different ways. And he just[br]tries out different shapes. And if you add

0:19:25.820,0:19:32.880
this to the regular scaling truchet tiles,[br]you get these results and that looks super

0:19:32.880,0:19:40.799
fancy because you have very, very nice[br]fitting shapes that are still super

0:19:40.799,0:19:49.039
randomly distributed. And, ya. So this is[br]where I think, I should stop maybe talk

0:19:49.039,0:19:53.429
about tiles, but if you want - you fall[br]into a rabbit hole. We have rabbit holes

0:19:53.429,0:19:57.509
prepared at the end also, but if you want[br]to go further into tiling, especially

0:19:57.509,0:20:04.100
maybe check out penrose tiling, this is[br]such a huge and fancy and complex topic. But I

0:20:04.100,0:20:08.970
think that it would fill several of its[br]own talks. But if you want to dig further,

0:20:08.970,0:20:15.620
I can also highly recommend penrose[br]tiling. That's it. So I will give back to

0:20:15.620,0:20:19.680
blinry.[br]blinry: Yeah, penrose tiles might be a

0:20:19.680,0:20:26.850
topic for some Operation Mindfuck in the[br]future, right. Now, the section is

0:20:26.850,0:20:34.950
settled. What even is art? I'm often[br]really fascinated by artworks and art-

0:20:34.950,0:20:40.509
installations, which kind of push the[br]boundary of what's still considered to be

0:20:40.509,0:20:49.029
an artwork. And I wanted to show you some[br]of those. For example, last year, there

0:20:49.029,0:20:56.730
was an Italian, Mauritio Cattelan, who[br]just bought a fresh banana at a grocery

0:20:56.730,0:21:02.299
store and taped it to the wall of a museum[br]and then declared this as art, the title

0:21:02.299,0:21:10.210
is "Comedian". And because Cattelan was[br]rather well-known and popular, this was

0:21:10.210,0:21:20.750
also worth a surprising amount of money. I[br]think this was.... like 120000 $ was what

0:21:20.750,0:21:30.500
an American couple paid for this artwork[br]to buy it. And after the sale took place,

0:21:30.500,0:21:42.299
the following thing happened: Another man[br]walked up to this artwork and explained to

0:21:42.299,0:21:46.389
the people watching and recording this,[br]that this was an art-intervention called

0:21:46.389,0:21:55.440
"hungry artist" and just, yeah, said it[br]was very tasty and that he didn't want to

0:21:55.440,0:22:01.929
be disrespectful to the original artist,[br]but this was an intervention. And yeah,

0:22:01.929,0:22:06.990
this artwork came with a kind of[br]certificate that said that you had really

0:22:06.990,0:22:12.009
bought it and that it's yours now. And it[br]specifically mentioned that you can

0:22:12.009,0:22:16.899
replace the banana as needed. So after[br]this happened, it was just like people

0:22:16.899,0:22:23.450
bought a new one and taped it to the wall[br]again and it was repaired. But yeah, I

0:22:23.450,0:22:29.690
like this combination of these two[br]artworks, interleaving with each other. I

0:22:29.690,0:22:37.330
think, this artist was like... he was[br]asked to leave the museum, but nobody

0:22:37.330,0:22:47.029
pursued legal action. The next artwork I'm[br]going to show you, has to do with this

0:22:47.029,0:22:52.279
material, which you might have heard[br]about, it's called Vanta-Black, and it's

0:22:52.279,0:23:00.769
one of the darkest materials known to[br]humankind. It's a specific... on a

0:23:00.769,0:23:06.470
microscopic level, it has nanotubes which[br]are in parallel, kind of sticking up from

0:23:06.470,0:23:13.460
the surface where this paint is on. And[br]then if lightweight falls on the surface,

0:23:13.460,0:23:18.539
it kind of gets trapped between these[br]little tubes and can't escape anymore,

0:23:18.539,0:23:23.539
which is why it looks so pitch black. I[br]think like there are a numbers where

0:23:23.539,0:23:34.211
people state, that this swallows 99.4% of[br]visible light or something. And this was

0:23:34.211,0:23:40.740
developed a few years ago by a company for[br]a pretty diverse applications, but there

0:23:40.740,0:23:45.450
was an artist who was really interested in[br]this: Anish Kapoor, a British Indian

0:23:45.450,0:23:52.529
artist, who had... who was interested in[br]playing with black color anyway. And they

0:23:52.529,0:23:59.169
came to an agreement where they said that[br]Kapoor was the only artist allowed to use

0:23:59.169,0:24:06.909
Vanta-Black in artworks. So one example is[br]this one, "descent into limbo", which

0:24:06.909,0:24:14.389
Kapoor had already made installations of[br]like many years back, but in a recent

0:24:14.389,0:24:21.880
revival of this artwork, he actually painted [br]the inside of this, with Vanta the hole that

0:24:21.880,0:24:27.559
is several meters deep. And because he was[br]using this special paint, you can't really

0:24:27.559,0:24:35.980
see the shape of it. And at one point,[br]there was a visitor to this artwork who

0:24:35.980,0:24:40.470
tried to look into this hole and didn't[br]believe that this was actually a hole,

0:24:40.470,0:24:49.999
tried to step into it and fell in and had[br]to be rescued after that. So, yeah, the

0:24:49.999,0:24:55.720
situation where only Kapoor is allowed to[br]use this color made several people really

0:24:55.720,0:25:03.509
angry. For example, there is another[br]artist called Stuart Semple who's making

0:25:03.509,0:25:12.490
his own pigments, colored pigments and he[br]designed the "world's pinkest pink" one

0:25:12.490,0:25:17.340
time. And this is the store website where[br]you can buy this pigment, which states

0:25:17.340,0:25:23.730
that it's available to everyone except[br]Anish Kapoor. Right, a kind of revenge

0:25:23.730,0:25:30.779
action. And if you click on the "Buy It[br]Now" button, you actually have to, like,

0:25:30.779,0:25:39.059
verify that you are not Anish Kapoor and[br]you have no plans to share it with him.

0:25:39.059,0:25:46.451
Well, some time later, Anish Kapoor posted[br]this picture on a social media channel. So

0:25:46.451,0:25:52.889
apparently someone had broken this[br]contract and sent Kapoor some of this

0:25:52.889,0:26:01.210
pigment. Well, I think Stuart Semple was[br]really angry and disappointed about this

0:26:01.210,0:26:06.999
and asked him to give it back, but also[br]didn't have really any means to take legal

0:26:06.999,0:26:17.330
action against this. You might have heard[br]of Banksy, who is an English street artist

0:26:17.330,0:26:25.200
who chooses to remain anonymous, and he's[br]well known for making graffiti on just

0:26:25.200,0:26:31.000
walls on the street somewhere. But at this[br]point, he also is so famous and well known

0:26:31.000,0:26:39.379
that he is starting to sell his artworks.[br]For example, this is a painting with a

0:26:39.379,0:26:44.950
girl with a heart shaped balloon. And this[br]went up for auction in an auction house

0:26:44.950,0:26:51.990
some years ago. And because Banksy is such[br]a mystery and so popular, this is also

0:26:51.990,0:26:57.309
worth a surprising amount of money. I[br]think, over one million US dollars was

0:26:57.309,0:27:05.882
paid for this at this auction and after[br]the hammer fell and this was sold, the

0:27:05.882,0:27:10.629
following happened: I can show you the[br]video or the thumbnail gave it anyway. So

0:27:10.629,0:27:17.990
it's just been sold and then a loud[br]beeping noise was heard and this artwork

0:27:17.990,0:27:26.750
just was sucked into the frame of itself,[br]which shredded the artwork. Actually,

0:27:26.750,0:27:31.950
Banksy had prepared this stunt in several[br]years in advance and built like this

0:27:31.950,0:27:37.360
shredding-device into the frame. Probably[br]he or someone he knowed was present at

0:27:37.360,0:27:41.730
this auction and pressed the remote[br]control button to activate the system.

0:27:41.730,0:27:49.619
Yeah. So this is an example of self-[br]destructive art, which maybe not so

0:27:49.619,0:27:55.749
surprisingly even made it worth even more.[br]I think at this point it's valued at

0:27:55.749,0:28:03.029
around three million U.S. dollars. So,[br]yeah. Also, it was supposed to shred

0:28:03.029,0:28:10.749
itself completely, but apparently some of[br]the mechanism failed and so it's now half

0:28:10.749,0:28:15.880
shredded. And yeah, I think I had that on[br]the slide here, it's now called "Love is

0:28:15.880,0:28:25.110
in the Bin" after the stunt. This is an[br]artwork, the last one I want to show in

0:28:25.110,0:28:31.510
the section by the German artist Josef[br]Beuys, who is often working with unusual

0:28:31.510,0:28:37.649
material. And yeah, this is an artwork[br]consisting of several kilograms of butter.

0:28:37.649,0:28:43.200
It's called "Fettecke" which translates to[br]Fat Corner, literally. And he just took

0:28:43.200,0:28:47.619
the butter, put it in the corner of the[br]museum and let it stay there for many

0:28:47.619,0:28:56.960
years, which I'm pretty sure developed an[br]interesting smell. Mm hmm. And after Beuys

0:28:56.960,0:29:03.600
died, the custodian of the gallery where[br]this was exhibited accidentally cleaned it

0:29:03.600,0:29:09.690
up. You might have heard of that before.[br]He didn't know what it was about and just

0:29:09.690,0:29:13.230
removed it and put it in the trash can.[br]And one of the students, of course, was

0:29:13.230,0:29:21.119
really angry about this, went to the trash[br]can to recover it, treasured the remains

0:29:21.119,0:29:26.019
really deeply and I think also received a[br]payment from the custodian because of this

0:29:26.019,0:29:35.960
destruction. And now I also learned that[br]not very long ago, a couple of artists got

0:29:35.960,0:29:42.960
these remains of the butter and distilled[br]liquor from it. I have a picture of it

0:29:42.960,0:29:50.409
here like this. Yeah. Even another[br]artistic intervention on top of this. So

0:29:50.409,0:29:56.710
this is a really strong liquor. And they[br]tasted that and said that it tasted really

0:29:56.710,0:30:07.170
strongly of cheese. Yeah, that's all the[br]strange artworks I wanted to show you in

0:30:07.170,0:30:12.659
this section. bleeptrack[br]bleeptrack: Oh, amazing, amazing. I think

0:30:12.659,0:30:19.889
that's where the German "Ist das Kunst[br]oder kann das weg?" comes from. Like "is

0:30:19.889,0:30:30.389
it art or can I remove that?". Perfect.[br]Yeah, let's stay with art. So I really a

0:30:30.389,0:30:34.549
lot enjoy watching machines work and[br]especially pen plotters, and they are

0:30:34.549,0:30:41.559
perfect to produce art. And I never, in an[br]Operation Mindfuck talk, I never showed

0:30:41.559,0:30:45.410
you different types of pen plotters and[br]realized that's actually really

0:30:45.410,0:30:50.419
interesting, because there are quite[br]different constructions. So let's do a

0:30:50.419,0:30:57.280
small walk through the history of pen[br]plotters. And this is to my knowledge, one

0:30:57.280,0:31:03.190
of the oldest pen plotters. It's a[br]ZUSE Graphomat. And this one - I took

0:31:03.190,0:31:08.080
the photo in the technical museum in[br]Berlin, it's in an exhibition now, I think

0:31:08.080,0:31:12.059
it's in a permanent exhibition now. Sadly,[br]it's not running, but I think they can run

0:31:12.059,0:31:17.889
it. At least there is that piece of paper[br]that is in the machine. Looked to me like

0:31:17.889,0:31:22.700
they plotted it on plays. It could be. I'm[br]not really sure, but it would be extremely

0:31:22.700,0:31:27.399
awesome. And these are... what you can't[br]really see on these photos is that these

0:31:27.399,0:31:33.710
are like huge devices. If you stand before[br]that, it's like over a meter long, over a

0:31:33.710,0:31:43.779
meter deep, I guess. And it's like, I[br]think it's also maybe, a bit, maybe l...

0:31:43.779,0:31:52.299
it's about a one meter square, like it's[br]super huge and it just can grab a pen and

0:31:52.299,0:31:56.692
draw it. There is nothing else that it can[br]do. But of course, it's also quite an old

0:31:56.692,0:32:06.489
machine. And there is a person called[br]Georg Nieß, who worked at Siemens in the

0:32:06.489,0:32:12.280
60s and 70s, and he was one of the[br]pioneers of generative art and plotter

0:32:12.280,0:32:18.059
art. And he bought one of these [br]ZUSE Graphomat machines for Siemens at that

0:32:18.059,0:32:24.149
time. And it was extremely modern and[br]futuristic thing to have, like a machine

0:32:24.149,0:32:27.760
that can plot, of course you have to[br]mention that they never know printers.

0:32:27.760,0:32:34.220
Everything was, also in architecture was,[br]of course, still drawn by hand. So these

0:32:34.220,0:32:41.350
machines that can draw extremely precise[br]lines, this is totally fancy. What you can

0:32:41.350,0:32:48.139
also see these pens and ink on the bottom.[br]These are all graphed pens. You can still

0:32:48.139,0:32:51.309
buy them and they are still extremely[br]expensive, but they are really nice for

0:32:51.309,0:32:56.559
pen plotting because they work a bit[br]different than most other pens. They have

0:32:56.559,0:33:06.629
a metal nip, a very flat metal nip and along[br]the nip the ink will get sucked out or

0:33:06.629,0:33:12.570
runs down and the nip is completely flat,[br]because the pen is meant to be used like

0:33:12.570,0:33:16.410
on the point and dragged along on the[br]point. Because most modern pens like

0:33:16.410,0:33:24.970
roller pens will not really like that if[br]you use them directly in 90 degrees on the

0:33:24.970,0:33:32.279
paper. So these are... the Graphomats are[br]the, basically the first drawing machines.

0:33:32.279,0:33:39.269
A few years later you will find machines[br]that were more usable for companies and

0:33:39.269,0:33:46.299
they have the size of a regular printer or[br]maybe a bit bigger for A3 plotters. And this

0:33:46.299,0:33:54.080
one is from HP. And you can see that our[br]hackspace had quite a lot of fun with it

0:33:54.080,0:34:03.629
and tried to get it to work again. And[br]this model, for example, works in a way

0:34:03.629,0:34:11.679
that the paper is moving forwards and[br]backwards. And the pen, that's the blue

0:34:11.679,0:34:19.230
thing you can see here. This is... ah,[br]right. There are two. Like you can store

0:34:19.230,0:34:23.820
one and you can put one pen in this device[br]and the pen can only, like, move left to

0:34:23.820,0:34:33.200
right. And the paper will be dragged along[br]with two little wheels, basically, these

0:34:33.200,0:34:39.970
are here and here. And then you can plot.[br]These are one kind of the devices that you

0:34:39.970,0:34:47.550
can find a lot still on on your local[br]craigslist. And these are the other ones.

0:34:47.550,0:34:55.440
This one is a Rolan Pen Plotter and it[br]completely moves along two axes. So the

0:34:55.440,0:35:00.849
paper stays in place. And these Rolan[br]plotters, they have some really nice

0:35:00.849,0:35:10.410
features. For example, you can see that[br]the plotter is standing up a bit and the bed

0:35:10.410,0:35:14.730
is an electrostatic bed. So you can put[br]your paper on, press a button and the

0:35:14.730,0:35:20.740
paper gets sucked to that bed. It is super[br]fancy and also on the left side here.

0:35:20.740,0:35:28.440
Oops, I lost my screen sharing for a[br]reason. I still see it. Oh, I'm sorry.

0:35:28.440,0:35:35.020
It's back. Like on the left side here.[br]These are like basically parking stations

0:35:35.020,0:35:42.320
for pens. So the pen plotter[br]<i>(incomprehensible)</i> or exchange different

0:35:42.320,0:35:47.280
pens on itself. That is super fancy, and[br]if you want to get one of these older pen

0:35:47.280,0:35:52.180
plotters, make sure that they are not too[br]hard to communicate with and make sure

0:35:52.180,0:35:56.920
that they can do the thing that you want[br]them that they can do. Because, for

0:35:56.920,0:36:02.750
example, this older HP plotter, that was[br]really hard to talk to, because it did

0:36:02.750,0:36:10.250
only speak very... sort of proprietary[br]language and only the newer HP plotters

0:36:10.250,0:36:16.740
started to speak HPGL. And the Rolan[br]plotter also can do this, for example. And

0:36:16.740,0:36:22.680
Rolan also has its own language. So[br]just make sure you know what the device

0:36:22.680,0:36:30.549
wants to speak to with you, because this[br]can make your life a lot easier. Yeah, and

0:36:30.549,0:36:34.809
these older plotters, they also often have[br]a nice function that they have a direct

0:36:34.809,0:36:39.549
text mode. So you can... you need to boot[br]them in a certain way, like flip some

0:36:39.549,0:36:43.400
switches on the back side and they will[br]boot into a text mode. So you can just

0:36:43.400,0:36:51.559
send text over serial and it will just[br]write that down. It has its own matrix of

0:36:51.559,0:36:55.549
letters and its own fonts store net. And[br]that's super fun and makes a great

0:36:55.549,0:37:04.760
tutorwall plotter, for example.[br]And then, there are also a lot of, yeah,

0:37:04.760,0:37:09.530
DIY home-brew sort of plotters, and this[br]one is maybe the one that's the easiest to

0:37:09.530,0:37:16.030
build. You can find them either under the[br]name Michaelangelo or Polargraph. I think

0:37:16.030,0:37:21.141
these are the two most common names for[br]these. And they work super differently. So

0:37:21.141,0:37:25.641
on the left and on the right side, on the[br]top here and over here, you have two

0:37:25.641,0:37:31.650
motors on - also, you need some sort[br]of control device or a little computer.

0:37:31.650,0:37:42.809
And around these motors, you will find a[br]string that is attached in the middle to a

0:37:42.809,0:37:49.450
gondola that can hold a pen and that[br]gondola usually also has a servo motor

0:37:49.450,0:37:55.049
that can push away that gondola from your[br]drawing area. So you can lift and put down

0:37:55.049,0:38:00.060
your pen. And to make this more stable,[br]usually you put down some weight on the

0:38:00.060,0:38:09.119
left and right side so that the string has[br]some force on it and works better. Yeah,

0:38:09.119,0:38:13.579
these are super easy to build and they are[br]really nice communities around them. And

0:38:13.579,0:38:19.420
the very positive thing about this[br]construction is that they scale extremely

0:38:19.420,0:38:24.089
well, because like the way the old Rolan[br]plotters, for example, worked, you have

0:38:24.089,0:38:29.410
these two Axes that can move and you are[br]very defined on how long these Axes are.

0:38:29.410,0:38:33.440
But with this, you can basically scale it[br]indefinitely. And I've seen some

0:38:33.440,0:38:38.370
installations where, like, plotted over a[br]whole five meters wall with this, because

0:38:38.370,0:38:42.619
you just need to have a very long string[br]and that's basically all. That's super

0:38:42.619,0:38:48.320
fun, so if you want to build one yourself,[br]this is a very nice way to go. But there

0:38:48.320,0:38:53.180
are also new commercial versions that are[br]quite fun. This one is called Linus. It's

0:38:53.180,0:38:59.180
super tiny and basically only consists of,[br]I guess, two servo motors and a little

0:38:59.180,0:39:07.119
Arduino or something. And it can only draw[br]on a super tiny area. And it's also so

0:39:07.119,0:39:12.170
wiggly, it can't - no matter what - it[br]can't draw a straight line. But it's super

0:39:12.170,0:39:18.040
cute to watch and super easy to take with[br]you and has some nice APIs and it's quite

0:39:18.040,0:39:23.030
hackable. So that's also a really neat[br]device. And well, this is basically, I

0:39:23.030,0:39:26.920
think, the most professional one that you[br]can buy up to date, which is called

0:39:26.920,0:39:34.600
AxiDraw. But I've also seen some self-[br]built versions of this. And you also have

0:39:34.600,0:39:41.230
your two axes, there's a little controller[br]part over here and the funny thing here is

0:39:41.230,0:39:46.510
that you can put in very different types[br]of pens here. For example, this is a

0:39:46.510,0:39:52.500
fountain pen, but you can basically put[br]any pen in that you want. That's different

0:39:52.500,0:39:58.720
to the old plotters. They had very[br]specific, very little, specific plotter-pens

0:39:58.720,0:40:02.230
and they are really expensive now if[br]you want to buy them and if you actually

0:40:02.230,0:40:07.349
draw, you can basically use whatever you[br]want. And you can also put your pen in a

0:40:07.349,0:40:12.830
certain angel that's especially nice for[br]fountain pens or sort of brushes. And I've

0:40:12.830,0:40:19.460
seen a lot of people not only using pens,[br]but also going to use acrylic paint or

0:40:19.460,0:40:24.880
very different materials or also, this is[br]one example, where someone just basically

0:40:24.880,0:40:33.549
put in a sort of a toothpick and drew onto[br]some sort of flat clay and made pattern in that

0:40:33.549,0:40:38.720
and that's super fun. So you're not[br]limited to going... you're not limited to

0:40:38.720,0:40:43.941
use pens, but yeah, be creative and use[br]all kinds of stuff. So if you ever come

0:40:43.941,0:40:48.400
around some sort of pen plotter, try it,[br]it's super fun for a very quick and nice

0:40:48.400,0:40:55.400
creative coding output.[br]blinry: I really love how plotters combine

0:40:55.400,0:41:01.788
this kind of handmade esthetic, which[br]impositions and stuff with this digital input.

0:41:01.788,0:41:04.250
[br]bleeptrack: Yeah, totally.

0:41:04.250,0:41:07.510
blinry: And I think people sometimes joke,[br]that it's easier to get these plotters to

0:41:07.510,0:41:12.990
run and to, like, produce something[br]compared to actual printing devices we

0:41:12.990,0:41:14.230
would use.[br]bleeptrack: All right.

0:41:14.230,0:41:18.339
blinry: Apparently like printing out a[br]piece of paper because of driver issues

0:41:18.339,0:41:24.700
and stuff. And these are very clear[br]defined things, yes. I wanted to show you

0:41:24.700,0:41:33.490
some RFCs. That abbreviation is short[br]for "request for comments". And it's

0:41:33.490,0:41:38.900
really... it's a really common way to[br]define protocols for the Internet of how

0:41:38.900,0:41:45.890
the Internet works. For example, TCP and[br]IP would be defined in our RFCs and HTTP

0:41:45.890,0:41:54.119
and how Mails work and stuff. And yeah,[br]there are several thousands of those. And

0:41:54.119,0:42:01.859
sometimes people publish RFCs on April[br]Fools' Day. And these are sometimes really

0:42:01.859,0:42:09.520
interesting to read. One really well known for[br]example, is "RFC 1149: IP over Avian

0:42:09.520,0:42:16.530
Carriers", which suggests to use like[br]carrier pigeons to carry information from

0:42:16.530,0:42:20.839
one place to another. So it specifies that[br]you would like put your information on a

0:42:20.839,0:42:26.589
piece of paper and roll it around the leg[br]of a pigeon and then send it off that way.

0:42:26.589,0:42:33.320
And it will fly to the target, maybe. And[br]then you can retrieve the information

0:42:33.320,0:42:42.319
there. And this RFC states some very good[br]technical properties, systems like this

0:42:42.319,0:42:46.549
have, for example, that the carriers have[br]an intrinsic collision avoidance system

0:42:46.549,0:42:53.050
which increases availability. Right. Or[br]that multiple types of service can be

0:42:53.050,0:42:59.107
provided with a prioritized pecking order.[br]So this could be used to prioritize

0:42:59.107,0:43:06.660
certain types of information over another.[br]It says that "with time the carriers are

0:43:06.660,0:43:12.250
self-regenerating", which is a nice[br]property to have for a network and an

0:43:12.250,0:43:18.710
additional property is "built-in worm[br]detection and eradication". And some time

0:43:18.710,0:43:24.069
ago, a user group, a Linux user group in[br]Norway, I think, actually implemented this

0:43:24.069,0:43:32.049
system. And they got the pigeons and they[br]set up all of the required infrastructure

0:43:32.049,0:43:38.021
and then tried doing a ping command from[br]one node to the other. And this is the

0:43:38.021,0:43:47.369
result. You will see that they try to send[br]nine data packets here. And I mean, the

0:43:47.369,0:43:53.010
runtimes of these ping commands are...[br]it's like most often over an hour or

0:43:53.010,0:44:02.190
something for the pigeon to go to place B[br]and return. So, yeah. And only four of

0:44:02.190,0:44:07.960
these packets arrived back. So they stated[br]here that they have 55 percent packet

0:44:07.960,0:44:21.049
loss. But it works. Now. Another RFC is[br]6592, the "null packet". This specifies

0:44:21.049,0:44:28.549
"null packet", which "are neither sent nor[br]acknowledged when not received". There is

0:44:28.549,0:44:34.809
like an informal definition where they say[br]that "The Null Packet is a zero-dimensional packet"

0:44:34.809,0:44:39.480
and that it "exists since it [br]is non-self-contradictorily definable".

0:44:39.480,0:44:46.590
And then in this specification[br]follows the formal definition that it's

0:44:46.590,0:44:56.040
intentionally 0 of the reference, [br]not "NULL", and in the end of

0:44:56.040,0:45:00.369
this document, there is like a list of[br]references and related work and there is

0:45:00.369,0:45:06.290
like the key "NULL", which points to an[br]empty string. So this is all you need to

0:45:06.290,0:45:14.890
know about the NULL packet. It goes on and[br]lists some properties of this packet, for

0:45:14.890,0:45:20.440
example, that it is inherently good: "The[br]Null Packet cannot have the Evil Bit set,

0:45:20.440,0:45:24.970
by definition. Consequently, it is rather[br]clear and undeniable that the null packet

0:45:24.970,0:45:32.650
is harmless, having no evil intent." Now,[br]what is the evil bit? - you might ask.

0:45:32.650,0:45:40.570
RFC 3514, let's look at that one. The[br]authors of this RFC noticed that the

0:45:40.570,0:45:48.329
definition of an IP fragment - it is about[br]IPv4 - has a single bit, which is not used

0:45:48.329,0:45:52.119
for anything, it is just undefined. It[br]doesn't have... it doesn't carry any

0:45:52.119,0:45:59.923
meaning. And the authors thought we should[br]change that and play some meaning to this bit.

0:45:59.923,0:46:07.210
So here is the layout of this field.[br]It's the first bit in the sequence and

0:46:07.210,0:46:13.230
they give it like this shorthand E, E for[br]evil bit. It can have two possible values:

0:46:13.230,0:46:18.660
If it's set to zero, the packet has no[br]"evil intent, host, network elements

0:46:18.660,0:46:22.530
should assume that the packet is harmless[br]and should not take any defensive

0:46:22.530,0:46:29.950
measures." And another possible value is[br]one. "If this bit is set to one, the

0:46:29.950,0:46:35.880
packet has evil intent and secure systems[br]should try to defend themselves", while

0:46:35.880,0:46:42.770
"insecure systems may choose to crash, to[br]be penetrated, etc." And then there's our

0:46:42.770,0:46:47.130
seagull's and great detail about how[br]exactly and in which situations this bit

0:46:47.130,0:46:52.230
should be set. For example, if you are[br]doing pentesting on a system, trying to

0:46:52.230,0:46:59.549
attack it, you should set this bit so that[br]the receiving system will recognize that

0:46:59.549,0:47:05.059
this packet has evil intent and can take[br]defensive measures. And you must do this

0:47:05.059,0:47:14.220
if you are attacking, yes. And here's just[br]a list of some more fun RFCs. If you're

0:47:14.220,0:47:20.910
interested in the stuff, you should check[br]them out. Fun is the "Hypertext Coffee Pot

0:47:20.910,0:47:31.349
Control Protocol", HTCPCP, which like[br]gives some specific HTTP requests, for

0:47:31.349,0:47:37.240
example, to make sure, that a coffeepot[br]which is connected to the Internet, that

0:47:37.240,0:47:43.299
you can request to know its status,[br]whether it's empty or full and how full it

0:47:43.299,0:47:50.770
is and stuff. And this is also where the[br]HTTP Code 418 comes from, which says: I am

0:47:50.770,0:47:54.859
a teapot. Now, if you try to send a packet[br]like that to a system, which is actually a

0:47:54.859,0:48:02.309
teapot, it can reply with this and this is[br]an error, sure. There is an RFC for "TCP

0:48:02.309,0:48:10.480
Options to Denote Packet Mood". So this[br]allows you to set a specific mood in a TCP

0:48:10.480,0:48:15.010
packet if under some circumstances... I[br]don't know, you're building a software and

0:48:15.010,0:48:20.999
the software notices that there is a lot[br]of delay in your communication and stuff,

0:48:20.999,0:48:24.850
it could send an annoyed mood in the[br]packets, that it is sending, to let the

0:48:24.850,0:48:28.829
other system, that it is communicating[br]with, know. And then the system could

0:48:28.829,0:48:38.109
respond to that accordingly. And there is[br]an RFC called "Scenic Routing for IPv6",

0:48:38.109,0:48:45.500
which suggests, that traffic should be[br]sent over specific, very nice pathways,

0:48:45.500,0:48:51.430
along with nice landscape and in a lot of[br]fresh air. For example, it says to

0:48:51.430,0:48:58.650
prioritize communication channels that are[br]wireless, for example, to give the data a

0:48:58.650,0:49:06.260
very scenic pathway to its destination.[br]That's the RFCs I wanted to show you. You

0:49:06.260,0:49:12.109
will find a Wikipedia article with a list[br]of April Fools' RFCs. If you are

0:49:12.109,0:49:20.999
interested, there are several dozen of[br]those and take those out. Yeah.

0:49:20.999,0:49:28.019
bleeptrack: I especially love the packet[br]mood, when you think about upcoming AI.

0:49:28.019,0:49:32.131
That might be interesting. So it can[br]communicate how it feels. I don't know.

0:49:32.131,0:49:41.930
Maybe that's good. Maybe it's not good,[br]who knows. All right. To dig a bit into

0:49:41.930,0:49:46.230
game development and indie game[br]development and while doing some research,

0:49:46.230,0:49:55.450
I stumbled upon some people who called it[br]their own fancy, I guess, interesting

0:49:55.450,0:50:02.289
applications. And so there are three short[br]videos I wanted to show you around a bit

0:50:02.289,0:50:09.920
and all three of them... I think they are[br]very interesting because they try to

0:50:09.920,0:50:17.620
implement game rules that could not exist[br]in our world and are very different and

0:50:17.620,0:50:22.150
it's quite mind bending if you walk around[br]there and interact with stuff. So this is

0:50:22.150,0:50:25.630
the first one, as it's called Non-[br]Euclidian game, which is, I think, is not

0:50:25.630,0:50:31.050
really correct, because, I think, it would[br]be still Euclidian, just insisting on

0:50:31.050,0:50:35.420
Euclidian room. But as you can see, you[br]can make photos of the scene and then put

0:50:35.420,0:50:41.010
that photo in the scene and suddenly[br]everything appears there. And that's...

0:50:41.010,0:50:45.260
like it's super mind bending and super fun[br]to play around with that. So far, I've

0:50:45.260,0:50:50.660
just found that video and not a really[br]playable version. But maybe there is one

0:50:50.660,0:50:54.261
now and here also, for example, like[br]gravity gets applied to stuff that is

0:50:54.261,0:50:58.950
placed in the scene and it's just yeah...[br]It's just super fun and crazy. Crazy to

0:50:58.950,0:51:08.099
watch. Here it would like... like this[br]scenario, I think that will be... would be

0:51:08.099,0:51:13.770
a really nice parlor game. All right.[br]That's the first example. Second one is

0:51:13.770,0:51:24.430
this one. And this is actually really a[br]Non-Euclidian room, basically. You can

0:51:24.430,0:51:30.682
imagine that it works a bit like, for[br]example, Herveini's back or the Tardis, if

0:51:30.682,0:51:33.880
something looks small from the outside and[br]very big from the inside. So you made some

0:51:33.880,0:51:38.560
tunnels that have this effect. So this one[br]looks super from the outside. But actually

0:51:38.560,0:51:43.750
when you walk through it, it's quite short[br]of this one. This is the opposite one. It

0:51:43.750,0:51:49.131
looks super, super small from the outside[br]and extremely large from the inside. And

0:51:49.131,0:51:54.240
here's... I think the YouTube channel is[br]called Copen, and he has a lot of

0:51:54.240,0:51:58.150
different versions of that. So this is[br]also... this is also a nice example. So

0:51:58.150,0:52:03.039
you have rooms and you can walk in a[br]circle and the longer you walk, you start

0:52:03.039,0:52:07.970
to realize it's just three rooms. There's[br]just a blue one and a red one and a green

0:52:07.970,0:52:15.190
one. But the shape of the, let's say,[br]house lets you think there should be at

0:52:15.190,0:52:25.330
least four rooms, but it's just three. So[br]you can do these crazy effects. And yeah.

0:52:25.330,0:52:30.690
I don't... I'm not sure, I don't want to[br]spoil you too bad - uh uh I made something

0:52:30.690,0:52:38.609
fullscreen that I did not want to have[br]fullscreen, give me a second. Here we go.

0:52:38.609,0:52:44.770
I just... I think it's codeparade, yes,[br]sorry. So check out the videos because he

0:52:44.770,0:52:49.579
does a lot of fun examples if you continue[br]here. He also has a version, where you...

0:52:49.579,0:52:54.160
he still has these tunnels, but some let[br]shrink everything when you go through it,

0:52:54.160,0:52:57.170
so everything... and you cover up at the[br]end everything's smaller or everything

0:52:57.170,0:53:02.660
gets bigger. That's also super fun. And I[br]can see, I can see him making super fancy

0:53:02.660,0:53:08.660
tunnel games with that. We're already at[br]the last one, which is a world in

0:53:08.660,0:53:16.849
hyperbolic space. And it's also... yes,[br]it's really fascinating for me to look at,

0:53:16.849,0:53:22.360
because when you walk around here,[br]everything is bended so weirdly, because

0:53:22.360,0:53:27.080
when you think you could look at the sky,[br]it's just wraps around you. The world

0:53:27.080,0:53:31.109
wraps around you. So you see, I don't know[br]the other end of the world on top of you.

0:53:31.109,0:53:36.590
And this is just.. it's just so crazy to[br]walk around there. They always have a bit

0:53:36.590,0:53:41.140
of problems with motion sickness. And I[br]think this would not make it better for

0:53:41.140,0:53:47.650
me. But it's so fun. And also, I think in[br]a few seconds, he will also check out the

0:53:47.650,0:53:54.450
house more to walk into or to in front of[br]that house. It's just, it's just crazy.

0:53:54.450,0:53:58.950
And it's hard to imagine why it should[br]look like... now he's moving backwards and

0:53:58.950,0:54:02.701
then he reaches a point where he's[br]basically from the world side on the

0:54:02.701,0:54:09.410
opposite side of the house. So the house[br]starts walking around him. That's super

0:54:09.410,0:54:15.660
funky, and I think game engines and games[br]are perfect, are a perfect medium to

0:54:15.660,0:54:23.539
experience such mathematically fun ideas[br]that you can have and I think some

0:54:23.539,0:54:28.150
Operation Mindfuck talks back, blinry also[br]explained a 4D puzzle game.

0:54:28.150,0:54:32.099
blinry: In the very first one, yeah.[br]bleeptrack: Yeah, exactly. And I think that goes

0:54:32.099,0:54:41.650
like in the same direction as these games[br]and these test engines. All right.

0:54:41.650,0:54:44.940
blinry: I heard that it takes a long time to[br]build these types of games because there

0:54:44.940,0:54:49.520
are basically no pre-made tools for you[br]and you have to do everything yourself.

0:54:49.520,0:54:53.430
bleeptrack: Yes, right.[br]blinry: Model a four dimensional object or

0:54:53.430,0:54:57.419
hyperbolic one... you have to code[br]your tools for that, basically. Yeah.

0:54:57.419,0:55:01.880
bleeptrack: Yeah, yeah.[br]blinry: It's really fun to look at. I also have

0:55:01.880,0:55:08.950
some geometric things I wanted to show[br]you, related to topology. That's a field

0:55:08.950,0:55:14.530
of mathematics where you are looking like[br]more at the geometric structure of the

0:55:14.530,0:55:21.430
object, not its concrete, precise...[br]dimensions, for example. There is this

0:55:21.430,0:55:26.020
joke, that for a topologist there's[br]basically no difference between a coffee

0:55:26.020,0:55:33.430
pot and a donut. Because, if you... like[br]all substance, which you can squeeze and

0:55:33.430,0:55:39.400
pull, you can kind of transform the cup[br]into a donut without making any cuts or

0:55:39.400,0:55:44.780
without doing anything together. Now,[br]that's often the rules in topological

0:55:44.780,0:55:50.529
transformations, that you cannot create[br]additional holes. And because this shape

0:55:50.529,0:55:54.931
only has a single hole going through it in[br]the middle of the donut or in the handle

0:55:54.931,0:56:02.450
of the cup, these are basically the same[br]object, topologically speaking. Right. And

0:56:02.450,0:56:07.819
yeah, then you can do interesting[br]observations with this. A really well

0:56:07.819,0:56:13.269
known example is the Mobius strip, where[br]you take a long piece of paper and you

0:56:13.269,0:56:18.240
glue the ends together. But before you do[br]that, you rotate the strip like one end of

0:56:18.240,0:56:25.109
the strip once and then you paste it[br]together. And then this is an object that

0:56:25.109,0:56:31.359
has an interesting property. It only has[br]one side. Now, if you were to take a pen

0:56:31.359,0:56:35.390
and start drawing on the top of the[br]surface here and follow it along the

0:56:35.390,0:56:41.090
strip, you would get behind the ring here[br]and draw and then get on front here again.

0:56:41.090,0:56:46.660
And then as you wrap around, you are now[br]at the back side of the strip and you like

0:56:46.660,0:56:51.349
kind of opposite to where you started, but[br]you're still not done. Now you're still

0:56:51.349,0:56:57.740
drawing. You can go behind here and there[br]and under this and on the top side, on the

0:56:57.740,0:57:03.440
backside of this. And then you are going[br]to where you started, you made a long line

0:57:03.440,0:57:07.760
and you would do the... all of the surface[br]in one stroke, basically, because there

0:57:07.760,0:57:15.320
was only one of them. There is really fun[br]stuff that happens if you try to cut into

0:57:15.320,0:57:20.940
this strip. I have a video and can try to[br]find a good point where you can see it. So

0:57:20.940,0:57:28.200
this person is taking a Mobius strip and[br]is then using scissors to cut along the

0:57:28.200,0:57:34.420
middle line of the strip. Something to[br]cut. And after cutting around the strip

0:57:34.420,0:57:39.340
once, it doesn't fall apart into two[br]pieces, it's just still a single strip.

0:57:39.340,0:57:46.060
Yeah, "single strip", wow, surprise![br]Right. And yeah, the same thing could be

0:57:46.060,0:57:51.650
done if you took a strip of paper and[br]twisted it twice before doing it together

0:57:51.650,0:57:58.390
and then you start cutting in the middle.[br]I <i>(incomprehensible)</i> for yourself, if you are

0:57:58.390,0:58:06.299
intersted, it's another really surprising[br]thing that happens if you do that. But the

0:58:06.299,0:58:11.630
thing I really wanted to show you is this[br]one. This was in a tweet I found the other

0:58:11.630,0:58:16.730
day and I thought: I have to note this[br]down into the list of ideas for Operation

0:58:16.730,0:58:24.569
Mindfuck, because it's so surprising.This[br]tweet stated that if you have this, like,

0:58:24.569,0:58:30.349
double donut shape and there is a long rod[br]going through one of the holes like this

0:58:30.349,0:58:35.900
is an infinitely long rod where you can't[br]go over the edges of it. Then this tweet

0:58:35.900,0:58:41.069
said, that it's possible to transform this[br]shape so that the rod goes through both

0:58:41.069,0:58:47.400
holes. And I said, what? There's no way[br]this is possible. And then I clicked on

0:58:47.400,0:58:50.460
this tweet and looked at the video. Let's[br]do that.

0:58:50.460,0:58:58.311
<i>[video runs]</i>

0:58:58.311,0:59:00.790
Let's look at it again, it's seven seconds.

0:59:00.790,0:59:06.779
<i>[video runs]</i>

0:59:06.779,0:59:09.720
Right. So by pushing and[br]squeezing in the right way, you can

0:59:09.720,0:59:15.599
actually get to a stage where this rod[br]goes kind of through both of these holes

0:59:15.599,0:59:19.520
and this is not a trick. And this is[br]really like a property of this shape, that

0:59:19.520,0:59:25.510
you can transform it in this way. This is[br]kind of, like proof by example, which

0:59:25.510,0:59:30.829
feels a bit unsatisfying to me. And that[br]really makes me want to learn more about

0:59:30.829,0:59:36.029
topology to, kind of, in a formal way,[br]state what's going on there. But I guess

0:59:36.029,0:59:41.950
the trick to, kind of, understand why this[br]works, is that somewhere in the in the

0:59:41.950,0:59:47.460
middle of this transformation, you get to[br]the stage where you have this shape,

0:59:47.460,0:59:53.289
that's basically like a symmetric... it's[br]rotational symmetrical. If you hold the

0:59:53.289,0:59:59.940
bottom and the top part with your fingers,[br]then you can imagine that like the middle

0:59:59.940,1:00:05.500
of this object is hollow. And there are[br]three holes going in from the side, one

1:00:05.500,1:00:10.519
from the front, one is from the back left[br]and one is from the back right. And all of

1:00:10.519,1:00:16.539
these holes connect to the interior of[br]this hollowed out shape now. And this rod

1:00:16.539,1:00:25.140
is now going through two of those to the back. [br]The two binded. if you are at this stage, it's up to

1:00:25.140,1:00:29.539
you to choose in which direction you want[br]to go. You can either, like, take the

1:00:29.539,1:00:33.740
front hole and, like, pull it out and[br]stretch it to make it really large and

1:00:33.740,1:00:40.869
kind of disappear into the edge of the[br]shape. And then you get in this situation

1:00:40.869,1:00:46.269
where you have this rod picking through[br]both holes at the back and the front one,

1:00:46.269,1:00:53.490
you can't really see it anymore. But you[br]can also, if you were at this position,

1:00:53.490,1:01:01.570
you can choose to take the right[br]handle of the shape and push it inwards to

1:01:01.570,1:01:06.450
go between the other two handles. And then[br]it's a situation where you arrive,

1:01:06.450,1:01:13.740
finally, at the shape like this one, where[br]it appears to go through only one hole,

1:01:13.740,1:01:19.041
but this is just this weird property of[br]this object that you can do topologic

1:01:19.041,1:01:23.730
transformations to go in both directions.[br]And I think that's really fascinating and

1:01:23.730,1:01:30.160
not very intuitive. And there is a second[br]thing like that, where you start with this

1:01:30.160,1:01:36.529
kind of Bretzel-like shape, which is,[br]like, interlinked into itself. And then

1:01:36.529,1:01:41.390
the question is, can you transform this in[br]a state where the handels are free? And it

1:01:41.390,1:01:45.500
turns out of that you can, which is also,[br]again, really surprising. And this is...

1:01:45.500,1:01:51.059
like this diagram shows how to do it. You[br]would start taking these two holes which

1:01:51.059,1:01:57.760
interlink and stretch them out and stretch[br]them down, make them larger until they

1:01:57.760,1:02:04.440
almost touch the bottom here. And then you[br]have this string of material, which you

1:02:04.440,1:02:08.670
can still remain between these two holes.[br]And then you're at a state where you have

1:02:08.670,1:02:15.380
this little twists in the material. Then[br]you can just start and twist this, twist

1:02:15.380,1:02:21.440
once again. It was twice and then it's[br]free and then you can make the hole

1:02:21.440,1:02:32.630
smaller again until you are at this stage.[br]And I think that's pretty cool, and that's

1:02:32.630,1:02:42.030
the topological things I wanted to show.[br]bleeptrack: That's so cool, o man. I could

1:02:42.030,1:02:49.529
look at these forever. Also, that clay[br]animation of the rod... it's nice to have

1:02:49.529,1:02:52.749
really an animation that's a bit easier[br]to get this...

1:02:52.749,1:02:57.890
blinry: still after looking at it for ten times,[br]it is so <i>(incomprehensible)</i>

1:02:57.890,1:03:04.869
bleeptrack: Yeah. Like you can... yeah, completely.[br]All right. We already reached our last

1:03:04.869,1:03:12.380
section, which is about PCB art. So this[br]year, I tried to learn more about PCB

1:03:12.380,1:03:17.420
design and electronics and I found that[br]nice little community about people who

1:03:17.420,1:03:22.660
like to make very artsy PCBs. For example,[br]here is a person who made a very nice

1:03:22.660,1:03:31.820
schematic, an image, what possibilities[br]you have with PCBs or if you... I'm not sure,

1:03:31.820,1:03:39.269
maybe you have had one in hand, a PCB[br]usually has like a base plate, which has a

1:03:39.269,1:03:43.980
yellowish color. And on top and on the[br]bottom of this plate, you have a copper

1:03:43.980,1:03:48.529
layer. And on top of these you can have a[br]solder mask, which is some sort of plastic

1:03:48.529,1:03:55.180
coating that... you can cover contacts[br]that you ... because we don't want to have

1:03:55.180,1:04:02.130
every part of copper traces be open to the[br]air, open to touch. So you might want to

1:04:02.130,1:04:06.339
cover that. So this is the solder mask in[br]this example. This would be the purple

1:04:06.339,1:04:13.170
color. And also, maybe you can have some[br]screen printing on top. This is usually in

1:04:13.170,1:04:17.460
a white or in a black color, in this[br]example as white. So you can have a lot of

1:04:17.460,1:04:22.119
different combinations of these materials,[br]like you could have the copper and then

1:04:22.119,1:04:27.309
put on solder mask, for example, and you[br]will get a lighter color. This is the

1:04:27.309,1:04:32.289
number four in this case. And if you just,[br]if you mill away the copper and just put

1:04:32.289,1:04:40.710
the solder mask onto your base plate, you[br]will get usually the darker color. Now,

1:04:40.710,1:04:45.519
this would be the number five. And then[br]also you can have either just the base

1:04:45.519,1:04:51.780
plate. I think in this example it's number[br]three and you can also... the copper that

1:04:51.780,1:04:56.930
is open to the air or to touch, usually[br]gets a coating and often this is silver,

1:04:56.930,1:05:04.700
gold or some... what's it called in[br]English - and solder... solder.... Yeah.

1:05:04.700,1:05:09.640
Which is also like a silverish color and,[br]yeah. And the screen printing which is

1:05:09.640,1:05:16.759
some white or black. So these five sorts[br]of colors are your color palette that you

1:05:16.759,1:05:21.190
can play with. And when you go to[br]different manufacturers, you can also get

1:05:21.190,1:05:26.421
different solder mask colors. I think that[br]very typical one would be green. In this

1:05:26.421,1:05:33.440
example, it's purple. You can also get[br]blue or black or white, whatever you want.

1:05:33.440,1:05:37.671
And yeah, get your stuff manufactured.[br]That's super easy. And there's also some

1:05:37.671,1:05:41.869
nice examples what else you can do,[br]because you have these two-layered PCBs

1:05:41.869,1:05:48.849
with copper on both sides. You can leave[br]copper out on one side, only on certain

1:05:48.849,1:05:53.809
places and leave it out on the other side[br]completely so you can get a very fancy

1:05:53.809,1:06:00.070
shine through optic. Also, of course, when[br]you work with electronics, you can very

1:06:00.070,1:06:05.010
distinctively place some light sources on[br]your board, if you want to, if you want to

1:06:05.010,1:06:09.380
play with certain ways of lighting. So[br]that's fun. And also, as you can see on

1:06:09.380,1:06:14.740
the right image, you can choose your cut-[br]out shape anywhere you want, the

1:06:14.740,1:06:21.030
manufacturers are usually quite open and[br]can do, I guess, most of the shapes. And

1:06:21.030,1:06:26.640
they can mill in extremely fine details,[br]especially if they want to mill the copper

1:06:26.640,1:06:33.069
on the copper layer. And that's super[br]interesting because, when you design PCBs,

1:06:33.069,1:06:38.610
you often want to have very extremely fine[br]traces. And this is interesting for art,

1:06:38.610,1:06:43.579
of course, because you can engrain[br]extremely fine details like this very nice

1:06:43.579,1:06:49.039
example of a broken, half broken-down[br]leaf, where the copper layer is used to

1:06:49.039,1:06:57.440
have the fine vaines that are still intact[br]and a solder mask is used to have a bit of

1:06:57.440,1:07:02.680
hole leaf cells that are starting to break[br]down. And the yellowish color that you can

1:07:02.680,1:07:07.200
see, that's the color of the base plate.[br]So you can create extremely fine

1:07:07.200,1:07:12.940
details. That's super fun. And then,[br]there's, for example, boldport. I can

1:07:12.940,1:07:18.539
highly recommend boldport. He does a lot[br]of extremely crazy PCB art. And this one,

1:07:18.539,1:07:24.559
I think, is also very nice. It's a[br]chameleon. And he uses the PCB not only as

1:07:24.559,1:07:30.680
the base material, but also he uses it in[br]a very innovative way, I'd say, because he

1:07:30.680,1:07:36.650
uses it, yeah, upright. This is quite[br]unusual. And you can see that he soldered

1:07:36.650,1:07:43.690
the LEDs on the edge of the PCB to give[br]that chameleon a nice LED back row of

1:07:43.690,1:07:50.910
lights, that is super fun. And he also[br]somehow got two solder mask colors on one

1:07:50.910,1:07:56.359
PCB, I'm not sure who he contacted to get[br]that. That's rather unusual, but it seems

1:07:56.359,1:08:01.610
that it can be done. And he also used[br]resistors for little feet. That's also

1:08:01.610,1:08:09.349
really nice. So he thought about[br]integrating parts into the shape of the

1:08:09.349,1:08:14.089
end-design that are usually more[br]functional and not used esthetically. And

1:08:14.089,1:08:17.260
that's what's really interesting and[br]really nice. And he has a lot of these

1:08:17.260,1:08:23.390
projects, and I think you can also buy[br]them as DIY kits. And that's really nice.

1:08:23.390,1:08:28.880
And if you, yeah, if you can combine all[br]these layers - this is a project that I

1:08:28.880,1:08:34.850
came up with, because, as I said, I really[br]like to do generative art. And of course,

1:08:34.850,1:08:40.140
you can then start to write code that[br]generates shapes and patterns that you can

1:08:40.140,1:08:49.020
put on your PCB for esthetic reasons and[br]these boards that you can see here, they

1:08:49.020,1:08:54.771
were produced or created generatically or[br]procedurally, you would maybe say. And

1:08:54.771,1:09:00.290
these three planets, they act as[br]capacitive touch buttons, so you can touch

1:09:00.290,1:09:07.060
on them and it gets recognized by the MCU[br]on the board. And yeah, it was, it's

1:09:07.060,1:09:12.440
really fun to... for me, when I work with[br]generative art to find a new material, but

1:09:12.440,1:09:19.350
you need to figure out how to use it. And[br]PCBs are just, for me, a super different

1:09:19.350,1:09:22.660
material than paper or other stuff. And[br]it's also really nice that you get these

1:09:22.660,1:09:28.060
high quality coatings like gold or silver[br]that make stuff a lot more valuable and

1:09:28.060,1:09:34.130
really nice to look at. So I can highly[br]recommend the hashtag #pcbart on Twitter

1:09:34.130,1:09:38.960
and Instagram. There are a lot of people[br]posting really, really nice stuff. All

1:09:38.960,1:09:42.130
right. And I think it's time for us to[br]wrap up.

1:09:42.130,1:09:47.770
blinry: Yeah. Our last slide, we thought,[br]because we are sending you into all kinds

1:09:47.770,1:09:51.351
of rabbit holes anyway. That's what we're[br]trying to do. We might, as well, list some

1:09:51.351,1:09:56.890
of them very quickly. Mention them, just[br]maybe see what sticks in your heads. This

1:09:56.890,1:10:04.200
is very mean. So, mechanical keyboards:[br]There are huge communities around building

1:10:04.200,1:10:10.020
your own keyboards, like picking different[br]key-caps, different switches, different

1:10:10.020,1:10:17.390
layout. Look into that. Some people are[br]really interested in skin care and look

1:10:17.390,1:10:25.180
into what different products do and their[br]ingredients, communities are on this.

1:10:25.180,1:10:31.220
Amateur astronomy. You can... if you know[br]where to look, you can find some really

1:10:31.220,1:10:37.700
cool things in the galaxy that we can see[br]without any instruments - if you're in a

1:10:37.700,1:10:46.660
good environment. You can try baking your[br]own bread, make your own sourdough with

1:10:46.660,1:10:54.330
bacteria just from the air and use it to[br]bake your bread. Some people are into

1:10:54.330,1:11:01.980
backpacking and optimize for weight, so[br]they try to have equipment that weighs as

1:11:01.980,1:11:06.180
little as possible, so that they don't[br]have to carry as much and then come up

1:11:06.180,1:11:10.980
with really interesting shapes for their[br]tents, where they spend these thin tarps

1:11:10.980,1:11:18.330
basically between trees, for example, with[br]ropes to sleep under that.Oh yeah. And if

1:11:18.330,1:11:22.060
you have... if you're into cooking and you[br]have these dull knives, which I am always

1:11:22.060,1:11:28.330
annoyed about, you can get wet stones,[br]which is this abrasive material, and you

1:11:28.330,1:11:33.500
put water on it and then you can remove[br]material from your knives to make chop.

1:11:33.500,1:11:44.510
There are really good YouTube videos about[br]that. Yeah. And with that, we say thank

1:11:44.510,1:11:51.220
you for listening to this. Greetings to[br]the future, I guess. I hope you are having

1:11:51.220,1:11:59.140
a good Remote Chaos Experience right now.[br]And yeah, you have a link to the slides

1:11:59.140,1:12:06.110
here if you are interested in any of[br]those. And I guess, yeah, thanks for being

1:12:06.110,1:12:14.020
here, and see you soon.[br]bleeptrack: All right.

1:12:14.020,1:12:19.200
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1:12:19.200,1:12:24.000
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